Development of rat metabolic syndrome models: A review

Review (Published online: 07-07-2021)

7. Development of rat metabolic syndrome models: A review

Shirly Gunawan, Ahmad Aulia and Vivian Soetikno

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1774-1783

ABSTRACT

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global problem. With the increasing prevalence of MetS worldwide, understanding its pathogenesis and treatment modalities are essential. Animal models should allow an appropriate representation of the clinical manifestations of human conditions. Rats are the most commonly used experimental animals for the study. The development of a proper MetS model using rats will contribute to the successful application of research findings to the clinical setting. Various intervention methods are used to induce MetS through diet induction with various compositions, chemicals, or a combination of both. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of several studies on the development of rat MetS models, along with the characteristics of the clinical manifestations resulting from each study.

Keywords: high-fat diet, high-fructose diet, high-sucrose diet, metabolic syndrome, rat models.

Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia

Research (Published online: 07-07-2021)

6. Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia

María Paula Herrera-Sánchez, Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas, Luz Clemencia Fandiño-de-Rubio, Roy Rodríguez-Hernández and Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1767-1773

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of which is increasing. The aim of this study was to phenotypically and genotypically characterize the fluoroquinolone resistance of Salmonella isolates from broiler and humans in two regions of Colombia.

Materials and Methods: Salmonella strains (n=49) were evaluated. The phenotype of antibiotic resistance was assessed by an automated method and agar diffusion method, as well as the presence of the quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib as determined by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (75%), levofloxacin (57.1%), and enrofloxacin (38.8%). Molecular identification showed that 24 out of 49 strains possessed the qnrB gene (48.9%), while only one isolate from the Santander region possessed the aac(6')-Ib gene. Regarding Class 1 integron, it was present in 11 out of the 49 strains (22.44%).

Conclusion: This study reports the presence of the gene qnrB as well the presence of Class 1 integrons in broiler Salmonella isolates, which may contribute to the resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, broiler, resistance genes, Salmonella.

Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Research (Published online: 06-07-2021)

5. Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Sunena Nayak, Prasana Kumar Rath, Susen Kumar Panda, Bidyut Prava Mishra, Rajshree Mishra and Shuvranshu Sekhar Biswal

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1760-1766

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in small ruminants limit production efficiency and productivity growth in the livestock sector, thereby directly preventing farmers from augmenting their income. This study aimed to provide detailed insight into the etiology, hematobiochemical parameters, and epidemiological risk factors of GI disorders in goats and to determine the pathology associated with the disorders.

Materials and Methods: Over the period of 2018-2019, 500 goats in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, were screened for GI disorders based on clinical signs. Blood samples from the control (n=10) and treatment (n=25) groups were collected for both hematological and serum biochemical alterations. Fecal examinations (n=220) were conducted for parasitic, bacterial, and virological assessments. Detailed necropsy and histopathological evaluations were conducted on 27 goats.

Results: The GI disorder prevalence rate and mortality rate among the 500 goats analyzed were 44.4% and 12.27%, respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly higher occurrence of GI disorders among the goats that were between 6 months and 1.5 years old (58.72%), were of the Ganjam breed (45.49%), had a poor body condition (71.11%), and were housed with an earthen floor (55.22%). The most common etiological risk factor observed was parasitic infection (65.45%), followed by bacterial (18.18%) and mixed infection (9.54%). Blood analysis showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia in infected goats, in addition to anemia; significant decreases in total protein, globulin, albumin, and glucose levels; and significant increases in aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The major histopathological findings were infiltration of mononuclear cells and desquamation of the intestinal and ruminal mucosa.

Conclusion: Stakeholders should focus not only on parasitic infections and other important etiological risk factors for GI disorders in goats but also on proper farming management practices to help enhance the income of farmers. The hematobiochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes reported in this study can be used by field veterinarians as guidelines for clinical evaluation and disease severity assessment.

Keywords: diarrhea, goat, gastrointestinal disorders, hematobiochemical.

Technology for evaluating the ability of probiotic strains to accumulate copper ions in vitro and in vivo using Bacillus bacteria

Research (Published online: 06-07-2021)

4. Technology for evaluating the ability of probiotic strains to accumulate copper ions in vitro and in vivo using Bacillus bacteria

Aleksey Sizentsov, Elena Salnikova, Yaroslav Sizentsov, Sergey Peshkov, Elena Barysheva, Olga Naumenko and Natalia Romanenko

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1752-1759

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Microorganisms of the genus Bacillus comprising probiotics could have an antitoxic effect that is manifested in the active excretion of toxic substances from the body, as well as heavy metals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of copper ions on probiotic strains based on the members of the genus Bacillus in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and Methods: The following probiotic preparations were selected for this experiment: "Sporobacterin," "Bactisubtil," and "Vetom-2." Sporobacterin liquid, manufactured by Bakoren LLC, is based on Bacillus subtilis 534. Bactisubtil, manufactured by Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., is based on Bacillus cereus 5832. The first part of the experiment (in vitro) was conducted to assess the influence of copper ions on the growth and bioaccumulating ability of probiotic strains. The second part of the experiment (in vivo) was conducted to assess the influence of copper ions on the body of laboratory animals and to determine the ability of probiotic strains to remove copper ions from the body of laboratory animals. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, calculating the average value (M), standard deviation (σ), and standard deviation error (m). p<0.05 was used to denote statistical significance.

Results: In the previous studies, we found the presence of pronounced sorption characteristics of representatives of both the intestinal microbiome and probiotic strains based on them. In this study, we have studied the prospects of using physiological and adaptive mechanisms of resistance of transient probiotic strains in the system of correction of the elemental status of the animal body due to excessive intake of copper ions into the body. The advantage of their use is due to not only sorption but also the high levels of elimination of complexes accumulated on the surface. Analyzing the data, we can state the following. The excessive content of copper ions inhibits the activity of all microorganisms, and the presence of CuSO4 in the nutrient medium reduces the exponential growth phase by 6 h for B. licheniformis. The analysis of data on the bioaccumulating property of the probiotic strains under study shows that B. cereus (part of Bactisubtil) had the most pronounced sorbing effect with the level of accumulation of 23.96%.

Conclusion: We found that probiotic preparations do not affect biochemical indices of blood and biotissues (the muscle and bone tissue, and the cutaneous covering). As a result of determining the ability of Bacillus bacteria comprising the probiotics under this study to accumulate heavy metals by measuring their concentration in the tissues of laboratory animals, the preparations contribute to reducing the toxic effects of copper ions on the body. The cutaneous covering has the greatest accumulation property relative to copper ions. The most effective probiotic under this study in copper ion poisoning was Bactisubtil, and the least effective was Vetom-2.

Keywords: Bacillus, bioaccumulation, copper, in vitro, in vivo, intoxication, ions, probiotics, technology.

The presence of pathogens and heavy metals in urban peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)

Research (Published online: 03-07-2021)

3. The presence of pathogens and heavy metals in urban peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)

Ewelina Pyzik, Marta Dec, Dagmara Stępień–Pyśniak, Agnieszka Marek, Jose Louis Valverde Piedra, Agnieszka Chałabis-Mazurek, Klaudiusz Szczepaniak and Renata Urban-Chmiel

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1741-1751

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Wild birds raised in urban environments may be exposed to many negative factors, including biological and chemical toxic elements. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of bacteria and parasites in wild birds, based on the example of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a potential indicator of bacterial drug resistance genes. Toxicological contamination was also analyzed to determine the impact of urbanized areas on this predatory species, in terms of its health, welfare, and survival in urban environments.

Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of down feathers and fresh feces obtained from seven falcon chicks (during obligatory veterinary examination) reared in two nests located in the Lublin region (Lublin and Pulawy). Bacteria and parasites were isolated directly from feces by classical microbiological methods, polymerase chain reaction, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). The down feathers and feces of birds were used for toxicological testing by plasma inductively coupled plasma MS to assess the concentrations of selected heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], arsenic [As], zinc [Zn], and copper [Cu]).

Results: The study revealed the presence of a diverse microbiome in the falcon chicks, among which Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. bacteria and parasites of the genus Caryospora were dominant. The presence of drug resistance genes was also confirmed among the pathogens. The toxicological analysis found high concentrations of toxic heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, As, and Zn, in the downy feathers and feces of peregrine chicks.

Conclusion: Predatory free-living birds living in urban environments not only can be infected with various pathogens but may also show contamination with heavy metals, which could influence their natural resistance, condition, and welfare.

Keywords: bacteria, falcons, health status, toxic elements, welfare.

Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in Africa with emphasis on Côte d'Ivoire: A review

Review (Published online: 03-07-2021)

2. Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in Africa with emphasis on Côte d'Ivoire: A review

Charlie Franck Arthur N'Guessan Amoia, Pius Ajanwachukwu Nnadi, Chuka Ezema and Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1727-1740

ABSTRACT

For decades, Newcastle disease (ND) has long been recognized as a frontline viral disease that constrains poultry production throughout Africa. The need to update on the epidemiology of the disease is rife, due to the increasing importance of poultry farming. In addition, poultry farming serves as the top animal food source globally. However, in Africa, the greater population of poultry is reared under traditional and conventional husbandry methods. This hugely impedes the ability of management practices to be correctly embraced in limiting or excluding viral pathogens in the poultry production chain. We conducted this review to consolidate recently published studies in the field and provide an overview of the disease. We reviewed original studies conducted on ND, the current taxonomic classification of the virus, clinical signs of the disease, and laboratory diagnostic methods available for virus detection and typing. This review additionally examined the control methods currently used, including available or circulating vaccines, vaccinations, recent vaccine findings, and the main variants of the virus present in West Africa. More specifically, we present a review of the current status and available information on the disease in Côte d'Ivoire. The lack of up-to-date and relevant information on the current prevalence, socio-economic impact, and ethnoveterinary medicine used against ND is probably the main limitation for appropriate and effective decision-making for better control of this disease in Côte d'Ivoire.

Keywords: control, ethnoveterinary medicine, Newcastle disease, prevalence, socio-economic impacts.

Initial multi-target approach shows importance of improved caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus control program in Russia for hobbyist goat farms

Research (Published online: 01-07-2021)

1. Initial multi-target approach shows importance of improved caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus control program in Russia for hobbyist goat farms

Eduard A. Shuralev, Nail I. Khammadov, Konstantin A. Osyanin, Inna A. Elizarova, Gaysha R. Salmanova, Nikolai D. Shamaev, Sergei V. Petrov, Clare Whelan, Nikolai Yu. Saushkin, Jeanne V. Samsonova, Ilsur G. Galimzyanov, Marina A. Efimova, Kamil S. Khaertynov, Tagir Kh. Faizov, Malik N. Mukminov and Arkadiy V. Ivanov

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1718-1726

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Several reports described the detection of specific caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) antibodies in Russian goat populations, which indicates the circulation of CAEV in Russian goat farms. The aim of this study was to use a multi-target approach to testing with both serological tests and an in-house real-time (RT) molecular test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats from three hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.

Materials and Methods: We applied a multi-target approach to testing with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an in-house RT polymerase chain reaction test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats. Animals from the three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were home-bred and had no contact with imported animals.

Results: CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM env and gag genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating seroprevalence of 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. The results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicating that all tests were 100% specific.

Conclusion: The results showed that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be important for programs to control and eradicate CAEV in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.

Keywords: antibodies, antigens, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, goat, proviral DNA.