Evaluation of salivary electrolytes during estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes with reference to estrus detection

Research (Published online: 28-10-2016)

20. Evaluation of salivary electrolytes during estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes with reference to estrus detection - Indu Devi, Pawan Singh, Surerder Singh Lathwal, A. Kumaresan and Kuldeep Dudi

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1157-1161

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1157-1161

Abstract

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Aim: Timely estrus detection is one of the critical factors for increasing reproductive efficiency in buffaloes. In recent decades, saliva has become a more popular as a noninvasive source for determining physiological status of animals by various biochemical electrolytes. This study was designed to assess and correlate changes in different salivary minerals concentration (calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride) during different stages of the estrous cycle in Murrah buffaloes.

Materials and Methods: The saliva samples were collected during the different phases of the estrous cycle from 20 Murrah buffaloes in early morning hours and were assayed using respective minerals assay kits.

Results: The concentrations of calcium (8.76±0.08-12.11±0.11 mg/dl), inorganic phosphorus (6.56±0.13-14.72±4.50 mg/dl), magnesium (2.27±0.14-5.79±0.15 mg/dl), sodium (139.47±0.31-159.62±1.22 mmol/L), potassium (12.40±0.22-26.85±1.22 mmol/L), and chloride (109.28±0.41-137.07±0.68 mmol/L) varied during the different phases of estrous cycle. The concentration of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride in saliva were significantly (p<0.01) higher during estrus phase compared to other phases of the estrous cycle. All these minerals were positively and significantly (p<0.0001) related to estrogen concentration while salivary concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride showed a significant (p<0.0001) negative correlation with progesterone level in blood plasma.

Conclusion: These preliminary findings indicate that there are definite variations in salivary mineral and electrolyte concentrations during different phases of the estrous cycle. These results may be used as an aid for estrus detection/ confirmation in buffaloes although validation of the results using a large number of animals is required.

Keywords: heat detection, noninvasive method, saliva electrolytes, silent heat.

Effect of boiling on the antidiabetic property of enzyme treated sheep milk casein

Research (Published online: 28-10-2016)

19. Effect of boiling on the antidiabetic property of enzyme treated sheep milk casein - Farhath Jan, Santosh Kumar and Richa Jha

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1152-1156

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1152-1156

Abstract

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Aim: Sheep milk-born bioactive peptides have been found to exhibit various physiological activities. The present work was designed with the aim to evaluate the effect of boiling on antidiabetic property of peptides derived from sheep milk caseinate on hydrolysis with three different proteases.

Materials and Methods: In this investigation, casein prepared from raw and boiled sheep milk was hydrolyzed by three commercially available proteases (trypsin, pepsin, and chymotrypsin). These hydrolysates collected at different hydrolysis times (60, 120, 160, and 240 min) were assayed for their antidiabetic activity.

Results: Among the three different enzyme hydrolysates, casein treated with chymotrypsin shows the highest antidiabetic activity among other enzymes. While the antidiabetic effect of raw milk-derived casein hydrolysates always exceeds than effect shown by boiled milk casein hydrolysates.

Conclusion: The result obtained hence shows that the effect of boiling on the properties of bioactive peptides released during different enzyme digestion depends largely on the enzymatic formulation used and treatment conditions. Chymotrypsin treatment of raw casein yields peptides with maximum antidiabetic activity as compared to pepsin and trypsin. Moreover, the peptides produced after enzymatic treatment of boiled casein show reduced antidiabetic properties. Therefore, enzymatically treated raw milk casein hydrolysates may be used as effective nutritional supplements for diabetic patients, as it causes a significant inhibition of α-amylase activity.

Keywords: α-amylase, antidiabetic, bioactive peptides, casein, hydrolysates, proteases.

Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw milk and some dairy products

Research (Published online: 26-10-2016)

18. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw milk and some dairy products - Mona A. El-Zamkan and Karima G. Abdel Hameed

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1147-1151

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1147-1151

Abstract

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Aim: This study was accomplished to test raw milk and certain dairy products sold in local markets of Qena, Egypt, for the presence ofCampylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 samples of raw milk, kareish cheese, and yoghurt (50 samples each) were subjected first to enrichment in Bolton broth at 42°C for 2 days under a microaerobic condition, subsequently campylobacter blood free selective agar plates were cultured and incubated in the same condition of the broth. Based on the morphological and biochemical themes of the growing colonies, it was further classified into Campylobacter spp. The identified isolates were later affirmed by polymerase chain reaction using primers that were designed to locate hipO genes in C. jejuni and glyA in C. coli.

Results: Of the total 150 examined samples of raw milk and soft cheese samples; 37 (24.6%) samples were contaminated withCampylobacter spp. C. jejuni was dominating in this study in 20%, 14%, and 8% of the examined raw milk, kareish cheese, and yoghurt samples, respectively. No sample harbored C. coli.

Conclusion: Campylobacter spp. could be detected in 24.6% of the investigated samples. C. jejuni isolated from 14% of the total tested samples, while C. coli could not be detected from the examined samples. Campylobacter spp. is rampant in the areas of poor hygienic conditions making products made from raw milk of public health hazard.

Keywords: Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, dairy products, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, raw milk.

In-vitro fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of mustard cake (Brassica juncea L.)

Research (Published online: 26-10-2016)

17. In-vitro fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of mustard cake (Brassica juncea L.) - S. M. Durge, M. K. Tripathi and N. Dutta

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1141-1146

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1141-1146

Abstract

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Aim: To assess the effect of mustard cake (Brassica juncea L.) levels in concentrate mixtures and in composite feed mixtures (CFMs) on in-vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production.

Materials and Methods: Five concentrate mixtures were prepared with containing 30% oil cake, where linseed cake was replaced by mustard cake at the rate of 0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, 22.5%, and 30% in concentrate mixture. Mustard cake contained glucosinolate 72.58 μmol/g oil free dry matter (DM) and contents in diet were 0, 5.4, 10.9, 16.3, and 21.8 μmol/g of concentrate mixture, respectively. Concentrate mixture containing 15.0% mustard cake was found to produced minimum methane which was then used for the preparation of CFM containing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% levels with gram straw.

Result: Increased levels of mustard cake in concentrate mixtures had a linear decrease (p<0.05) in the total gas production, and the 15% inclusion showed lowest methane concentration (quadratic, p<0.01). The degradability of DM and organic matter (OM) of concentrate mixtures did not change, however, pH and NH3-N concentrations of the fermentation medium showed linear (p<0.05) reductions with increased mustard cake levels. Increased levels of 15% mustard cake containing concentrate mixture in CFMs exhibited a trend (p=0.052) of increased gas production, whereas methane concentration in total gas, methane produced and degradability of DM and OM were also displayed a linear increase (p<0.05). However, the pH, NH₃-N, and total volatile fatty acid levels decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increased levels of concentrate in CFMs.

Conclusion: Reduction in methane production was evidenced with the inclusion of mustard cake in concentrate mixture at 15% level, and the CFMs with 25% concentrate, which contained 15% mustard cake, exhibited an improved fermentation and reduced methane production.

Keywords: Brassica, glucosinolate, mustard cake, methane, rumen fermentation.

Impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat

Research (Published online: 24-10-2016)

16. Impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat - Jan Muhammad Shah, Toufique Ahmed Qureshi, Tahmina Shah, Qurban Ali Shah, Muhammad Asif Arain, Zohaib Ahmed Bhutto, Muhammad Saeed and Farman Ali Siyal

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1135-1140

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1135-1140

Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat species.

Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy goats (combine breed and sex) with average weight 25 kg were selected for this study. The therapeutic (20 mg/kg b.w.) and high doses (40 and 60 mg) of florfenicol were administered for 3 days with 24 h interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following the each administered dose.

Results: The results showed that the therapeutic dose of florfenicol produced nonsignificant effect on serum urea, creatinine, total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin on all timings, and increased (p<0.05) the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels for 48 h. Whereas the high doses of florfenicol (40 and 60 mg) significantly altered the kidney and liver functional indicators in the blood. In contrast with control, the serum urea level was (p<0.01) increased at all timing points. Creatinine values were altered (p<0.01, <0.05) in increasing manner from 24 to 96 h. The high dose of 40 mg decreased the TP (p<0.05) for 72 h and 60 mg persisted same effect (p<0.01) up to 120 h. The indices of ALP, GGT, SGOT, and SGPT were raised (p<0.01, <0.05) at all timings. The bilirubin indexes also (p<0.05) elevated from 48 to 72.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the high doses of florfenicol produced reversible dose-dependent effects on functional indicators of kidney and liver such as urea, creatinine, TP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, and bilirubin.

Keywords: blood chemistry, florfenicol, goat, liver and kidney function tests, therapeutic and high doses.

The effect of lead on the process of spermatogenesis in sex glands of male albino rats

Research (Published online: 23-10-2016)

15. The effect of lead on the process of spermatogenesis in sex glands of male albino rats - Olga Sergeevna Shubina and Natalia Anatolievna Dudenkova

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1129-1134

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1129-1134

Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and functional features of the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male albino rats when exposed to lead acetate.

Materials and Methods: Using histological, morphometric and statistical methods explored the effects of lead acetate on the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male albino rats. Investigations were carried out using a digital microscope Axio Imager.M2 and automatic cell counter Countess™.

Results: It is shown that when exposed to lead acetate a decrease in the production of all populations of spermatogenic cells, decreased spermatogenesis index and an index of relaxation (tension spermatogenesis), the increase in the index of ripening, index meiotic activity and germinative index, which indicates a decrease in the functional activity of the testes. On preparations, it is possible to see that after the influence of acetate of lead the head of spermatozoa becomes more roundish, breaks of tails observed.

Conclusion: Lead acetate reduces the productivity of the seminal glands, which leads to the decrease of the concentration of spermatozoa, and their viability. The results of the studies suggest a negative impact of lead acetate in the course of the process of spermatogenesis in the testes of male white rats.

Keywords: epididymis (appendage testis), lead acetate, seminal glands (testis), Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis, spermatogenic cells.

Detection of Salmonella species in chicken carcasses using genus specific primer belong to invA gene in Sohag city, Egypt

Research (Published online: 22-10-2016)

14. Detection of Salmonella species in chicken carcasses using genus specific primer belong to invA gene in Sohag city, Egypt - Nahed Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz

Veterinary World, 9(10): 1125-1128

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1125-1128

Abstract

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Aim: This study aimed to detect Salmonella species found as contaminants in chicken carcass (thigh, breast, wings, liver, and gizzard).

Materials and Methods: A total of 75 chicken samples including thigh, breast, wings, liver, and gizzard (15 of each) were collected from different markets in Sohag city for detection of Salmonella species by culture methods, biochemical tests, serology, and polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The overall incidence of Salmonella contamination of 75 examined samples was found to be 6.6% with the higher percentage of Salmonella being isolated from liver samples (13.3%) followed by thigh, wings, gizzard (6.6%) while breast show negative result.

Conclusion: Results in this study indicate that contamination of chicken carcass with Salmonella needs strict hygienic measures to prevent their transmission to human.

Keywords: chicken carcass, invA gene, Salmonella spp.