Prevalence of Rotavirus in shellfish from Southern Kerala

Prevalence of Rotavirus in shellfish from Southern Kerala - Vysakh Mohan, Shriya Rawat, K. M. Lokesh, H. V. Mohan, D. Avinash Reddy, Ashok Kumar and K. N. Bhilegaonkar

Veterinary World, 7(10): 821-824

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.821-824

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Abstract

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Aim: To study the prevalence of Rotavirus in shellfish from Southern Kerala.

Materials and Methods: The shellfish samples after processing was concentrated using proteinase K. RNA was isolated from the concentrated samples using phenol chloroform method. Rota viral RNA was detected using reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction.

Results: A low prevalence of 2.5% (5/200) was obtained during the study. Rotavirus was detected in 2 out of 60 brown mussels (3.33%), 2 out of 70 yellow clams (2.86%) and 1 out of 70 black clams (1.43%).

Conclusion: Low prevalence of Rotavirus was obtained in our study. A more extensive study need to be conducted to estimate the prevalence of enteric virus in shellfish.

Keywords: concentration, proteinase K, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Rotavirus, shellfish.

Effect of uterine immunomodulation on hematobiochemical parameters in cyclic non-breeding cows

Effect of uterine immunomodulation on hematobiochemical parameters in cyclic non-breeding cows - Saraswat Sahoo, Debendra Narayan Mohanty, Srinibas Das and Arpita Padhy

Veterinary World, 7(10): 816-820

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.816-820

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Abstract

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Aim: To study the effect of uterine immunomodulation on hematobiochemical parameters and total immunoglobulin concentration in cyclic non-breeding cows.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-one repeat breeding cows around Bhubaneswar area were screened by white side test to detect and treat the endometritis and were assigned to three treatment protocols with an equal number of seven animals in each group. Cows in control group were administered with 50 ml of normal saline while treatment Group I animals were given single intrauterine infusion of 20 ml of fresh colostrum and treatment Group II animals received nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in 10 ml sterile saline. The blood samples were collected from all the experimental animals, and hematobiochemical parameters and total immunoglobulin concentration were estimated.

Results: A high significant difference (p<0.01) was accounted in lymphocyte count of E. coli treated group within different days of sampling. Analysis of variance recorded a highly significant difference with neutrophil percent in E. coli lavaged cows. In colostrum treated group monocyte count showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between 0 and 14th day of sampling. The analysis of hematocrit values did not show any significant difference apart from the erythrocyte sedimentation rate parameter in the colostrum infused group with the highest significant (p<0.01) variation being observed between 7th and 14th day of sampling. The analysis of aspartate amino transferase values in the colostrum lavaged cows revealed a significant difference, but that of alanine amino transferase values did not show any significant difference. Comparison of immunoglobulin values for different days in all the treatment protocol revealed a highly significant (p<0.05) difference within various days of sampling.

Conclusion: In the present study, the local immunomodulation by different agents have been highlighted and which indicated potentiation of uterine immunity by different drug that might serve as a new direction of treatment to uterine diseases. The scope of research in the future should be widened by considering a larger population for validation.

Keywords: colostrum, cyclic non-breeders, hematocrit values, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Detection of African swine fever virus from formalin fixed and non-fixed tissues by polymerase chain reaction

11. Detection of African swine fever virus from formalin fixed and non-fixed tissues by polymerase chain reaction - P. D. Luka, A. R. Jambol and B. Yakubu

Veterinary World, 7(10): 811-815

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.811-815

Abstract

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Aim: Formalin fixing and paraffin embedding of tissue samples is one of the techniques for preserving the structural integrity of cells for a very long time. However, extraction and analysis of genomic material from formalin fixed tissue (FFT) remains a challenge despite numerous attempts to develop a more effective method. The success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) depends on the quality of DNA extract.

Materials and Methods: Here we assessed the conventional method of DNA extraction from FFT for African swine fever virus (ASFV) detection. The modified conventional method gave a higher quality DNA when compared with commercially available DNA extraction kits (QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit, DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit, and ZR Genomic DNA™ Tissue MiniPrep).

Results: An average A260/A280 DNA purity of 0.86-1.68 and 3.22-5.32 μg DNA/mg for formalin fixed and non-fixed tissues, respectively using a conventional method. In a reproducible and three times repeat PCR, the ASFV DNA expected product size of 278 bp was obtained from the DNA extract of the conventional method but not from the DNA extract of the commercial kits.

Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated that the conventional method extracts ASFV genome better than commercial kit. In summary, the commercial kit extraction appeared not suitable to purify ASFV DNA from FFT. We, therefore, recommend that the use of the conventional method be considered for African swine fever DNA extraction from FFT.

Keyword: African swine fever, detection, formalin fixed, non-formalin fixed, polymerase chain reaction.

Research (Published online: 12-10-2014)

10. Association study of genetic variants at single nucleotide polymorphism rs109231409 of mannose-binding lectins 1 gene with mastitis susceptibility in Vrindavani crossbred cattle - V. N. Muhasin Asaf, Bharat Bhushan, Manjit Panigrahi, Prashant Dewangan, Amod Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar and G. K. Gaur

Veterinary World, 7(10): 807-810

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.807-810

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was undertaken to identify whether single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs109231409 located on mannose-binding lectins 1 (MBL1) gene was associated with mastitis tolerance/susceptibility.

Materials and Methods: After grouping 100 Vrindavani crossbred cattle as mastitis positive and negative animals, they were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphisms method. Gene and genotype frequencies of different patterns were estimated by standard procedure (POPGENE version 1.32, (University of Alberta, Canada) and statistical analysis was carried out by logistic regression methods using STATA 12 software (StataCorp LP, USA).

Results: The 588 bp fragment of MBL1 gene was amplified using PCR. PCR product was digested with ApaI restriction enzyme showed two distinct genotypes viz., GG (311 bp and 272 bp fragments) and GA (588 bp, 311 bp and 277 bp fragments). The gene, genotype frequencies, average heterozygosity, polymorphic information content and χ2 values for the locus rs109231409 was ascertained.

Conclusions: No significant association between SNP “rs109231409” with mastitis tolerance was found. Although there is a lack of association, further studies have to be undertaken in a large population in order to validate the impact of rs109231409 (g.855G >A) on mastitis tolerance.

Keywords: mannose-binding lectins 1, mastitis, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, single nucleotide polymorphism.

Chemical composition, anti-oxidative activity and in vitro dry matter degradability of Kinnow mandarin fruit waste - Ravleen Kour, Ankur Rastogi, R. K. Sharma, Arvind Kumar and Pratiksha Raghuwanshi

Veterinary World, 7(10): 803-806

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.803-806

Abstract

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Aim: Fruit processing and consumption yield a significant amount of by-products as waste, which can be used as potential nutrient suppliers for livestock. “Kinnow” (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) is one of the most important citrus fruit crops of North Indian States. Its residues are rich in carbohydrates but poor in protein and account for approximately 55-60% of the raw weight of the fruit. Present study assessed the chemical composition and anti-oxidative activity of Kinnow mandarin fruit waste (KMW) and scrutinized the impact of dietary incorporation of variable levels of KMW on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD).

Materials and Methods: Sun dried and ground KMW was analyzed for proximate composition, fibre fractions and calcium and phosphorus content. Antioxidant potential of KMW as total phenolic count and 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity was assayed in an alcoholic extract of KMW. The effect of inclusion of KMW at variable levels (0-40%) in the isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures on in vitrodegradability of composite feed (concentrate mixture:Wheat straw; 40:60) was also carried out.

Results: KMW after sun-drying contained 92.05% dry matter. The crude protein content of 7.60% indicates it being marginal in protein content, whereas nitrogen free extract content of 73.69% suggests that it is primarily a carbonaceous feedstuff. This observation was also supported by low neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content of 26.35% and 19.50%, respectively. High calcium content (0.92%) vis-à-vis low phosphorus content (0.08%), resulted in wide Ca:P ratio (11.5) in KMW. High anti-oxidative potential of KMW is indicated by total phenolic content values of 17.1±1.04 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and DPPH free radicle scavenging activity 96.2 μg/ml (effective concentration 50). Mean IVDMD% of all the composite rations was found to be comparable (p>0.05) irrespective of the level of KMW inclusion, indicating no negative effect of KMW inclusion on in vitro nutrient utilization.

Conclusion: KMW is a carbonaceous feedstuff and may be incorporated in ruminant ration up to the level of 40% (w/w basis) without affecting in vitro degradability.

Keywords: antioxidant, in vitro dry matter digestibility, Kinnow mandarin waste, unconventional feedstuff.

Effect of garlic and neem leaf powder supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in broilers

Effect of garlic and neem leaf powder supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in broilers - Karan Rajendra Kharde and S. Soujanya

Veterinary World, 7(10): 799-802

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.799-802

Karan Rajendra Kharde: Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India;karankharde@gmail.com

S. Soujanya: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Karimnagar, Telangana, India; sonurv36@gmail.com

Received: 25-06-2014, Revised: 31-08-2014, Accepted: 07-09-2014, Published online: 09-10-2014

Corresponding author: S. Soujanya, e-mail: sonurv36@gmail.com

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Abstract

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Aim: Present experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of garlic and neem leaf powder (NLP) on growth performance and carcass yields in broilers.

Materials and Methods: A total of 210-day-old commercial male broiler chicks (Ven Cobb) were procured and randomly distributed in to seven treatments, each treatment had six replicates with five chicks per each replicate. Growth trial was conducted in a randomized block design comprising seven dietary treatments. T1 was served as control. T2 and T3 were fed with garlic powder (GP) 0.5, 1 g/kg feed respectively. T4 and T5 were given with NLP 1, 2 g/kg feed respectively. T6 was fed with 0.5 g/kg GP and 1.0 g/kg NLP. T7 was treated with 1.0 g/kg GP and 2.0 g/kg NLP. The body weight, feed consumption of individual bird was recorded at weekly interval and the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. At the end of 42 day, six birds from each dietary group were sacrificed to estimate the dressing yield and relative weights of giblet (liver, heart and gizzard).

Results: Supplementation of garlic and NLP alone and their combination significantly (p<0.05) improved the body weight gain and FCR whereas no significant (p>0.05) influence was observed in carcass parameters like dressing yield and giblet yield (heart, gizzard and liver) in all treatment groups.

Conclusions: Supplementation of GP alone showed poor performance, but when it was supplemented in combination with NLP there was improvement in performance parameters. These results indicated that the combination of GP and NLP can be used as alternates to coccidiostats for improving the performance. Such meat can be used as a designer meat as fetch higher price if marketed as branded item.

Keywords: body weight gain, carcass yield, feed conversion ratio, garlic, neem.

Hematology and serum biochemistry of captive gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India

Hematology and serum biochemistry of captive gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in India - Shahnaz Amin and Avadh Bihari Shrivastav

Veterinary World, 7(10): 794-798

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.794-798

Shahnaz Amin: Centre for Wildlife Forensics and Health, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; vetsamin@live.com

Avadh Bihari Shrivastav: Centre for Wildlife Forensics and Health, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India; drabshrivastav@gmail.com

Received: 31-05-2014, Revised: 02-09-2014, Accepted: 07-09-2014, Published online: 09-10-2014

Corresponding author: Shahnaz Amin, e-mail: vetsamin@live.com

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Abstract

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Aim: To study the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of the critically endangered gharial (Gavialis gangeticus).

Materials and Methods: Blood samples for hemato-biochemical analyses were collected from the ventral median coccygeal vein of six juvenile and six sub adult gharials of Dewari Gharial Rearing Centre of National Chambal Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India. Hematological examination was performed manually. Differential leukocyte count was performed on the blood smears stained with Giemsa’s stain. The analysis of serum was conducted by eppendorf ECOM-F 6124 semi auto biochemical analyzer using standard ERBA biochemical reagent kits.

Results: Peripheral blood cells of gharial showed erythrocytes with an oval outline and centrally located prominent round to oval nucleus. Erythrocyte count in sub adult gharials was significantly greater than juveniles. Whereas erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte size in juveniles was significantly larger than sub adults. The average most abundant leukocyte type in gharial was lymphocytes (53%), followed by heterophils (27%), eosinophils (10%), monocytes (7%) and basophils (3%). Aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, triglycerides and albumin concentrations in sub adult gharials were significantly higher than juveniles. No significant differences were determined in other hemato-biochemical parameters between juvenile and sub adult gharials under study.

Conclusion: A preliminary database on hematology and blood biochemistry of gharial was established. The data will be useful in routine health evaluations, especially in relation to determining potential effects associated with factors such as pollution and infectious diseases.

Keywords: crocodilians, gharial, Gavialis gangeticus, hematobiochemistry, National Chambal Sanctuary.

Characterization of virulent Listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from ready-to-eat meat products and consumers in Cairo, Egypt

Characterization of virulent Listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from ready-to-eat meat products and consumers in Cairo, Egypt - Maysa A. I. Awadallah and Iman I. A. Suelam

Veterinary World, 7(10): 788-793

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.788-793

Maysa A. I. Awadallah: Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; maysavet@hotmail.com

Iman I. A. Suelam: Veterinary Hospital,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Dakahlia2000@yahoo.com

Received: 30-06-2014, Revised: 01-09-2014, Accepted: 05-09-2014, Published online: 08-10-2014

Corresponding author: Maysa A. I. Awadallah, e-mail: maysavet@hotmail.com

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Abstract

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of some virulence genes distributed in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products and consumers in Cairo province, Egypt.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 beef luncheon, chicken luncheon and frankfurter beef (40 samples, each) were collected from 10 different local shops situated in Al-salam city, Cairo province, Egypt. Stool samples were collected from 40 people who had the habit of consuming RTE meat. The suspected L. monocytogenes isolates were subjected to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid speciation and virulence determination using primers specific for inIA, inIC, and inIJ genes.

Results: Culture examination of all samples on Oxford media revealed presence of colonies characteristic to L. monocytogenes in 6 beef luncheon (15%), 4 chicken luncheon (10%), 1 frankfurter beef (2.5%) and 1 human stool (2.5%) samples. Species identity of L. monocytogenes was verified through the amplification of a 800 bp fragment with inIA primers in 2 out of 6 culture isolates from beef luncheon (5%), and 1 out 4 culture isolates from chicken luncheon (2.5%) samples. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in different food samples examined (p>0.05). The virulence of these strains was ascertained by the presence of 517 bp and 238 bp fragments of inIC and inIJ genes, respectively in the isolates that contained the 800 bp fragment. The culture isolates obtained from one frankfurter beef sample, and one human stool sample were found negative by multiplex PCR for the presence of L. monocytogenes and its virulence specific genes.

Conclusion: It could be concluded that L. monocytogenes are circulating in beef and chicken luncheon sold in Cairo, Egypt. Multiplex PCR is reliable for confirmation of L. monocytogenes. This study suggests the implementation of hygienic measures at all levels from production to consumption in order to improve food safety. Furthermore, authors recommended consumption of beef frankfurter or any RTE meat sold in their original intact packing due to low level of contamination.

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes,, consumers, ready-to-eat meat, speciation and virulence determination.

Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among broilers in Bareilly region

Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among broilers in Bareilly region - Hina Malik, Ashok Kumar, S. Rajagunalan, J. L. Kataria, Anjay and Swati Sachan

Veterinary World, 7(10): 784-787

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.784-787

Hina Malik: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India; hinaiqbal@rediffmail.com

Ashok Kumar: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India;ashokakt@rediffmail.com

S. Rajagunalan: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India;drgunavet@gmail.com

J. L. Kataria: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India; jluvjkat@gmail.com

Anjay: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India; dranjayvet@gmail.com

Swati Sachan: Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India; swatischan@gmail.com

Received: 20-06-2014, Revised: 28-08-2014, Accepted: 04-09-2014, Published online: 08-10-2014

Corresponding author: Hina Malik, e-mail: hinaiqbal@rediffmail.com

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Abstract

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Aim: To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli among broilers at the time of slaughter in and around Bareilly, India.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 chicken caecal samples were screened by conventional plating in modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar with incubation at 42°C for 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. The characteristic colonies were confirmed by morphological and biochemical characteristics and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay targeting lpxA gene.

Results: Out of 100 chicken caecal samples, 32 yielded isolates with typical phenotypic of Campylobacter species. The hippurate hydrolysis test found to be positive for 2 isolates, categorized as C. jejuni and negative for 30 isolates. The mPCR assay targeting lpxA gene also confirmed 2 (6.25%) isolates as C. jejuni, and 30 (93.75%) isolates as C. coli.

Conclusion: The present study showed broilers to an important source of Campylobacter in the region with predominance of C. coli than C. jejuni indicating a shift in the prevalence of important species of Campylobacter. To understand the variation in pattern of occurrence of species with high prevalence of organisms, detail studies on the ecology of campylobacteriosis are suggested.

Keywords: Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, lpxA gene.

Effect of shade materials on microclimate of crossbred calves during summer

Effect of shade materials on microclimate of crossbred calves during summer - Reena Kamal, Triveni Dutt, B. H. M. Patel, Amitava Dey, P. C. Chandran, S. K. Barari, Asit Chakrabarti and Bharat Bhusan

Veterinary World, 7(10): 776-783

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.776-783

Reena Kamal: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;

dr.reenakamal@yahoo.com

Triveni Dutt: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;

jdeeivri@gmail.com

B. H. M. Patel: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; mpatellpm@gmail.com

Amitava Dey: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; amitavdey_icar@yahoo.co.in

P. C. Chandran: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; vetchandran@gmail.com

S. K. Barari: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; skbarari@yahoo.co.in

Asit Chakrabarti: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; asit1963@yahoo.com

Bharat Bhusan: Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;bhusan.drbharat@gmail.com

Received: 09-07-2014, Revised: 04-08-2014, Accepted: 09-08-2014, Published online: 05-10-2014

Corresponding author: Reena Kamal, e-mail: dr.reenakamal@yahoo.com

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was carried out on cattle and buffalo farm of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) to determine the effect of different shade materials on physiological performance in Vrindavani crossbred calves during the summer.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight crossbred calves were divided into four groups viz. Thatch shading roof (T1), agro-net shading roof - 60 % light diffusion (T2), asbestos with canvas shading roof (T3) and well-grown tree (T4). The recording of macro and micro climate as well as the physiological parameters viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded at 9:00 AM and 2:00 PM for 2 consecutive days at every fortnight interval.

Result: The microclimate viz. maximum and minimum, relative humidity, temperature humidity index and surface temperature of the roof was lower in T2 group in the summer season. The physiological responses viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate was significantly higher in T4.

Conclusion: During the summer season both thatch and agro-net shade material helped in better relieving the summer stress.

Keywords: crossbred calves, microclimate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, shade materials, summer.