Study of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum betalactamase-producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers of Jabalpur

Research (Published online: 16-11-2016)

15. Study of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum betalactamase-producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers of Jabalpur -Arpita Shrivastav, R. K. Sharma, Y. P. Sahni, Neeraj Shrivastav, Vidhi Gautam and Sachin Jain

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1259-1263

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1259-1263

Abstract

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Aim: To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in samples collected from the ceca of healthy broilers of poultry sale outlets (PSOs) Jabalpur.

Materials and Methods: A total of 400 cecal swab samples were taken randomly from freshly slaughtered poultry of 39 PSOs located at four different zones or areas of Jabalpur and were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli using standard methods. Further they were characterized phenotypically by standard methods.

Results: All the 400 samples were screened for E. coli producing ESBL enzyme. Among the samples positive for E. coli 135 were positive for ESBL E. coli giving an overall prevalence of 33.5%.

Conclusion: This study related to the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in healthy broilers in Jabalpur is indicative of antibiotic resistance prevalent in the healthy birds which are used for human consumption as well. It also signifies resistance prevalent against beta-lactam antibiotics including third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

Keywords: cecal swab, Escherichia coli, extended spectrum beta-lactamase, healthy broilers, Jabalpur.

Helminth infections in domestic dogs from Russia

Review (Published online: 15-11-2016)

14. Helminth infections in domestic dogs from Russia - T. V. Moskvina and A. V. Ermolenko

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1248-1258

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1248-1258

Abstract

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Dogs are the hosts for a wide helminth spectrum including tapeworms, flatworms, and nematodes. These parasites affect the dog health and cause morbidity and mortality, especially in young and old animals. Some species, as Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, and Echinococcus spp. are well-known zoonotic parasites worldwide, resulting in high public health risks. Poor data about canine helminth species and prevalence are available in Russia, mainly due to the absence of official guidelines for the control of dog parasites. Moreover, the consequent low quality of veterinary monitoring and use of preventive measures, the high rate of environmental contamination by dog feces and the increase of stray dog populations, make the control of the environmental contamination by dog helminths very difficult in this country. This paper reviews the knowledge on canine helminth fauna and prevalence in Russia. Practical aspects related to diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs in Russia are discussed.

Keywords: dog, helminth infections, Russia, zoonosis.

Prevalence of ketosis in dairy cows in milk shed areas of Odisha state, India

Research (Published online: 14-11-2016)

13. Prevalence of ketosis in dairy cows in milk shed areas of Odisha state, India - Sangram Biswal, Dhruba Charan Nayak and Kautuk Kumar Sardar

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1242-1247

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1242-1247

Abstract

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Aim: The present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of ketosis in dairy cows in dairy herds, milksheds, and mixed population of milk cows selected randomly in milkshed areas of Odisha state, India.

Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted in 280 private dairy herds with variable herd size of 10-15 cows comprising crossbred Jersey cows (CBJ), crossbred Holstein Friesian (CHF) cows, and indigenous local breeds. The analysis of urine (Rothera’s test), milk (Ross test), and blood samples of 2760 test cows were conducted through qualitative assessment by Rothera’s test and Ross test, respectively, for the presence of ketone bodies to screen the ketotic animals. Cut-points have been decided based on β-hydroxybutyric acid level (≥1.2-1.4 mmol/L) in milk.

Results: We noted positive cases of ketosis with a prevalence rate of 36.7% (1014/2760) entailing 27.2% in clinical ketosis and 9.6% in subclinical ketosis. The breed wise incident rate was recorded to be the highest (38.0%) in CBJs. The age-wise prevalence rate was found to be the highest (40.8%) in the age group of 5.5-6.5 years. The season wise prevalence rate in 5th calver was recorded to be the highest (38.6%) in summer season as compared to other seasons. The prevalence of ketosis was observed to be the highest at 56.7% on the first stage of lactation at the 1st month after 2 weeks. The incidence rates for clinical and subclinical ketosis were found to be 25.2%; 12.2%, 26.6%; 11.2% and 30.3%; 2.9% in CBJ, CHF and indigenous cows, respectively. The breed wise overall prevalence rate was recorded to be 38.0% in CBJ, 37.8% in CHF, and 33.2% in indigenous cows.

Conclusion: Ketosis and subclinical ketosis is highly prevalent metabolic disorder and has severe effect on the production status of affected animal and needs to be prevented, rather than treated, by maintaining cows in good and healthy conditions. We have attempted to give great attention for diagnosis, management, and control of this disease during risk stage to prevent economic loss sustained by the dairy farmers of Eastern India.

Keywords: age, breed, dairy, ketosis, lactation, milk cows, prevalence.

Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia

Research (Published online: 14-11-2016)

12. Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia - E. E. Erkilic, H. M. Erdogan, M. Ogun, A. H. Kirmizigul, E. Gokce, M. Kuru and A. Kukurt

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1238-1241

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1238-1241

Abstract

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Aim: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia.

Materials and Methods: The study material consisted of 15 calves of different ages and sexes brought to the Training, Research and Application Center at the Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine with suspected neonatal septicemia. 8.5 mL of blood was drawn from the jugular vein of each animal into coagulant tubes before and after treatment for one-off biochemical analyses and centrifuged. After this, the serum was separated. Hepcidin, TAS, TOS, and Fe levels in the serum were measured.

Results: While pre-treatment hepcidin levels were 58.42±3.46 ng/mL, post-treatment levels were 46.87±2.98 ng/mL (p<0.05). Pre-treatment Fe levels were 60.13±7.27 μg/dl, while post-treatment levels were 83.1±8.09 μg/dl (p<0.05). The changes in the TAS and TOS levels were also found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion: In light of the fact that hepcidin plays a role function in the regulation of Fe as well as the fact that Fe is a significant nutritional source for many microorganisms, it was concluded that hepcidin may play a significant role in nutritional immunity and the pathogenesis of diseases.

Keywords: Fe, hepcidin, oxidative stress, septicemia.

Evaluation of five treatments to control intestinal parasites in sheep in Ayapango, state of Mexico

Research (Published online: 12-11-2016)

11. Evaluation of five treatments to control intestinal parasites in sheep in Ayapango, state of Mexico - Rafael Heredia, Emma Aguilar, Camilo Romero, Linda Bautista and Germán Mendoza

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1233-1237

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1233-1237

Abstract

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Aim: Intestinal parasites are one of the most common problems in sheep production systems. However, the strategies used to eliminate these parasites have not yielded satisfactory results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of five anthelmintics (with different active ingredients) on the parasite load in sheep.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 107 Rambouillet breed sheep were randomly assigned to five groups. Next, fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and sent to the laboratory for analysis. We then dewormed each group of sheep using different anthelmintic products: Ivermectin 1%/clorsulon 10%, levamisole 12%, closantel sodium 5%, ivermectin 10%, and closantel 5%/albendazole 3.75% with a dosage corresponding to each sheep. At 15 days post-treatment, we took fecal samples and performed a coproparasitoscopic study, using the Faust flotation technique to assess the presence or absence of parasite eggs and the McMaster technique to quantify eggs.

Results: Ivermectin/clorsulon was more effective in eliminating parasites than other anthelmintics used, especially in Haemonchus spp.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that using ivermectin/clorsulon decreases the number of eggs in feces and is one alternative in controlling parasites in sheep, leading to a reduction in the incidence of health problems, and consequently, improved productivity.

Keywords: anthelmintics, control, intestinal parasites, sheep.

Laboratory animal models for esophageal cancer

Review (Published online: 11-11-2016)

10. Laboratory animal models for esophageal cancer - Dhanya Venugopalan Nair and A. Gopala Reddy

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1229-1232

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1229-1232

Abstract

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The incidence of esophageal cancer is rapidly increasing especially in developing countries. The major risk factors include unhealthy lifestyle practices such as alcohol consumption, smoking, and chewing tobacco to name a few. Diagnosis at an advanced stage and poor prognosis make esophageal cancer one of the most lethal diseases. These factors have urged further research in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. Animal models not only aid in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of esophageal cancer but also help in developing therapeutic interventions for the disease. This review throws light on the various recent laboratory animal models for esophageal cancer.

Keywords: animal model, cancer, esophagus, mice, rat.

Biocomputational analysis of evolutionary relationship between toll-like receptor and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors genes

Research (Published online: 10-11-2016)

9. Biocomputational analysis of evolutionary relationship between toll-like receptor and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors genes - Rabia Bhardwaj, Chandra Shekhar Mukhopadhyay, Dipak Deka, Ramneek Verma, P. P. Dubey and J. S. Arora

Veterinary World, 9(11): 1218-1228

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1218-1228

Abstract

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Aim: The active domains (TIR and NACHT) of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs: Toll-like receptors [TLRs] and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptors [NLR], respectively) are the major hotspots of evolution as natural selection has crafted their final structure by substitution of residues over time. This paper addresses the evolutionary perspectives of the TLR and NLR genes with respect to the active domains in terms of their chronological fruition, functional diversification, and species-specific stipulation.

Materials and Methods: A total of 48 full-length cds (and corresponding peptide) of the domains were selected as representatives of each type of PRRs, belonging to divergent animal species, for the biocomputational analyses. The secondary and tertiary structure of the taurine TIR and NACHT domains was predicted to compare the relatedness among the domains under study.

Results: Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree results indicated that these host-specific PRRs formed entirely different clusters, with active domains of NLRs (NACHT) evolved earlier as compared to the active domains of TLRs (TIR). Each type of TLR or NLR shows comparatively less variation among the animal species due to the specificity of action against the type of microbes.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that there has been no positive selection acting on the domains associated with disease resistance which is a fitness trait indicating the extent of purifying pressure on the domains. Gene duplication could be a possible reason of genesis of similar kinds of TLRs (virus or bacteria specific).

Keywords: bioinformatics, domain, evolution, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, selection pressure, toll-like receptor.