Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues

Research (Published online: 10-01-2020)

9. Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues

Most. Rifat Ara Ferdous, Md. Raju Ahmed, Sayekul Hasan Khan, Mufsana Akter Mukta, Tasnia Tabassum Anika, Md. Tarek Hossain, Md. Zahorul Islam and Kazi Rafiq

Veterinary World, 13(1): 61-67

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on hematological parameters, residual status in soft tissue of broiler and of thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen, day-old male broiler chickens were purchased and were divided into three different groups (control group, discriminate group, and indiscriminate group). The control group received no antibiotics. The discriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water for 5 consecutive days, and 10 days' withdrawal period was maintained before sacrifice. The indiscriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water till the sacrificed day. Blood samples were collected before sacrificing for hematological analysis. After sacrificing liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples were collected for analysis of oxytetracycline residues in raw soft tissues. Since meat is used to cook by traditional method in Bangladesh before consumption that is why positive meat samples were cooked by traditional cooking method to evaluate the thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status as well. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was done for screening of oxytetracycline residues in soft tissues.

Results: Mean differences of total erythrocyte count (million/mm3), hemoglobin estimation (gm%), and packed cell volume (%) estimation were not statistically significant among the groups. TLC analysis of raw samples showed 100% positive results of all samples collected from the indiscriminate group. In contrast, samples collected from the discriminate group were negative for oxytetracycline residues. In the control group, all samples were negative for oxytetracycline residue. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship of oxytetracycline residues among three different groups for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples. Positive liver and muscle samples from the indiscriminate group were subjected to thermal treatment by traditional cooking method of Bangladesh. Oxytetracycline residues had found in cooked meat, liver, and juice part, suggesting that antibiotic residues disseminated to juice part from flesh part after cooking.

Conclusion: Evidence suggests that proper maintenance of withdrawal period would minimize oxytetracycline residues in broiler soft tissues, whereas antibiotics retained in soft tissues of broiler in case of indiscriminate use. Traditional cooking does not change oxytetracycline residual status in edible tissues. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment of broiler is one of the best strategies which may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in meat.

Keywords: antibiotic residue, broiler edible tissues, oxytetracycline, thermal effect, thin-layer chromatography.

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and the associated risk factors in sheep and pregnant women in El-Minya Governorate, Egypt

Research (Published online: 09-01-2020)

8. Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and the associated risk factors in sheep and pregnant women in El-Minya Governorate, Egypt

Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset, Maha I. Hamed, Mostafa F. N. Abushahba, Mohamed S. Rawy, Amal S. M. Sayed and Jeffrey J. Adamovicz

Veterinary World, 13(1): 54-60

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The cosmopolite protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, has a significant economic and medical impact. Cats traditionally play a predominant role in the disease maintenance cycle; however, humans can be infected as a result of milk and meat consumption of Toxoplasma-infected livestock. In addition, infected pregnant women, even symptomless, can pass the disease to their unborn fetus. The limited clinical records and absence of specific national educational programs in countries like Egypt underscore the need for periodic toxoplasmosis disease evaluation. Here, we identified T. gondii seroprevalence among sheep and pregnant women and the associated risk factors in El-Minya Governorate, Egypt.

Materials and Methods: Using peripheral blood, we detected T. gondii-specific antibodies in 151 sheep and 96 pregnant women sera from El-Minya Governorate using latex agglutination and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The impact of different environmental and behavioral risk factors identified with in-person interviews and serology results on acquiring toxoplasmosis was statistically analyzed.

Results: The overall toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was 39.1% and 22.9% in sheep and pregnant women, respectively. Significantly higher seroprevalence was correlated with increasing sheep age and geographical location. Nonetheless, no statistical significance was found based on abortion history and pregnancy status of the examined sheep. Exposure factors important for pregnant women included pregnancy trimester, contact with cats, and the habit of eating undercooked sheep meat, which all had a statistically significant association with Toxoplasma seropositivity.

Conclusion: The current study confirms increased antibodies against toxoplasmosis in both sheep and pregnant women in El-Minya Governorate and a clear association between women's age, contact with cats, and the habit of eating undercooked sheep meat and seroreactivity to T. gondii. These results strongly suggest the need for a more comprehensive epidemiological study and public health awareness education for toxoplasmosis.

Keywords: abortion, Egypt, risk factors, sheep, toxoplasmosis, zoonoses.

Effect of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. leaf extract on hematological and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of striped catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila

Research (Published online: 09-01-2020)

7. Effect of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. leaf extract on hematological and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of striped catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila

Siti Aisiah, Arief Prajitno, Maftuch Maftuch and Ating Yuniarti

Veterinary World, 13(1): 47-53

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different doses of Bangkal (Nauclea subdita) leaf extract on hematological and histological changes in kidney and liver of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila.

Materials and Methods: Catfish were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila at a dose of 108 cells/mL through intraperitoneal injection, and the hematological and histological changes in the kidney and liver of catfish against the pathogen were observed.

Results: Not all concentrations of N. subdita caused a toxic effect in striped catfish. The clinical symptoms of catfish after infection with A. hydrophila and treatment with N. subdita leaf extract included morphological and behavioral changes. N. subdita leaf extract reduced mortality caused by A. hydrophila. Treatment with N. subdita leaf extract was effective in reducing the inflammation by decreasing the activity of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The Hb and Ht levels of catfish significantly decreased after exposure to 108 cells/mL of A. hydrophila and increased significantly after N. subdita treatment. Necrosis percentages in the kidney and liver also decrease after N. subdita treatment.

Conclusion: The results indicate that N. subdita leaf extract stimulates the immunity and increases the resistance of catfish to A. hydrophila. N. subdita leaf extract may be used as a potential source for future drug development and food applications.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, hematology, histopathology, Nauclea subdita.

Forecasting head lice (Pediculidae: Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation incidence hotspots based on spatial correlation analysis in Northwest Iran

Research (Published online: 06-01-2020)

6. Forecasting head lice (Pediculidae: Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation incidence hotspots based on spatial correlation analysis in Northwest Iran

Davoud Adham, Eslam Moradi-Asl, Malek Abazari, Abedin Saghafipour and Parisa Alizadeh

Veterinary World, 13(1): 40-46

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis has been prevalent throughout the world, especially in developing countries among elementary students and societies with a weak socio-economic status. This study aimed to forecast head lice (Pediculidae: P. capitis) infestation incidence hotspots based on spatial correlation analysis in Ardabil Province, Northwest Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analytical study, all cases of head lice infestations who were confirmed by Centers for Disease Control office have been studied from 2016 to 2018. Head lice infestation incidence hotspots in the province should be detected based on general G statistics in ArcMap GIS10.4.1. Furthermore, MaxEnt.3.3.3 model was used for modeling the high-risk areas.

Results: The prevalence rate of pediculosis was 14.90/100,000 populations. The general G statistics revealed that the head lice infestation in this study area has a high cluster pattern. The analysis showed that the Parsabad and Germi counties were identified as a head lice infestation incidence hotspots. Statistical and spatial analyses of head lice infestation incidence showed a significant positive correlation with head lice infestation incidence hotspots and the altitudes (15-500 m), annual temperature range (14-16.5°C), and slope and average diurnal temperature (12-18°C).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the most ecologically suitable areas of head lice occurrence were identified in two hotspots (Parsabad and Germi) in the Northern areas of Ardabil Province (Parsabad and Germi counties); in the borderline of Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Keywords: head lice infestation, Iran, Pediculus humanus capitis, spatial analysis.

Isolation and molecular identification of wild Newcastle disease virus isolated from broiler farms of Diyala Province, Iraq

Research (Published online: 04-01-2020)

5. Isolation and molecular identification of wild Newcastle disease virus isolated from broiler farms of Diyala Province, Iraq

Amer Khazaal Alazawy and Karim Sadun Al Ajeeli

Veterinary World, 13(1): 33-39

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains a major viral disease of poultry. The morbidity and mortality rates of chickens vaccinated with NDV in broiler farms in Diyala Province were 100% and 80%, respectively, rates due to suspected infection with the highly virulent NDV. The present study aimed to isolate and identify the NDV virus and evaluate its pathogenicity in infected broiler chickens at poultry farms.

Materials and Methods: Broiler chickens at two commercial poultry farms were suspected of being infected with virulent NDV due to high mortality rates. Virus isolated from samples of intestinal tissues, lungs, trachea, spleen, kidneys, and air sacs was adapted in the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. The NDV pathotype was determined based on the mean death time (MDT) in eggs as well as the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and intravenous pathogenicity index pathogenicity indexes of the isolated samples. Broilers were experimentally infected by inoculation with fluids collected from the allantoic cavities of 60 broilers aged 35 days. Serological and molecular tests were followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine levels of anti-NDV immunoglobulin G, and isolates were identified using a hyperimmune (HI) test and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Suspected and isolated NDV field samples propagated in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile SPF chickens were NDV positive in the rapid hemagglutination test within a few seconds. Pathogenicity indices and MDT showed that the isolated NDV was viscerotropic and velogenic. The virus was identified as NDV by the HI test using specific anti-LaSota HI serum and RT-PCR with specific primers and probes. Propagation of the virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hen eggs produced a viral titer of 109.5 EID50/0.1 mL.

Conclusion: The virus isolated from broiler chicken farms in Diyala Province, Iraq, was viscerotropic and velogenic according to the pathogenicity indices and RT-PCR. The isolated NDV caused 100% morbidity and 90% mortality in NDV-vaccinated and experimentally infected broiler chickens.

Keywords: Diyala Province, Newcastle disease virus, pathogenicity, real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats from different agro-ecological zones of South Africa

Research (Published online: 04-01-2020)

4. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats from different agro-ecological zones of South Africa

Takalani J. Mpofu, Khathutshelo A. Nephawe and Bohani Mtileni

Veterinary World, 13(1): 26-32

ABSTRACT

Aim: A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections affecting goats in South Africa as influenced by agro-ecological zone (AEZ), sampling season, and the age and sex of animals.

Materials and Methods: A total of 288 goats (101 male and 187 female) were randomly sampled during winter and summer in areas representing four AEZs (arid: 80; semi-arid: 76; humid: 62; and dry sub-humid: 70) of South Africa. Fecal samples from each animal were collected from the rectum, and the presence of GIP eggs was determined using a modified McMaster technique. A sample was considered positive when a minimum of one GIP egg was detected under the microscope. Fecal cultures were prepared, and infective larvae were collected and identified. The data were analyzed by MiniTab17 (2017) using the FREQ procedure, and the association between the independent factors and the prevalence of various GIPs were evaluated using the Pearson Chi-square test (p<0.05).

Results: The overall prevalence of GIP in the present study was 37.1%, with a mean prevalence of 30.0, 26.4, 31.1, 36.6, and 59.6% for Eimeria spp., Trichuris, Strongyloides papillosus, Moniezia spp., and strongyles, respectively. There was a significant (p<0.05) association between the prevalence of strongyles, Trichuris, Moniezia spp., and AEZs, whereas an insignificant (p>0.05) association was observed for the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and S. papillosus. A significant (p<0.05) association between goat age and prevalence of all GIPs was observed, where the prevalence was higher in young goats, followed by adults, and then by suckling goats. The prevalence of various GIPs was similar between male and female goats. The percentage of infection with Eimeria spp., Trichuris, S. papillosus, and strongyle parasitic infections was marginally higher in males than in females, whereas that of the Moniezia spp. was higher in females. A significant (p<0.05) association between the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and sampling season was observed, and there was an insignificant (p>0.05) association between the other GIPs and sampling season. The prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was higher in winter (34.0%) than in summer (26.0%).

Conclusion: AEZs and goat age are the most important risk factors influencing GIP infections in South African communal goats. These epidemiological parameters are important for outlining effective parasite control management systems against these GIPs in goats.

Keywords: Eimeria, Moniezia, strongyle, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris spp.

Fattening performance and carcass traits of Baladi and Shami-Baladi kids

Research (Published online: 03-01-2020)

3. Fattening performance and carcass traits of Baladi and Shami-Baladi kids

Mohammad D. Obeidat, Belal S. Obeidat, Basheer Nusairat and Rolan Al-Shareef

Veterinary World, 13(1): 21-25

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Goat is considered very important ruminant animals that are raised in Jordan; however, the production of the local breeds is low to moderate, and thus, some genetic improvement programs could have a positive effect on the performance of the local breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crossing Baladi (BB) goat with Shami.

Materials and Methods: A total of 30 newly weaned goat kids (15 BB and 15 Shami-Baladi [SB] kids) were evaluated for growth performance and carcass traits. The trial lasted for 77 days (7 days for adaptation and 70 days for data collection). Feed intake was measured on a daily basis; body weight of kids was measured at the beginning of the study and biweekly thereafter. At the end of the trial, kids were slaughtered to examine carcass traits.

Results: Dry matter intake, initial weight, final weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by kid's breed type. In addition, breed type of kids showed no significant effect on feed efficiency (feed:gain). Hot and cold carcass weight and dressing percentage were also not affected by kid's breed type. Kid breed type had no significant effect on shoulder, rack, and legs percentages. However, SB kids had a higher loin cut percentage compared to BB kids. In addition, Musculus longissimus depth was higher for SB kids.

Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that crossing SB goat breeds did not have a significant effect on either growth performance or carcass traits. Further studies using reciprocal cross may reveal different results.

Keywords: crossbred, goat, Shami.