Sunday, 7 September 2014

Relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, certain routine sperm characteristics and testosterone in breeding Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls

3. Relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, certain routine sperm characteristics and testosterone in breeding Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls - A. K. Singh, P. S. Brar and R. S. Cheema
Veterinary World, 7(9): 644-651


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.644-651


A. K. Singh: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; assengar2001@yahoo.co.in
P. S. Brar: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; PSB: parkashbrar@gmail.com
R. S. Cheema; Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; ranjna.cheema@gmail.com

Received: 23-04-2014, Revised: 07-07-2014, Accepted: 12-07-2014, Published online: 06-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. K. Singh, e-mail: assengar2001@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to examine the relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, seminal quality, and testosterone concentration in Murrah buffalo bulls.
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 breeding Murrah buffalo bulls (either progeny tested or under progeny testing program) were randomly selected from two government bull farms in Punjab. None of the bulls selected for this study had any preceding physical abnormality. A field fertility trial was conducted to determine the first service conception rate (FSCR). The number of females inseminated per bull semen was 10. All the bulls were inspected for structural soundness, measurement of scrotal circumference, testicular biometry, and internal pelvic area (IPA). Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated for total motility, progressive motility, viability, concentration, abnormality, and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Testosterone was estimated in blood plasma, seminal plasma as well as frozen-thawed semen extracts for establishing relationship.
Results: The FSCR was 48% in the bulls having a scrotal circumference of ≥44 cm, although, there was no significant correlation between FSCR and scrotal circumference. Similarly, no consistent relationship existed between sperm concentration and scrotal circumference. A positive correlation was observed between IPA and FSCR (r=0.294). Of the six post-thaw seminal components (total motility, progressive motility, viability, HOST (%), total abnormality and concentration) only total motility had a high significant (p<0.01) correlation with FSCR (r=0.694). Varied correlations existed between other seminal parameters and fertility. Using a simple regression analysis, the post-thaw motility, IPA, prepuce length and testosterone (independent variables) combined to explain approximately 62% of the variation in the FSCR (dependent variable).
Conclusion: The present study indicated that despite low to high correlations between seminal characteristics, physical parameters, fertility, and testosterone; the observations support the importance of these components and their function in maintaining semen quality and subsequent fertility.

Keywords: buffalo spermatozoa, fertility, pelvic area, scrotal circumference, testosterone.
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Tuesday, 2 September 2014

Effect of dietary supplement of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth performance and carcass trait of Vanaraja chicken

2. Effect of dietary supplement of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth performance and carcass trait of Vanaraja chicken- Punita Kumari, Chandramoni, Kaushalendra Kumar and Sanjay Kumar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 639-643


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.639-643


Punita Kumari: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; puneeta.kri@gmail.com
Chandramoni: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; chandramoni108@rediffmail.com
Kaushalendra Kumar: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; drkaushalbvc@gmail.com
Sanjay Kumar: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; sanjayvet29@rediffmail.com

Received: 11-03-2014, Revised: 04-07-2014, Accepted: 10-07-2014, Published online: 02-09-2014

Corresponding author: Punita Kumari, email: puneeta.kri@gmail.com
Abstract

Aim: This study was planned to investigate the effect of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth parameters such as feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), performance index (PI), and carcass characteristics in  broiler birds.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of 42 days on Vanaraja strain of broiler birds. Different dietary supplement such as sugar beet meal, neem leaf meal, linseed meal and coriander seed meal were used in the basal diet. All day-old 150 male chicks were individually weighed and distributed into five groups having 30 birds in each. Each group was further sub-divided into triplicates having 10 birds in each. Group T1served as control and rest groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 as treatment groups. Birds in T1 group were fed basal ration only, however, T2 , T3, T4 and T5 groups were fed basal  ration mixed with 2.5% sugar beet meal, neem leaf meal, linseed meal, and coriander seed meal individually, respectively.
Results: Broilers supplemented with herbs/spices showed improvement in growth attributes and carcass characteristics. Broilers fed with herbs at the rate of 2.5% had higher feed intake except sugar beet and coriander seed meal fed group. The body weight and weight gain was also significantly (p<0.05) higher than control. Both FCR and PI were improved in supplemented groups in comparison to control. Dressing percentage was not significantly (p>0.05) affected. Average giblet percentage of all supplemented groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than control and was found to be highest in neem leaf meal fed group. Average by-product percentage was found to be highest in linseed fed group.
Conclusion: Various herbs such as sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander seed meals affected the growth performance, and carcass trait showed positive inclination toward supplemented groups in broilers. The exact mode of action of these herbs/spices is still not clear, however, one or more numbers of active compounds present in these supplements may be responsible.
Keywords: body weight gain, broiler, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, performance index
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Detection of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy layer chickens

1. Detection of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy layer chickens - A. Balasubramaniam, M. Arthanari Eswaran, P. Suresh and K. Sukumar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 635-638


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.635-638


A. Balasubramaniam: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;
balasubramaniam72@gmail.com
M. Arthanari Eswaran: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;
drarthu@gmail.com
P. Suresh: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;vet_suresh@yahoo.com
K. Sukumar: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India; drksugu@gmail.com

Received: 06-05-2014, Revised: 02-07-2014, Accepted: 12-07-2014, Published online: 02-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. Balasubramaniam, email: balasubramaniam72@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene, and antibacterial resistance pattern in commensal Escherichia coli recovered from healthy non-clinical layer chickens.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four cloacal swabs were obtained from 15 flocks in five different layer farms located at around Namakkal, which is a place of high-intensity layer chicken rearing in south India. Identification of E. coli was carried out by performing cultural and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out using disc diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction employingtetAC forward and tetAC reverse primers were carried out to detect tetA gene conferring resistance to tetracycline.
Result: All the collected cloacal swabs yielded E. coli. Twenty-one isolates (88%) were resistant to tetracycline antibiotic in disc diffusion method. All the isolates showed resistance to more than six antibiotics, which implied existence of multidrug resistant microbiota in intestine of poultry. Only seven (29%) isolates showed the presence of tetA gene indicating the involvement of either other one or more efflux gene(s), namely tetB, tetC and tetD or ribosomal protection encoded by tetM, tetO, tetQ and tetS genes than tetA gene.
Conclusion: Based on the presence of tetA gene among tetracycline-resistant bacteria in healthy non-clinical food-producing animals such as layer chickens, it can be significant in human medicine as tetA gene could easily be spread to other bacteria. This kind of phenomenon can be extrapolated in transfer of resistance for other antibacterial essential for treating bacterial infections in human. We conclude that preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance through direct or indirect contact, consumed food/feed and through the environment is empirical in reduction of failures while treating bacterial infections.

Keywords: antibacterial resistance, Escherichia coli, tetA gene, tetracycline.
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Sunday, 31 August 2014

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response - WHO guidance document

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response

WHO guidance document

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Authors:
World Health Organization

Publication details

Number of pages: 64
Publication date: 2009
Languages: English, Chinese, French
ISBN: 9789241547680

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Overview


WHO previously published pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999 and a revision of that guidance in 2005. Since 2005, there have been advances in many areas of preparedness and response planning. For example, stockpiles of antiviral drugs are now a reality and a WHO guideline has been developed to attempt to stop or delay pandemic influenza at its initial emergence. There is increased understanding of past pandemics, strengthened outbreak communications, greater insight on disease spread and approaches to control, and increasingly sophisticated statistical modeling of various aspects of influenza.
Extensive practical experience has been gained from responding to outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in poultry and humans, and from conducting pandemic preparedness and response exercises in many countries. There is greater understanding that pandemic preparedness requires the involvement of not only the health sector, but the whole of society. In 2007, the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR, 2005) entered into force providing the international community with a framework to address international public health concerns.
In light of these developments, WHO decided in 2007 to update its guidance to enable countries to be better prepared for the next pandemic. Therefore this document published in April 2009 replaces the WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan (WHO/CDS/CSR/GIP/2005.5). This document should be used in conjunction with the WHO checklist for influenza preparedness planning published by the World Health Organization in 2005.
This guidance has been superseded by the Pandemic Influenza Risk Management Guidance:
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Evaluating the relationship between human and animal influenza viruses

Evaluating the relationship between human and animal influenza viruses

Assessing the relationship among multiple variants of influenza viruses circulating in animals and people and understanding their relative evolution in these hosts over time is key to improving vaccines for people and animals and for understanding the potential risk of future interspecies transmission events.



StripeyAnne on flickR, original name : The Pig Piper of Ham-lyn©
The latest OFFLU Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) Group meeting took place in Minneapolis, USA, 19-20 March 2013. The meeting had two major outcomes.
Characterization of the relationship between human and swine influenza viruses
Data on influenza viruses circulating in pig populations worldwide has been shared, but more effort is required for its compilation and analysis. According to the OFFLU SIV group, there is increasing scientific evidence from surveillance and genetic analyses that human seasonal influenza viruses and their variants have historically been introduced to pig populations by humans and are still circulating in different swine populations worldwide. The analyses of the HA protein of influenza viruses in pigs, a protein which plays a key role in virus-host interactions and in vaccine strain selection for human and animals, showed significant diversity among strains circulating within and between geographic areas. The maintenance of such diverse viruses within pigs for long periods of time has important implications for swine influenza vaccine strain selection and assurances of efficacy, which will have to be mainly tailored to the needs of the region. These viruses also pose a risk of re-introduction into the human population.
This global initiative requires further investment for compilation, analysis, and overall evaluating of the potential for human viruses to spread into swine and conversely for swine to be a reservoir for viruses that have human pandemic potential, and should be used in risk assessment for pandemic preparedness.
Proposed new HA gene cluster naming system for designating influenza viruses in pigs
The objective of this new nomenclature system developed and proposed by the OFFLU SIV group is to create a common language to be used by human and animal health sectors to designate swine influenza viruses on a global scale. This system will allow for viruses around the world to be evaluated by a unified set of criteria and their genetic relationships understood in a common context. Such a system is also important for targeting groups of viruses to study for antigenic properties and developing effective human and animal vaccines.
The proposed system is a phylogenetic classification system, distinguishing clusters of viruses that share common genetic characteristics. Therefore, it defines the relationship between the different influenza strains, which are continually evolving. This system enables the assessment of the genetic relationships between influenza viruses circulating in swine among different geographic regions as well as between human and swine seasonal influenza viruses.
The group will continue to work with the Influenza Research Database (fludb.org) to provide the HA gene cluster names based on the new system for future web-based cluster determination tools for swine HA sequences with free public access.
The OFFLU Network
OFFLU is a global open network of expertise on animal influenza established jointly in 2005 by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to support and coordinate global efforts to prevent, detect and control important influenzas in animals. OIE/FAO reference laboratories and world leading experts from a range of disciplines in animal and human health take part in the discussions. OFFLU collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) on issues relating to the animal-human interface, including pandemic preparedness for early preparation of human vaccine. 
The OFFLU Swine Influenza group started in 2010 and meets on an annual basis.
Source: 
http://www.oie.int/for-the-media/press-releases/detail/article/evaluating-the-relationship-between-human-and-animal-influenza-viruses/

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Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for progesterone by using a heterologous system in plasma bovine

11. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for progesterone by using a heterologous system in plasma bovine - A. Ayad, M. Iguer Ouada and H. Benbarek
Veterinary World, 7(8): 610-613


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.610-613


A. Ayad: Department of Environment and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University A. Mira, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria; Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; hanine06@gmail.com,abdelhanine.ayad@univ-bejaia.dz
M. Iguer Ouada: Department of Environment and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University A. Mira, 06000,
Bejaia, Algeria; imokrane@gmail.com
H. Benbarek: Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University M. Istambouli, 29000, Mascara, Algeria; benbarekh@yahoo.com

Received: 12-05-2014, Revised: 27-07-2014, Accepted: 02-08-2014, Published online: 21-08-2014

Corresponding author: A. Ayad, email: hanine06@gmail.com, abdelhanine.ayad@univ-bejaia.dz
Abstract
Aim: The present study describes the use of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay method with specific kit human progesterone for measuring plasma progesterone in cattle.
Materials and Methods: Nine Holstein-Friesian females were selected and artificially inseminated (AI). Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vessels into tubes containing EDTA at day 0 (n = 5, the control group) and day 90 (n = 4, diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation) after AI. The day of AI was considered as day 0 for the calculation of pregnancy day. The samples were immediately centrifuged (15 min at 1500 × g), and the plasma was stored at −20°C until assay. The assay of progesterone was carried out by a method of competition immunological type in heterogeneous phase. The antibodies of capture and revelation are monoclonal specific to progesterone of human origin.
Results: The progesterone (P4) concentration in the whole female was physiological. The results of inter- and intraassay coefficients of variation were 16.6% and 6.7%, respectively. The values of accuracy and parallelism obtained were satisfactory.
Conclusion: The preliminary results show clearly that human progesterone ECL kit can be used to measure P4 in plasma bovine.

Keywords: assay, cow, electochemiluminescence, progesterone.
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Saturday, 30 August 2014

Benefit cost analysis of Rhode Island Red chicken rearing in backyard on the basis of egg production performance

10. Benefit cost analysis of Rhode Island Red chicken rearing in backyard on the basis of egg production performance - P. K. Das, P. R. Ghosh, S. Pradhan, B. Roy and D. Mazumdar
Veterinary World, 7(8): 605-609


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.605-609


P. K. Das: Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India; pkdaskol@rediffmail.com
P. R. Ghosh: Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India; drprghosh@gmail.com
S. Pradhan: Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India; saktipadapradhan@gmail.com
B. Roy: Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India; barunnutrition@yahoo.co.in
D. Mazumdar: Department of Agriculture Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India; debstat@gmail.com

Received: 29-04-2014, Revised: 01-07-2014, Accepted: 07-07-2014, Published online: 16-08-2014

Corresponding author: P. K. Das, email: pkdaskol@rediffmail.com
Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze of the egg production features of backyard chicken rearing with an evaluation of production cost of an egg and there by benefit-cost analysis.
Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on 60000 chicken covering five different agroclimatic zones in the state West Bengal, India. Initially each farmer was provided day-old Rhode Island Red chicks, commercial ration upto pre-laying stage having CP of 17.23% and 12.32% in chick and grower mash respectively along with common management support system for backyard poultry rearing viz. separate poultry night shelter and brooding facilities, deworming and vaccination and regular health check up system, later farmers were allowed to use the supplemented feed made by the locally available resources having various crude protein content.
Results: It was observed that there was no significant variation in respect of total egg production under various supplemented crude protein containing feed, whereas significantly higher egg production feature is observed in Coastal and Old Alluvial zones.
Conclusion: The study concluded that more profit was occurred to those farmers who provided the supplemented feed with less crude protein content along with scavenging. This scope is more in new alluvial zone. It was also observed that profit started from 11 month onwards in each agro-climatic zone as well as in each category of supplemented feed.
Keywords: backyard, benefit-cost analysis, chicken, egg production, RIR.
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