A systematic review on urolithiasis in small ruminants according to nutrition-dependent prevalence and outcome after surgery

Research (Published online: 31-03-2022)

35. A systematic review on urolithiasis in small ruminants according to nutrition-dependent prevalence and outcome after surgery

Marlene Sickinger and Anita Windhorst

Veterinary World, 15(3): 809-817

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Obstructive urolithiasis is a common disease in small ruminants with fatal outcomes if left untreated. Many methods have been established; however, long-term success rates remain unsatisfactory. Four bibliographic databases (PubMed, HeBis, Medline (OvidSP), and Web of Science) were searched to evaluate the prevalence of urolithiasis in small ruminants and long-term outcomes after surgery using a systematic review. The study aimed to give evidence-based data concerning prevalence and success rates after surgery.

Materials and Methods: The analysis included 24 (total 239) peer-reviewed journal articles dealing with the prevalence of urolithiasis and 16 (total 39) concerning long-term outcomes after surgery. Literature was included if it referred to species, language, availability, and relevant statements to the specific questions, including the presence of control groups. Heterogeneity tests included χ2, Ι2, and τ2, respectively. A 95% confidence interval was determined, and effects were estimated using the fixed effect model. Due to a feeding-associated bias, prevalence analysis was conducted for a sorghum-based and a corn-based feeding resulting in a weighted prevalence of 62% and 17%, respectively. Analysis of long-term outcomes after surgical interventions revealed long-term success rates of 15-77% after ultrasonographic tube cystotomy and marsupialization of the urinary bladder, respectively.

Results: The prevalence of urolithiasis is strongly associated with feeding and may be calculated as 17% in corn-based rations and 62% in sorghum-based rations. Surgical interventions result in guarded to moderate long-term success rates of 15-66%. Urethral stoma and marsupialization of the bladder provide acceptable long-term success rates with 71-77% but are rather salvage techniques than accepted surgical methods, especially when used in companion animals.

Conclusion: The development of urolithiasis is mainly influenced by nutrition. Effective prophylaxis of this disease should, therefore, always include advisory service for the owners. Existing surgical techniques should be critically re-evaluated concerning their long-term success rates.

Keywords: castration, long-term outcome, prevalence, small ruminants, systematic review, urolithiasis.

Impact of udder infections on biochemical composition of milk in context of pesticides exposure

Research (Published online: 31-03-2022)

34. Impact of udder infections on biochemical composition of milk in context of pesticides exposure

Hala R. Ali, Samah F. Ali, Rania H. Abd-Algawad, Fayza A. Sdeek, Mahmoud Arafa, Essam Kamel and Momtaz A. Shahein

Veterinary World, 15(3): 797-808

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Environmental contaminants such as pesticides have shown immunomodulatory effects that can make animals highly susceptible to pathogenic invasion. The current work aims to study the incidence of udder infections in a single dairy herd of 160 cows in Qalyoubia Governorate, in relation to the potential intoxication of dairy cattle with organochlorine (OCs) pesticides. The study also aims to investigate the impact of udder infections on milk composition.

Materials and Methods: The dairy herd was screened for udder infections using the California mastitis test and measurement of somatic cell count (SCC), followed by bacteriological and molecular analysis. In parallel, the milk samples were also tested for residues of 15 OCs compounds using gas chromatographic analysis.

Results: The examined herd showed a high prevalence of mastitis (37.5%) and Mycoplasma was identified as the main bacterial pathogen. OCs residues were detected in milk of 45 cows out of 160 with a higher incidence in mastitic (43.3%) than in healthy cows (19%). Further, the biochemical analysis of milk showed a significant drop in major electrolytes combined with a significant rise in blood-borne electrolytes (Na and Cl) and total protein. This was more extreme in the case of Mycoplasam mastitis compared to non-Mycoplasma mastitis. In addition, Mycoplasma mastitic milk revealed a high level of malondialdehyde associated with reduced antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), compared to non-Mycoplasma mastitis.

Conclusion: Mycoplasma mastitis was shown to be associated with increased SCC and, in turn, appeared significantly correlated with increased biochemical changes in milk, indicating the serious impact of Mycoplasma mastitis on the dairy industry. Our data also show a strong correlation between increased SCC and biochemical changes in milk, suggesting that tested biochemical parameters might serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection of mastitis. The study also suggested a potential relationship between poisoning with OCs and susceptibility to bacterial udder infections. However, further studies are required to examine the immune status of a dairy herd in relation to the level of OCs in cow's blood, as well as the water sources used, grass forage and soil.

Keywords: antioxidant bioactivities, mastitis, Mycoplasma mastitis, organochlorine pesticide.

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity study of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) yogurt in mice (Mus musculus)

Research (Published online: 31-03-2022)

33. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity study of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) yogurt in mice (Mus musculus)

Astrid Feinisa Khairani, Yunisa Pamela, Nandina Oktavia, Achadiyani Achadiyani, M. Yusuf Adipraja, Prita Yasri Zhafira, Widad Aghnia Shalannandia and Nur Atik

Veterinary World, 15(3): 789-796

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Food safety is an important aspect to be evaluated in preventing any potentially harmful side effects of food product such as yogurt. The purple sweet potato yogurt product was developed to combine the benefits of probiotic activities in yogurt and the bioactive effects of anthocyanin in purple sweet potato. This study was performed to investigate acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of purple sweet potato yogurt (PSPY) in mice.

Materials and Methods: Acute oral toxicity was evaluated by a 14-day observation for any clinical sign of toxicity on fifteen female balb/c mice following a single dosage of PSPY (nil, 2 or 5 g/kg body weight). The sub-chronic oral toxicity study was conducted by feeding PSPY to four groups of mice with the dose of 0, 12, 20, and 40 g/kg body weight for 28 days, and another group of mice receiving 40 g/kg body weight purple sweet potato for 14 days longer to observe any delayed toxicity effect. Body weight and clinical signs of toxicity were observed daily. Liver and kidney macroscopy and relative organ weight, liver histology, liver enzyme, and hematology profile analyses were done at the end of the study.

Results: There were no signs of toxicity observed from the acute toxicity study and no abnormality in body weight, relative organ weight, and gross organ examination. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, there were no clinical signs of toxicity, no significant differences in body weight, relative liver weight, liver enzymes, hematology profile, or abnormality in gross and histological examination of the liver.

Conclusion: This study shows that oral administration of PSPY in mice up to 5 g/kg body weight did not result in acute toxicity, while the dosage up to 40 g/kg body weight did not lead to sub-chronic toxicity.

Keywords: acute oral toxicity, anthocyanin, purple sweet potato, sub-chronic oral toxicity, yogurt.

Association of pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 with body weight and measurement of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)

Research (Published online: 30-03-2022)

32. Association of pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 with body weight and measurement of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)

Muhammad Cahyadi, Sukaryo Sukaryo, Mohammad Ilham Dhiaurridho, Thoriq Aldri Bramastya, Yuli Yanti, Joko Riyanto, Slamet Diah Volkandari and Pita Sudrajad

Veterinary World, 15(3): 782-788

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) encodes a multifunctional transcription factor that controls many genes and pathways and is associated with cattle body weight and measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PLAG1 polymorphisms with body weight and measurements in Bali cattle.

Materials and Methods: A total of 87 Bali cattle, consisting of 48 bulls and 39 heifers at the Breeding Center for Bali Cattle, were used as the population in this study. Cattle were 2 years old and kept semi-intensively in the pasture. Phenotype data consisting of body weight, withers height, body length, chest girth, waist height, and chest depth were measured. Birth weight data were obtained from birth records, and weight gain, adjusted weaning weight, and yearling weight were calculated using formulas. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein as much as 5 mL, and genomic DNA was isolated using the salting-out method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify three target polymorphisms, namely, g.48308 C>T, g.32212 (19 bp indel), and g.45233 T>C. The presence of a 19 bp indel was determined by direct observation of the PCR product on a 2% agarose gel. Two other polymorphisms were detected by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using the restriction endonuclease enzymes SacII and BclI. PLAG1 genotype and phenotype associations were analyzed using a general linear model.

Results: The results showed that two of the target polymorphisms in PLAG1 did not vary. The DD genotype indicated by 123 bp of PCR product was the only genotype identified for g.32212 19 bp indel, and TT genotype was the only genotype found for g.45233 T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Conversely, g.48308 C>T SNP was found to be polymorphic. In addition, the g.48308 C>T polymorphism of PLAG1 was significantly associated with body length of Bali cattle. Cattle with the CC genotype had a greater body length than the other two genotypes.

Conclusion: The g.48308 C>T SNP in PLAG1 was associated with Bali cattle body length characteristics. This finding could be used as a basis for selecting Bali cattle based on body length characteristics.

Keywords: association study, Bali cattle, body length, growth trait, Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1.

Polymorphism of leptin gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms c.73T>C) and its association with body weight and body measurements in Madura cattle

Research (Published online: 30-03-2022)

31. Polymorphism of leptin gene (single nucleotide polymorphisms c.73T>C) and its association with body weight and body measurements in Madura cattle

Kuswati Kuswati, Ahmad Furqon, Wike Andre Septian and Trinil Susilawati

Veterinary World, 15(3): 775-781

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Madura cattle is local cattle in Indonesia. This cattle hasphenotypic variations in growth traits. This study aimed to identify leptin (LEP) gene polymorphism exon 2 associated with body measurements in Madura cattle.

Materials and Methods: We recorded body weight (BW) and body measurements of 51 Madura cattle aged 1-4 years in Waru District, Madura. The LEP gene genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism method with AciI restriction enzyme.

Results: A 267 bp DNA fragment of the LEP gene was successfully amplified using a pair of primers. This study revealed three genotypes (TT, TC, and CC) and two alleles (T and C). The frequencies of TT, TC, and CC genotypes were 0.275, 0.45, and 0.275, respectively, whereas the frequencies of T and C alleles were 0.500 and 0.500, respectively. The c.73T>C mutation was significantly associated with BW, body length (BL), and chest girth (CG) (p<0.05). Among all genotypes, the TC had the highest BW, BL, and CG.

Conclusion: Conclusively, LEP gene polymorphism (c.73T>C) exon 2 was polymorphic and associated with body measurements, especially BW, BL, and CG.

Keywords: body measurements, leptin, Madura cattle, polymorphism.

First study on diversity and antimicrobial-resistant profile of staphylococci in sports animals of Southern Thailand

Research (Published online: 29-03-2022)

30. First study on diversity and antimicrobial-resistant profile of staphylococci in sports animals of Southern Thailand

Punpichaya Fungwithaya, Kanpapat Boonchuay, Ruethai Narinthorn, Narin Sontigun, Chalutwan Sansamur, Yotsapat Petcharat, Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij and Tuempong Wongtawan

Veterinary World, 15(3): 765-774

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that antimicrobial agents might be extensively used for the treatment and cause the existence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and AMR profile of staphylococci in sports animals (riding horses, fighting bulls, and fighting cocks) in South Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Nasal (57 fighting bulls and 33 riding horses) and skin swabs (32 fighting cocks) were taken from 122 animals. Staphylococci were cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar and then identified species by biochemical tests using the VITEK® 2 card for Gram-positive organisms in conjunction with the VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine and genotypic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with VITEK® 2 AST-GN80 test kit cards and VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine. Detection of AMR genes (mecA, mecC, and blaZ) and staphylococcal chromosomal mec (SCCmec) type was evaluated by PCR.

Results: Forty-one colonies of staphylococci were isolated, and six species were identified, including Staphylococcus sciuri (61%), Staphylococcus pasteuri (15%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Staphylococcus warneri (5%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2%). Staphylococci were highly resistant to two drug classes, penicillin (93%) and cephalosporin (51%). About 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and the majority was S. sciuri (82%), which is primarily found in horses. Most MRS (82%) were multidrug-resistant. Almost all (96%) of the mecA-positive MRS harbored the blaZ gene. Almost all MRS isolates possessed an unknown type of SCCmec. Interestingly, the AMR rate was notably lower in fighting bulls and cocks than in riding horses, which may be related to the owner's preference for herbal therapy over antimicrobial drugs.

Conclusion: This study presented many types of staphylococci displayed on bulls, cocks, and horses. However, we found a high prevalence of MRS in horses that could be transmitted to owners through close contact activities and might be a source of AMR genotype transmission to other staphylococci.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, fighting bulls, fighting cocks, riding horses, Staphylococcus.

Physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and antioxidant activity of the goat milk yogurt probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BK01 on the addition of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizoma)

Research (Published online: 29-03-2022)

29. Physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and antioxidant activity of the goat milk yogurt probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BK01 on the addition of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizoma)

Sri Melia, Indri Juliyarsi and Yulianti Fitri Kurnia

Veterinary World, 15(3): 757-764

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Yogurt contains beneficial probiotics. Addition of red ginger to yogurt as an antioxidant source becomes a way to improve the flavor and functional properties of yogurt. This study aimed to examine yogurt processing and the effect of adding red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizoma), as an antioxidant source, on Pediococcus acidilactici BK01. It sought to observe the physicochemical and sensory qualities during storage (4°C).

Materials and Methods: Goat milk was obtained from local farmers in Lubuk Minturun, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The yogurt was divided into two factors. Factor A was supplemented with red ginger in various concentrations: A (0% – as control), B (1%), C (2%), and D (3%). On the other hand, Factor B was subjected to variations in storage time: A (1 day), B (15 days), and C (30 days). Each treatment was conducted in triplicate. Physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity [TTA], and proximate analysis), sensory characteristics, and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity) were measured using the standard tests. The data were analyzed through analyzing multivariate (analysis of variance) supported by Duncan's multiple range test.

Results: The addition of red ginger juice increased the antioxidant activity, TTA, and water holding capacity (WHC) (p<0.05), while syneresis was significantly decreased; however, it had no effect on the total lactic acid bacteria. At the end of this research (day 30), the yogurt was still suitable for consumption, with the following composition: Antioxidant activity 48.39%, pH 4.3, TTA 1.716, water content 80%, protein 3%, fat 3%, syneresis 28%, WHC 63%, and total lactic acid bacteria 89×108 colony-forming units/mL. Furthermore, yogurt supplemented with red ginger changed its color into red blush.

Conclusion: Yogurt red ginger juice is recommended as a functional drink, as it contains probiotics P. acidilactici BK01 and antioxidants to support human health. The addition of up to 3% ginger juice and a storage period of 30 days are still favored by the panelists and meet the quality standard of yogurt. We have not conducted the study on active compounds so, further research could be conducted on the components of the active compounds found in red ginger yogurt.

Keywords: color, Pediococcus acidilactici BK01, probiotic, red ginger, yogurt.

Comparative staining of Rhinolophus spp. white blood cells in blood smears

Research (Published online: 29-03-2022)

28. Comparative staining of Rhinolophus spp. white blood cells in blood smears

Astghik Ghazaryan, Seda Adamyan, Tigran Hayrapetyan, George Papov, Lina Hakobyan, Liana Abroyan, Nane Bayramyan, Sona Hakobyan, Arpine Poghosyan, Hrag Torossian and Zaven Karalyan

Veterinary World, 15(3): 750-756

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: A drawback of studies on bat blood smears in the field is the lack of time for fixation because blood sampling using a non-lethal method often provides less time for fixation in smear preparations due to the small volume of blood collected. Usually, there is insufficient blood for another smear preparation, so it is necessary to use blood smears as rationally as possible, especially for rare bats. Many stains are used for staining peripheral blood smears, and they have advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to examine commonly used stains for blood smears to select the best stain for staining peripheral blood smears in bats.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 blood smears of Rhinolophus spp. bats were examined using several blood staining methods. Four methods that showed the best results were used in further experiments: Romanowsky-Giemsa, Pappenheim, hematoxylin-eosin, and eosin methylene blue.

Results: Comparative analysis of different methods for staining bat blood smears revealed that the most convenient method for analyzing blood cells is Pappenheim method.

Conclusion: Staining blood smears using Pappenheim method yield the least number of unsuccessful blood smear stains and are quite effective for the morphological analysis of blood cells.

Keywords: blood smears, Rhinolophidae, staining, white blood cells.

Antimicrobial resistance: One Health approach

Review (Published online: 28-03-2022)

27. Antimicrobial resistance: One Health approach

Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza, Miguel Galarde-López, Berta Carrillo-Quiróz and Celia Mercedes Alpuche-Aranda

Veterinary World, 15(3): 743-749

ABSTRACT

In this research, a review of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is conducted as part of the One Health approach. A review of publications, which included "antimicrobial resistance" and "One Health," was conducted. Among the global health problems, AMR is the one that most clearly illustrates the One Health approach. AMR is a critical global problem affecting humans, the environment, and animals. This is related to each of these three components due to the irresponsible and excessive use of antimicrobials in various sectors (agriculture, livestock, and human medicine). Improper management of antimicrobials, inadequate control of infections, agricultural debris, pollutants in the environment, and migration of people and animals infected with resistant bacteria facilitate the spread of resistance. The study aimed to analyze the problem of AMR from a health perspective to analyze the different actors involved in One Health.

Keywords: antimicrobials, human, animals, plants.

Comparison of two diagnostic methods through blood and urine sample analyses for the detection of ketosis in cattle

Research (Published online: 26-03-2022)

26. Comparison of two diagnostic methods through blood and urine sample analyses for the detection of ketosis in cattle

Karla Verónica Borja, Andrés Miguel Amador, Silvana Hipatia Santander Parra, Cristian Fernando Cárdenas and Luis Fabian Núñez

Veterinary World, 15(3): 737-742

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Several Ecuadorian farms use human test strips (cheaper than veterinary strips) to diagnose bovine ketosis; however, their reliability is unknown. This study aimed to determine the confidence level of human strips for the detection of ketosis in bovines by comparing two diagnostic methods for ketosis: one used in bovines (gold standard) to analyze blood samples and the other used in humans to analyze urine samples.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on an Ecuadorian farm using 50 animals, ten from each of five categories: heifers, 4 months pregnant (4MP), 15 days prepartum (15DPRE), 15 days postpartum (15DPOST), and 42 days postpartum (42DPOST). Blood samples were collected through coccygeal venipuncture and urine samples were collected during spontaneous urination. BHBCheck™ assay was used to measure β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood, whereas Combur10Test® was used to measure acetoacetate (AcAc) in urine for the determination of ketosis.

Results: BHB was detected in all animals. Based on a ketosis cutoff point of 0.8-1.2 mmol/L, 13 animals from the 15DPOST and 42DPOST categories had ketosis; AcAc was detected in the urine from nine animals originated from the two same categories. Metabolites, either BHB or AcAc, were not detected in heifers, 4MP, or 15DPRE individuals. Finally, the BHBCheck™ assay had better efficiency in detecting ketosis in animals (p<0.05) than the Combur10Test®.

Conclusion: Combur10Test® urine strips reached 92% reliability for the detection of ketosis in dairy cattle, compared to BHBCheck™ assays.

Keywords: acetoacetates, cattle, hydroxybutyrates, ketosis, postpartum period.

First study on phenotypic and morphological characteristics of Malaysian Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) and method of estimating their body weight

Research (Published online: 26-03-2022)

25. First study on phenotypic and morphological characteristics of Malaysian Kedah-Kelantan cattle (Bos indicus) and method of estimating their body weight

Mohammed Sirajul Islam, Nurhusien Yimer, Abd Wahid Haron, Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah, Mark Hiew Wen Han, Kamalludin Mamat-Hamidi and Hafizah Binti Mohamad Zawawi

Veterinary World, 15(3): 728-736

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Indigenous Kedah-Kelantan (KK) cattle are well adapted with distinguished reproductive capabilities; they account for more than 70% of the domestic beef production in Malaysia. The published literature on the phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of KK cattle are sparse and require further improvement. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of Malaysian KK cattle and method of estimating live body weight (BW).

Materials and Methods: Morphometric and phenotypic measurements were taken from 184 KK cattle (102 males and 82 females) sourced from three regions. Each animal's color pattern was recorded for their coat, muzzle, face, eyelashes, horns, tail switch, hoof, and legs through visual observation. Length measurements were taken of the body, face, ear, horn, tail, and rump. Several morphological features such as length, width, and girth were measured using a measuring tape, while wither height and hip height were assessed with a measuring scale.

Results: Brown is the predominant coat color in KK cattle (>82%). The overall means of head length, face width (FW), ear length, horn length, wither height, heart girth (HG), body length (BL), and rump length were 42.5±4.5, 17.3±2.9, 19.8±3.1, 9.9±4.4, 104.3±7.1, 127.4±13.2, 98.3±12.3, and 32.4±4.1 cm, respectively. Different morphometric parameters of length, width, and circumference were significantly (p<0.01) larger in males than females, except for tail length and TG. Correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis clearly revealed that BL is the best parameter for estimating live BW in KK cattle.

Conclusion: Phenotypic and morphometric measurements in this study showed that Malaysian KK cattle generally possess a brown coat pattern with smaller body size, while BL revealed to be the best parameter to predict BW. The data generated from this study would be useful as baseline data for the identification and selection of KK cattle based on their phenotypical- and morphological-features for further improvement of this breed.

Keywords: characteristics, Kedah-Kelantan cattle, morphometric, phenotypic.

Effect of heat stress on vital and hematobiochemical parameters of healthy dogs

Research (Published online: 25-03-2022)

24. Effect of heat stress on vital and hematobiochemical parameters of healthy dogs

Oyebisi Mistura Azeez, Folashade Helen Olaifa, Adakole Sylvanus Adah, Afisu Basiru, Ganiu Jimoh Akorede, Hauwa Moturayo Ambali, Kolawole Yusuf Suleiman, Fatima Sanusi and Mashood Bolaji

Veterinary World, 15(3): 722-727

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Heat stress is a major challenge for animals, impairing their welfare and performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of heat stress on the vital and hematobiochemical parameters of healthy dogs.

Materials and Methods: The experimental subjects comprised 10 dogs, encompassing seven males and three non-pregnant females between 2 and 3 years of age. Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded 2 hourly during the day and the temperature humidity index was calculated. Vital parameters [i.e., rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate, and heart rate (HR)] were assessed and blood was collected from each dog daily for hematobiochemical analysis.

Results: The RT (38.5±0.2°C) of dogs exposed to high AT and high RH (HA/HR) conditions was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of dogs exposed to HA and low RH (LR) conditions (37.2±0.11°C). Under HA/HR conditions, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentrations, and white blood cell counts were significantly lower than those of the same dogs exposed to HA/LR conditions. Conversely, under HA/HR conditions, the lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and cortisol values were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the values obtained in dogs exposed to HA/LR conditions. Meanwhile, the alkaline phosphatase, urea, and glucose levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in dogs exposed to HA/HR conditions.

Conclusion: The exposure of healthy dogs to HA/HR conditions induced heat stress, which may have an adverse effect on their immune status, thereby affecting their health and welfare.

Keywords: blood, dog, environment, heat index.

Investigating antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock

Research (Published online: 25-03-2022)

23. Investigating antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock

Otsaghe Ekore Desire, Boundenga Larson, Onanga Richard, Mabika Mabika Rolande and Kumulungui Brice Serge

Veterinary World, 15(3): 714-721

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major problem worldwide. Antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat infections in livestock. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock.

Materials and Methods: We collected 174 animal samples (46 laying hens, 24 swine, 62 cattle, and 42 sheep) from farms in four provinces of Gabon. Bacterial strains belonging to the genus Enterococcus were obtained using selective media and polymerase chain reaction targeting the tuf gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar.

Results: Enterococci were present in 160 of the samples (97%), distributed as follows: laying hens (100%, 41/41), swine (100%, 22/22), small ruminants (88%, 37/42), and cattle (100%, 60/60). Resistance to cephalothin/cephalexin, streptomycin, and rifampicin (RIF) was high, and resistance to vancomycin (VAN), erythromycin, and tetracycline was moderate. A high diversity of resistance was found in Haut-Ogooué and Estuaire provinces. Laying hens and swine showed moderate levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin and penicillin, while sheep and cattle had high levels of resistance to RIF. All species showed a high level of resistance to VAN. We found various patterns of multiple resistances in the isolates, and the multiple resistance indexes ranged from 0.2 to 0.8.

Conclusion: This study shows that livestock in Gabon can be considered potential reservoirs of resistance.

Keywords: antimicrobial, cattle, enterococci, Gabon, laying hens, sheep, swine.

An assessment of knowledge and attitude toward antibiotic misuse by small-scale broiler farmers in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 25-03-2022)

22. An assessment of knowledge and attitude toward antibiotic misuse by small-scale broiler farmers in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Rusman Efendi, Etih Sudarnika, I. Wayan Teguh Wibawan and Trioso Purnawarman

Veterinary World, 15(3): 707-713

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotics are often overused and misused by broiler farmers. Moreover, this practice may lead to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics may be used for various purposes such as therapy, prophylaxis, flushing, and growth promoters. The study aimed to examine the association of knowledge and attitudes with antibiotics used by broiler farmers.

Materials and Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. The data were obtained from interviewing 132 farmers' households in Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome variable was antibiotic use, whereas the independent variables included knowledge and attitude toward antibiotic resistance. The statistical analysis used a t-test and correlation test.

Results: A total of 78% of broilers farmers use antibiotics, and most of the farmers used antibiotics for flushing and prophylaxis. Furthermore, antibiotic use was associated with broiler farmers' knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance. However, there is no significant correlation between the duration of antibiotics use and their knowledge and attitude.

Conclusion: The use of antibiotics in broilers is still high in Bogor, and most of the used antibiotics belong to the Medically Important Antimicrobial category. In general, the use of antibiotics in broilers is influenced by knowledge.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, attitude, broilers, knowledge, use of antibiotics.

Systematic evaluation of TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the dsb and gltA loci of Ehrlichia canis in recombinant plasmids and naturally infected dogs

Research (Published online: 25-03-2022)

21. Systematic evaluation of TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the dsb and gltA loci of Ehrlichia canis in recombinant plasmids and naturally infected dogs

Peeravit Sumpavong, Wanat Sricharern, Natnaree Inthong, Gunn Kaewmongkol and Sarawan Kaewmongkol

Veterinary World, 15(3): 701-706

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Because of the diversity of local genotypes of Ehrlichia canis, genes targeted by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays should be systematically evaluated. This study evaluated the amplification efficiency, linearity, precision, and sensitivity of two TaqMan RT-PCR assays targeting the dsb and gltA loci of E. canis in recombinant plasmids and naturally infected dogs.

Materials and Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected from dogs showing clinical signs of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis at the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The dsb and gltA genes were amplified by conventional PCRs (cPCRs) on the blood samples and were then sequenced. Meanwhile, RT-PCR was used to detect dsb and gltA genes in 10-fold dilutions of the recombinant plasmids.

Results: Both dsb and gltA were amplified with a high degree of linearity (R2≥0.975 and 0.993, respectively) in all dilutions, although the mean percentage of relative standard deviation of gltA was lower, but the difference was non-significant. The detection limits of RT-PCR and cPCR were 10–7 and 10–6, respectively, for both loci. RT-PCR targeting dsb (22/30; 73.3%) and gltA (15/30; 50%) yielded a number of positive results that did not differ significantly (p=0.06). The RT-PCR positive results of the dsb gene (22/30) differed significantly from that of cPCR (11/30) (p=0.004). In contrast, the RT-PCR positive results of the gltA gene (15/30) did not differ significantly from that of cPCR (12/30) (p=0.43). The mean Ct value (30.2) based on dsb RT-PCR of 22 positive cases was higher than that of gltA RT-PCR (Ct=27.4) on 15 positive cases. The Ct values from dsb RT-PCR were >30 in all seven discordant samples that were not detected by the gltA RT-PCR.

Conclusion: RT-PCR targeting the dsb gene was more sensitive for detecting E. canis in naturally infected dogs. This study suggested that TaqMan RT-PCR of the dsb gene should be selected for E. canis research in this region.

Keywords: detection, diverse local genotypes, Ehrlichia canis, TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Effect of probiotic and Moringa oleifera extract on performance, carcass yield, and mortality of Peking duck

Research (Published online: 24-03-2022)

20. Effect of probiotic and Moringa oleifera extract on performance, carcass yield, and mortality of Peking duck

Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Bodhi Agustono, Mohammad Anam Al Arif, Lilik Maslachah, Evania Haris Chandra and Andreas Berny Yulianto

Veterinary World, 15(3): 694-700

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotics have been used as growth promoters in poultry. However, continuous and long-term antibiotics can cause resistance, suppress the immune system, and accumulate toxic residue. To overcome these problems, feed additives that are safe for livestock and health for humans are needed, including probiotics. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, and Bifidobacterium spp.) and Moringa oleifera extract on performance (body weight gain, body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, and feed conversion ratio [FCR]), carcass yield (carcass weight and percentage of carcass) and mortality of Peking duck.

Materials and Methods: This study used 48 Peking ducks, divided into four treatments and six replications. Each replication consisted of two ducks. The treatments were as follows: T0=control, T1=4 mL containing 1.2×108 CFU/mL of probiotic in drinking water, T2=4 mL containing M. oleifera extract in drinking water, and T3=2 mL containing 1.2×108 CFU/mL of probiotic in drinking water+2 mL containing M. oleifera extract in drinking water. The probiotics consist of L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, and Bifidobacterium spp. The data were statistically analyzed through analysis of variance. For the follow-up test, a multiple range test was conducted.

Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between body weight, feed intake, and mortality treatments. By contrast, control and treatment showed a significant difference (p<0.05) on feed efficiency, FCR, body weight gain, carcass weight, and percentage of carcass weight. Results of body weight gain statistics showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T0 and T1, but T0 and T1 showed a significant difference with T2 and T3. The results of the feed efficiency statistic showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T0, T1, and T2, but there was a significant difference between T0, T1, and T3. Feed efficiency at T2 showed no significant difference with T3, T1, and T0. The results of the FCR statistic showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T0, T1, and T2, but there was a significant difference between T0, T1, and T3. FCR at T2 showed no significant difference with T3, T1, and T0. The carcass weight statistic showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T0, T1, and T3, but there was a significant difference between T0 and T2. T2 showed no significant difference with T1 and T3. The carcass percentage statistic showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T0 and T1, but T0 and T1 showed a significant difference (p<0.05) with T2 and T3.

Conclusion: Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the use of a combination of probiotics (L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, and Bifidobacterium spp.) and M. oleifera extract can increase the production performance of Peking ducks and is safe for ducks' health.

Keywords: health, probiotic, Moringa oleifera, Peking duck.

The application of ascorbic acid as a therapeutic feed additive to boost immunity and antioxidant activity of poultry in heat stress environment

Review (Published online: 24-03-2022)

19. The application of ascorbic acid as a therapeutic feed additive to boost immunity and antioxidant activity of poultry in heat stress environment

Truong Van Hieu, Budi Guntoro, Nguyen Hoang Qui, Nguyen Thi Kim Quyen and Farid Akbar Al Hafiz

Veterinary World, 15(3): 685-693

ABSTRACT

Ascorbic acid, widely known as vtamin C, is an essential nutrient for animals such as poultry. Ascorbic acid in poultry feed improves animal health and thus increases the growth performance of birds. Ascorbic acid can be used in the form of synthetic products or can be naturally obtained from fruits and plants. It is soluble in water and can be easily administered in drinking water and the diet. Poultry can synthesize ascorbic acid in the body. However, the performance of the animals can be improved by adding ascorbic acid to their diet. In addition, ascorbic acid is called an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. This increases their resistance to disease during the transition season. Ascorbic acid supplementation positively affects the stress response, especially during the dry season in tropical countries. Furthermore, supplementing ascorbic acid in the poultry's diet improves resistance to diseases, regulates stress, and helps in the body's oxidation process. Ultimately, this enhances the laying rate, egg hatch performance, and higher poultry productivity. For layers at the end of the laying period, it helps increase the quality of the eggshell and reduces the proportion of broken eggs. Ascorbic acid has a strong relationship with other vitamins such as vitamin E and other substances such as zinc, safflower oil, folic acid, and a fibrous diet. This review aims to synthesize all the information of ascorbic acid in the poultry's diet, thereby providing the general role of ascorbic acid for the poultry industry.

Keywords: antioxidant, ascorbic acid, immune system, poultry production.

Early hip laxity screening and later canine hip dysplasia development

Research (Published online: 24-03-2022)

18. Early hip laxity screening and later canine hip dysplasia development

Ana Santana, Sofia Alves-Pimenta, Pedro Franco-Gonçalo, Lio Gonçalves, João Martins, Bruno Colaço and Mário Ginja

Veterinary World, 15(3): 679-684

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Passive hip laxity (PHL) is considered the primary risk factor for canine hip dysplasia (HD) and is estimated, in stress hip radiographs, using the distraction index (DI). The study aimed to associate the early PHL using the hip Distractor of University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (DisUTAD) and the late HD grades.

Materials and Methods: A total of 41 dogs (82 hips) were submitted to a follow-up study. First, between 4 and 12 months of age, dogs were radiographed using the DisUTAD hip distractor and were determined the DI for each hip joint. Then, after 12 months of age, dogs were reevaluated for HD using the conventional hip ventrodorsal projection and hips were evaluated for HD using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) scoring system.

Results: Hips of dogs' in the second examination with FCI grades of A (n=28), B (n=11), C (n=22), and D and E (n=21) had an early DI of 0.32±0.1, 0.38±0.08, 0.50±0.12, and 0.64±0.11, respectively. Statistical analysis using the general linear model univariate, with the DI as dependent variable and the FCI grades, side and sex as fixed factors, and the post hoc Bonferroni correction test showed significant differences among FCI grades (p<0.05).

Conclusion: These results show the association between early DI and the late FCI HD grades and the DisUTAD is recommended for the early canine HD diagnosis.

Keywords: canine hip dysplasia, distraction index, hip distractor DisUTAD, hip laxity.