Wednesday, 27 August 2014

Update August 2014 - Questions & Answers on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)

Update August 2014 - Questions & Answers on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV)

What is MERS-CoV?
MERS-CoV is a coronavirus (CoV) which causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a severe respiratory disease, in humans. It was identified in humans in April 2012.
Sporadic human cases of MERS have occurred and continue to occur over a wide geographical distribution with the majority of cases reported from the Arabian Peninsula. Infections in dromedary camels also have been detected in a wide geographic distribution and appear to be widespread in some countries. Some human MERS cases are thought to be related to zoonotic transmission (transmission from animals to humans). In other cases human infections are either linked to health care settings or are unexplained. There is no evidence of sustained human to human transmission in the community but the clusters that have occurred in health care settings and households demonstrate that human to human transmission is possible.
So far, three patterns of infection have been reported by the World Health:
  1. community acquired cases (the exposure sources remain unknown and are believed to include direct or indirect contact with animals, especially camels, or environmental source)
  2. hospital acquired infections
  3. infections acquired through close human to human contact (household).
MERS-CoV and antibodies to MERS-CoV have been detected in samples taken from camels. To date, MERS-CoV has only been isolated from dromedary camels* and humans, but the exact relationship between MERS-CoV infections in humans and animals remains unclear.
What are coronaviruses?
Coronaviruses are a family of RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. They are called coronaviruses because under an electron microscope the virus particle exhibits a characteristic ‘corona’(crown) of spike proteins around its lipid envelope. Coronavirus infections are common in animals and humans, and there is a history of coronaviruses crossing species and adapting to new hosts. There are many species and strains of coronavirus which have different characteristics, causing a range of clinical signs– from mild to severe disease – in humans and in different animal species.
MERS-CoV is genetically and biologically distinct from other known coronaviruses, e.g. the coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans.
Why the concern?
MERS-CoV is considered by the WHO to be a serious public health threat to humans, because:
  1. the infection can cause severe disease in humans
  2. infection appears to be widespread in dromedary camels
  3. coronaviruses may adapt to new hosts, and then become more easily transmittable between humans
For these reasons, it is important to prevent introduction of these viruses into the human population.
What is the source of MERS-CoV?
MERS-CoV is thought to have an origin in animals. Evidence suggests that MERS-CoV has adapted to camels and that camels are a host for the virus. However, not all community acquired cases of MERS-CoV had reported prior animal contact and it is unclear how these persons were infected. Therefore, investigations of human cases of MERS-CoV infection should continue to include gathering of information about potential sources of exposure, including other humans, camels (including certain raw products, such as raw milk and meat and secretions/excretions), other domestic and wild animals, as well as the environment, food and water.
The OIE together with its partner organisations, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and national animal health authorities of affected countries is closely following investigations which aim to better understand the epidemiological aspects of the disease, including its transmission and the potential relationship between human and animal infections with MERS-CoV.

Are animals responsible for MERS-CoV infections in people?
MERS-CoV has been isolated from humans and camels and recent studies suggest that camels are a source of human infections. Nevertheless, the exact relationship between MERS-CoV infections in camels and humans remains unclear. Joint human health and animal health investigations are needed to establish the source for human infections with MERS-CoV when not acquired from another human.
There remains the possibility that other animal species may be involved in the maintenance and transmission of MERS-CoV.
What is known about MERS-CoV in camels?
Between November 2013 and July 2014, Qatar, Oman and Kuwait have met their obligations to OIE by reporting that MERS-CoV has been identified in camels.
Other published studies have indicated that MERS-CoV and genetic material from MERS-CoV have been identified in camels in countries in the Middle East and North Africa; antibodies to MERS-CoV or a very similar virus have been identified in samples taken from camels in the Middle East and Africa. Similar strains of MERS-CoV have been identified in samples taken from camels and humans in the same locality and in some cases there has been an association between infections in humans and camels.
Serological studies suggest that antibodies to MERS-CoV have been detected with a prevalence range of 0-100% (varying within countries and between countries) in populations of camels in Middle East and African countries. This range of prevalence indicates the need to assess risk factors for infection between and within herds.
Infections with MERS-CoV have sometimes been associated with mild respiratory signs in camels, but this needs further investigation. Significant morbidity or mortality of unknown etiology should be investigated.
Evidence from MERS-CoV infections in camels suggests that infection has resulted in virus shedding for a limited period. The possibility for reinfection of camels cannot at this stage be excluded since immunity to infection is poorly understood. MERS-CoV has been identified in camels which have antibodies against the virus. The implications of these findings for management and control recommendations need further investigation.
To develop a more complete understanding of the potential role of camels (and other animals) in the epidemiology of MERS several types of investigation are needed:
  • Comparative epidemiological studies, in all countries with significant camel populations, to determine the prevalence, distribution, and demographics of MERS-CoV infections in camels
  • Studies to characterise the clinical and pathological effects and kinetics of virus shedding and immune response to MERS-CoV in experimentally and naturally infected camels
  • Studies to assess risk factors and potential sources for camel infection and the relationship between camel infections and human cases of MERS
  • Studies to assess the potential effectiveness of intervention measures aimed at reducing public health risk
  • To conduct genetic analyses of both MERS-CoV and infected hosts from different geographical areas to gain better understanding of the properties of MERS-CoV and to monitor evolution of the virus
  • To further assess diagnostic tests used for MERS-CoV surveillance in camels (and other animals) for the reliability of their results in these species.

OIE together with WHO and FAO reiterate the importance of the public health sector and the animal health sector working together to share data and design studies to develop a better understanding of the overall epidemiology of MERS.
Are other animal species involved?
Although genetically related viruses have already been detected in bat species around the world, and a fragment of viral genetic material matching the MERS-CoV was found in one bat from Saudi Arabia, current evidence does not indicate a direct link between bats and MERS-CoV in humans. More evidence is needed to directly link the MERS-CoV to bats or other animal species.
According to published literature other species of animals (including sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo and wild birds) have tested negative for the presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV. However owing to the relatively small sample sizes the results of these studies cannot exclude infection in other animal species. Based on receptor studies other animal species have been identified as potential hosts.
In countries where MERS-CoV is present, studies to assess the presence of MERS-CoV in wild and other domestic species should be conducted to detect possible infection in other hosts.
It is important to remain open minded about all potential sources of exposure for humans and camels until more information is available.
How can camels and other animals be tested for MERS-CoV infection or previous exposure?
Serological tests detect antibodies produced by the host against the virus but do not detect the virus itself. Depending on the test that is used, the presence of antibodies may indicate previous exposure to MERS-CoV or a similar virus. Virus neutralisation is the most specific assay.
PCR (molecular) tests detect genetic material of the virus. Genome sequencing of the virus (parts of, or full genome) is the best way to confirm that the genetic material belongs to a MERS-CoV. Genetic data also provide important information about the evolution of the virus and how closely related MERS-CoV isolates are.
It is important that diagnostic tests used to detect MERS-CoV in animals are assessed for reliability of results when used in different animal species and when reported to the OIE.
Specific confirmatory molecular and serology diagnostic tests are now available for MERS-CoV. Positive results from screening tests should be confirmed using a confirmatory test. Processing of samples and laboratory testing should be conducted under appropriate biorisk management conditions.
What action should be taken when an animal is confirmed to be positive for MERS-CoV?
Infection by MERS-CoV in animals is confirmed by a positive detection of the virus or genetic material belonging to the virus in a sample taken from an animal.
OIE Member Countries are obliged to report a confirmed case of MERS-CoV in animals to the OIE, as an “emerging disease” with zoonotic potential in accordance with article 1.1.3 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. If MERS-CoV is identified in an animal this would not necessarily mean that the animal is a source of human infection. Detailed investigations are needed to understand the relationship between any animal cases and human cases, and whether a finding in animals would be significant for human infection.
Given the current situation there is no evidence to support the implementation of specific animal health measures following the detection of MERS-CoV in animals or herds. When MERS-CoV is identified in an animal or herd, precautionary public health measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of human infection in accordance with WHO’s guidance on the WHO website. OIE will regularly review its guidance based on the latest scientific information.
Is a vaccine or treatment currently available for MERS-CoV in animals?
There are no vaccines or treatments available for MERS-CoV in animals. Further research is needed to assess the likely effectiveness of intervention measures.

What is OIE doing? 
OIE is working closely with its partner organisations FAO and WHO to collate and share data to gain a better understanding about the disease situation in animals and to assess implications for animal and human health.
OIE has consulted its Ad Hoc Group on MERS-CoV Infections in Animals and the Ad Hoc Group on Camelid diseases to provide advice on the latest scientific information and to provide recommendations and guidance, including on priority research activities for the animal health sector.
The OIE is also working closely with its Member Countries to provide technical support and to encourage reporting of MERS-CoV detections in animals.
OIE develops and publishes international standards and guidelines on the prevention, control and surveillance of animal diseases including zoonoses (animal diseases transmissible to humans). These science-based standards provide guidance on the best control measures which should be applied, where appropriate, to allow control of infection in the identified animal source.
The OIE is the reference organisation for international standards relating to animal health and zoonoses under the World Trade Organization Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS Agreement). Decisions related to safe trade in terrestrial animals and animal products must respect the standards, recommendations and guidelines found in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
For further information about public health implications visit the WHO website.
*In this text 'camel(s)' refers to 'dromedary camel(s)'.
at No comments:

Public health and animal health experts review knowledge on MERS-CoV

Public health and animal health experts review knowledge on MERS-CoV

Paris, 8 August 2014 - The OIE convened a high level scientific expert Ad hoc Group meeting on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in animals from 15 to 17 July in its Headquarters in Paris, in order to summarise the latest scientific data available and to provide guidance and recommendations to prevent and control the disease at the human-animal interface. The meeting welcomed public health and animal health experts from different countries.

MERS-CoV was first identified in humans in April 2012, causing a severe respiratory disease. Current outbreak investigations suggest that camels could be a source of human infections. Nevertheless, the exact route of transmission from camels to humans remains unclear.
Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the OIE, highlighted the importance of MERS-CoV due to its public health impact. He explained that since the apparition of the disease, the OIE had been in permanent consultation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on this topic.

The Group exchanged their views on the current state of knowledge about MERS-CoV infection in humans and animals, and scientific data on the performance of diagnostic tests. To date, accurate serology and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests exist.

The criteria of surveillance of the disease in camels and other animal species were discussed, based on the current epidemiologic findings. The experts insisted on the fact that further evidence from epidemiologic studies is needed to better understand the behaviour of MERS-CoV infections in animals. They identified areas of priority for research studies in animals and collection of scientific data which will assist the development of appropriate animal health management measures and, when relevant, limit potential for further human infections.
The establishment of an OIE Reference Centre with expertise in MERS-CoV has been recommended in supporting further disease surveillance and research, as well as providing technical advice to the OIE Member Countries.

After proceeding to a science-based evaluation, the Group concluded that MERS-CoV in camels did not meet the criteria to figure in the OIE listed diseases. However, MERS-CoV is a serious public health concern with zoonotic potential and infection in animals must be reported to the OIE as an emerging disease.

The OIE will continue to work in close collaboration with the WHO and the public health sector and regularly update guidance to its Members and the public on this emerging disease.

Following the meeting, the OIE Q&A on MERS-CoV was updated reflecting the latest scientific knowledge. The new version is accessible here.
at No comments:

Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India

6. Economic losses due to important diseases of bovines in central India - Dhananjay Singh, Sanjay Kumar, B. Singh and D. Bardhan
Veterinary World, 7(8): 579-585


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.579-585

 
Dhananjay Singh: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; drruchids@gmail.com
Sanjay Kumar: ARIS Cell/Computer Centre, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India;sanju01@rediffmail.com
B. Singh: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; bsingh@ivri.res.in
D. Bardhan: Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India; dwaipayanbardhan@gmail.com

Received: 18-03-2014, Revised: 27-06-2014, Accepted: 03-07-2014, Published online: 09-08-2014

Corresponding author: Dhananjay Singh, email: drruchids@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the factors associated with morbidity and mortality rates as well as to evaluate economic losses due to important diseases of bovines, viz. mastitis, HS and surra in Purvanchal Region of Uttar Pradesh.
Materials and Methods: A sample of 300 livestock owners were selected from each of five divisions of Purvanchal region of the state of Uttar Pradesh using multistage stratified sampling with simple random sampling without replacement at village level. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates due to different diseases were determined using standard statistical indices. Association between cattle morbidity and mortality rates and different factors was calculated by χ2 Test. The total economic loss due to diseases in bovines was worked out as sum of mortality loss, loss in milk yield and cost of treatment of affected animals.
Results: The overall morbidity rates of mastitis, HS and surra in cattle and buffaloes were 15.5%, 7.1% and 5.3%, respectively. The mortality and case fatality due to HS was found higher in the young calves as compared to the adults in case of both buffaloes and cattle. Mortality and case fatality due to surra was greater in the adult animals as compared to the younger ones in case of both buffaloes and cattle. Total losses due to mastitis per lactation in ND cow, CB cow and buffalo were INR 868.34, INR 1, 314.10 and INR 1, 272.36, respectively. Total losses due to HS per animal in ND cows, CB cows and buffaloes were INR 2, 355.78, INR 3, 228.52 and INR 4, 262.57, respectively. Total losses due to surra per animal in ND cow, CB cow and buffalo were INR 3, 328.18, INR 6, 193 and INR 9, 872.33, respectively.
Conclusion: The study thus revealed significant losses due to diseases in large ruminants on. There is thus ample scope for preventive measures to control the disease bovines.
Keywords: buffalo, cattle, disease impact, morbidity, mortality.
References

1. McInerney, John (1996) Old economics for new problems – livestock disease: Presidential address J Agril Econ. 47(3): 295-314.
 
2. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2008a) Modelling of economic losses due to some important diseases in goats in India, Agril. Econ. Res. Review, 21: 297-302.
 
3. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2008b) Economic evaluation of important cattle diseases in India, Indian Vet J, 85(11): 1207- 10.
 
4. Singh, R., Prasad. S. and Raghuvanshi, S. (2008) Economic evaluation of Mastitis in Bovine. In: Proceedings of 4th Convocation of Indian Society of Veterinary Surgery, at Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu- Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura.
 
5. Singh, B., Prasad, S., Sinha, D.K. and Verma, M.R. (2013) Estimation of economic losses due to foot and mouth disease in India, Indian J Anim Sci, 83(9): 964-970.
 
6. Singh, R. (1997) On a model for estimating losses due to Foot and Mouth Disease in India, J. Indian Soc. Agril. Statistics, 50 (2): 135-143.
 
7. Singh, B. and Prasad, S. (2009) A model assessment of economic losses due to some important diseases in sheep in India. Indian J Anim Sci, 79(12): 1265-68.
 
8. El-Yuguda, A-D., Baba, S.S., Ambali, A.G. and Egwu, G.O. (2013) Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domestic, small and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of North-eastern Africa, Vet World, 6: 807-811.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2013.807-811
 
9. Prabhu, M., Safiullah, A. and Md. Selvam, S. (2004) Evaluation of economic losses due to Foot and Mouth disease in bovines of Salem district, Agril. Econ. Res. Review, 17 (1): 77-84.
 
10. Shaheen, M.; Pampori, Z.A. and Shah, K.A. (2005) Studies on Foot and Mouth disease outbreaks in Kashmir, Indian Vet J, 82: 1212-1213.
 
11. Khan, M.I., Hussain, S.N., Bahadar, S., Ali, A. and Shah, I.A. (2008) An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats in district Chitral, N.W.F.P., Pakistan, ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 3(2): 19-22.
 
12. Census India. (2011) Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India, New Delhi.
 
13. Thirunavukkarasu, M. and Prabaharan, R. (1999) Impact of mastitis on dairy farms – An economic analysis, Cherion, 28(6): 188-194.
 
14. Singh, R. (2009). Economic appraisal of mastitis control programme in bovines. In: Proceedings of Winter School on 'Economic appraisal of livestock disease control projects', Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 12th Feb. – 4th March, 2009. p36-38.
 
15. Sharma, P.C., Jindal, N., Shukla, C.L., Mata, M.M., Narang, G. And Khokhar, R.S. (2007) Epidemiological observations on Hemmorhagic Septicemia in Haryana state, Indian Vet. J, 84: 144-146.
 
16. Dua, K. (2001) Incidence, etiology and estimated economic losses due to mastitis in Punjab and in India: An update, Indian Dairyman, 53(10): 41-47.
 
17. de Alwis, M.C. (1981) Mortality among cattle and buffaloes in Sri Lanka due to Hemorrhagic septicemia, Trop Anim Health Prod, 13(4):195-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237925
PMid:6806955
 
18. Verma, S., Mahajan, N.K. and Malik, G. (2004) An epidemiological study on bovine H.S. in Haryana, Indian J Anim Res, 38(1): 14 -19.
 
19. Khan, A., Saddique, U. and Ahmad, R. (2006) Sero- surveillance of Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in district Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan, J Agr Biol Sci, 1(4): 11-14.
 
20. Farooq, U., Saeed, Z. and Khan, M. (2011) Sero-surveillance of Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in district Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, Pak. Vet J, 31(3): 254- 256.
 
21. Sasidhar, P.V.K., Reddy, Y.R. and Rao, B.S. (2002) Economics of mastitis, Indian J Anim Sci, 72 (6): 439-440.
 
22. Bardhan, D. (2013) Economic losses due to clinical mastitis in organized dairy farms, Indian J Dairy Sci, 66 (2): 168-172.
 
23. Ozsvari, L., Tilles, C.B., Fux, A. and Biro, O. (2003) The quantification of the economical losses caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a large-scale Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle farm, Acta-Agraria-Kaposvariensis. 7 (1): 1-8.
at No comments:

Monday, 25 August 2014

Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India

5. Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India - R. Velusamy, N. Rani, G. Ponnudurai, T. J. Harikrishnan, T. Anna, K. Arunachalam, K. Senthilvel and P. Anbarasi
Veterinary World, 7(8): 574-578


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.574-578

 
R. Velusamy: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; velupara@yahoo.com
N. Rani: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; ranivetpara@rediffmail.com
G. Ponnudurai: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; Ponnuvet@gmail.com
T. J. Harikrishnan: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; tjkrish@rediffmail.com
T. Anna: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; tanna@rediffmail.com
K. Arunachalam: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; hemacha@rediffmail.com
K. Senthilvel: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; kansen@rediffmail.com
P. Anbarasi: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (TANUVAS), Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; anbuvet@yahoo.com

Received: 20-04-2014, Revised: 24-06-2014, Accepted: 01-07-2014, Published online: 08-08-2014

Corresponding author: R. Velusamy, email: velupara@yahoo.com, Telephone: +91-9488957030.
Abstract
Aim: To assess the prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cross-bred and indigenous cattle in relation to season, age and breed in Western part of Tamil Nadu, India.
Materials and Methods: A total of 2637 blood smears were screened for haemoprotozoan diseases and samples were received from the college hospital and veterinary dispensaries in Western part of Tamil Nadu, India. Blood smears were stained using Giemsa's technique and examined under oil immersion.
Results: Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 16.64 %; of which theileriosis was 13 %, followed by anaplasmosis 2.64 % and then babesiosis 1.0%. Among the haemoprotozoan diseases, the prevalence of theileriosis was significantly (p<0.05) high during summer (14.4%), followed by moderate in monsoon (13.8%) and less in fair (11.5%) seasons. However, there was no significant seasonal influence on the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. The data on influence of breed revealed that there was a significantly (p<0.05) high prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey cross breeds than indigenous breed and the occurrence of these haemoprotozoan diseases was found to be high among the age groups of 2-7 years in cross-bred animals and below 2 years in indigenous animals.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that Western part of Tamil Nadu is highly endemic for theileriosis and occurrence of the disease was high during summer. Cross-bred animals aged 2-7 years are highly susceptible to these haemoprotozoan diseases than indigenous animals.
Keywords: anaplasmosis, babesiosis, cattle, prevalence, theilerisosis.
References

1. Shahnawaz, S., Ali, M., Aslam, M.A., Fatima, R., Chaudhry, Z.I., Hassan, M.U., Ali, M. and Iqbal, F. (2011) A study on the prevalence of a tick transmitted pathogen, Theileria annulata, the hematological profile of cattle from Southern Punjab (Pakistan). Parasitol. Res., 109: 1155– 1160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2360-1
PMid:21451992
 
2. Soundararajan, C. and Rajavelu, G. (2006) Prevalence of haemoprotozoan among cattle and buffaloes. Indian Vet. J., 83: 1258-1260.
 
3. Chowdhury, S., Hossain, M.A., Barua, S.R., and Islam S. (2006) Occurrence of common blood parasites of cattle in Sirajgonj Sadar area of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Vet. Med., 4(2):143-145.
 
4. Parthiban, M.,Saranya, R., Mahesh, M., and Raman, M. (2010) Detection of Theileria parasite in cattle of Tamil Nadu using nested PCR. Tamil Nadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 6(4):162-165.
 
5. Lurthu Reetha,T., Shibi Thomas, K. and Babu, M. (2012) Occurrence of haemoprotozoan infection in bovines. Int. J. Appl. Bioresearch, 13:1-2.
 
6. Arunkumar, S. and Nagarajan, K. (2013) A study on prevalence status of Anaplasma marginale infection among cattle population of Kancheepuram and in and around Chennai districts of Tamil Nadu. Int. J. Food Agri. and Vet. Sci., 3:155-157.
 
7. Project directorate on animal disease monitoring and surveillance Annual report (2005) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
 
8. Kohli, S., Atheya, U.K. and Thapliyal, A. (2014) Prevalence of theileriosis in cross-bred cattle: its detection throughblood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India. Vet. World, 7(3): 168- 171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.168-171
 
9. Vahora, S. P., Patel, J. V., Parel, B. B., Patel S. B., Umale, R. H. (2012) Seasonal incidence of haemoprotozoan diseases in crossbred cattle and buffalo in Kaira and Anand district of. Gujarat, India. Vet. World, 5 (4): 223-225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.223-225
 
10. Nair, A.S., Ravindran, R., Lakshmanan, B., Kumar, S.S.,Tresamol, P.V., Saseendranath, M.R.,Senthilvel, K., Rao,J.R., Tewari, A.K. and Ghosh, S. (2011) Haemo- protozoan of cattle in Northern Kerala, India. Trop. Biomed., 28 (1): 68-75.
PMid:21602771
 
11. Mahajan, V., Gupta, M.P., Bal, M.S., Kumar, H., Mittal, D., Filia, G., Sharma, S., Banga, H.S., Kaur, K., Singla, L.D., Verma, S., Ashuma and Sandhu, K.S. (2013) Outbreaks of theileriosis in cattle in Punjab. Indian Vet. J., 90: 77-78.
 
12. GraphPad Software Instat (2003) Guide to choosing and Maiduguri, Borno State. Centre for Research and inter- preting statistical tests. GraphPad software Inc. Innovations. 3: 6-11.
 
13. Anandan, R., Lalitha John, M., Ganesamurthy, M. and Lalitha, C. M. (1989) Paper presented in the National Seminar at Department of Animal Disease Investigation and Control, Madras Veterinary College, Madras from 20.9.89 to 21.9.89.
 
14. Muraleedharan, K., Ziauddin, K. S., Hussain, P. M., Seshadri, S. J., Mallika Arjun, G. B. and Puttabyatappa, B. (1994) Observations on theilerial infection of cattle in project area of Mysore cooperative milk producer's union, Karnataka state. Cheiron, 23 (3):130-139.
 
15. Ponnudurai,G., Harikrishnan, J. and Rani, N.(2013) Bionomics of ixodid ticks of ruminants in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83(4): 71-73.
 
16. Latha, B.R., Aiyasami, S.S., Pattabiraman,G., Sivaraman,T. and Rajavelu, G.(2004) Seasonal activity of ticks on small ruminants in Tamil Nadu state, India. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 36: 123-133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:TROP.0000012108.42526.11
PMid:14998311
 
17. Koshy, T.J., Rajavelu, G. and Lalitha, C.M. (1982) Ecology and binomics of Boophilids of Tamil Nadu. Cheiron, 11: 25- 30.
 
18. Chakraborty, U. (1993) Prevalence of theileriosis in cattle in Ranchi. M.V.Sc., Thesis submitted in Birsa agricultural university, Ranchi.
 
19. Radostits, O. M., Blood, D. C. and Gay, C. C. (1994) A text book of the diseases of cattle, sheep, Goats, Pigs and Horse. 8th ed., ELBS, Baillier, Tindall, London, p365-367.
 
20. Roy, S., Tiwari, A., Galdhar, C. N., Upadhyay, S. R., Ratre, H. K., Sahu, S. K., and Maiti, S. K. (2004) Seasonal prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cross- bred cattle and buffaloes. Indian J. Vet. Med., 24:5-7.
 
21. Magona, J.W., Walubengo, J., Olaho-Mukani, W., Jonsson, N.N., Welburn, S.W. and Eisler, M.C. (2011) Spatial variation of tick abundance and seroconversion rates of indigenous cattle to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Therileria parva infections in Uganda. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 55: 203-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-011-9456-2
PMid:21499913
 
22. Haque,M., Jyoti, Singh, N.K. and Rath, S.S. (2010) Prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in Hyalomma anatolicum in Punjab state, India. J.Parasit.Dis., 34 (1) 48- 51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-010-0004-5
PMid:21526034 PMCid:PMC3081700
 
23. Bhikane, A. U., Narladkar, B., Anantwar, L. G. and Bhokre, A. P. (2001). Epidemiology, clinic-pathology and treatment of babesiosis in cattle. Indian Vet. J., 78 (8):723-725.
 
24. Pallav Shekar and Haque, S. (2007) Epidemiology of blood protozoan diseases of cattle in Jharkand. Indian Vet. J., 84 (10):1039-1041.
 
25. Ananda, K. J., D'Souza, P. E. and Puttalakshmamma, G. C. (2009) Prevalence of Haemoprotozoan diseases in crossbred cattle in Bangalore north. Vet. World, 2 (1):15-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2009.15-16
 
26. Chakraborti, A. (2002) A textbook of Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 3rd ed., Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p683.
at No comments:

Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats

4. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats - Rohit Kumar, P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H. P. Aithal, A. M. Pawde, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Khattri and D. N. Madhu
Veterinary World, 7(8): 566-573


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.566-573


Rohit Kumar: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; drrohits.singh@gmail.com
P. Kinjavdekar: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; p.kinjavdekar@rediffmail.com
Amarpal: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; dramarpal@gmail.com
H. P. Aithal: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; hpaithal@rediffmail.com
A. M. Pawde: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; abhimp@rediffmail.com
A. Kumar: Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;vetamitchandan07@gmail.com
J. Singh: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; vet_jasmeetsingh@rediffmail.com
S. Khattri: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; siddharthkhattri@gmail.com
D. N. Madhu: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; madhu63vsr@gmail.com

Received: 09-04-2014, Revised: 17-06-2014, Accepted: 24-06-2014, Published online: 05-08-2014

Corresponding author: Rohit Kumar, email: drrohits.singh@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: To compare clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effects of propofol and ketamine total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with dexmedetomidine in uraemic goats.
Materials and Methods: Prospective, randomized clinical trials were performed in sixteen clinical cases of urolithiasis in goats. After sedation with dexmedetomidine (2.5 µg/kg body wt) anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol in group Dexmedetomidine+Propofol (DP) and with ketamine in group Dexmedetomidine+Ketamine (DK). Continuous intravenous infusion (CII) was used with respective drug for maintenance of anaesthesia. Infusion rate was adjusted in response to positive reactions to surgical nociceptive stimulation performed during tube cystostomy procedure or by observing pedal reflex after completion of surgery till discontinuation of anaesthesia. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic parameters were measured before treatment (baseline), after sedation and during anaesthesia. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.
Results: Mean values of equipotent induction and maintenance dose in group DP were (2.50±0.37 mg/kg and 0.15±0.03 mg/kg/min) significantly lower (9.85±0.85 mg/kg and 0.54±0.07 mg/kg/min) than DK. Heart rate decreased significantly (p<0.05) up to the end of observation period after induction of anaesthesia with propofol. However, after induction of anaesthesia with ketamine HR improved at 15 min and onwards. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 15 min onwards up to the end of observation period in DP group. However, in DK group, MAP decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) up to the end of the observation period after induction of anaesthesia with ketamine.
Conclusion: Both drug combinations are suitable for induction and maintenance anaesthesia for one hour, with good analgesia and haemodynamic stability. However, treatment DP produced excellent sedation and muscle relaxation.
Keywords: dexmedetomidine, goats, ketamine, propofol.
References

1. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchkliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. (2007) Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London.
 
2. Bidwell, L.A., Bramlage, L.R., and Rood, W.A. (2007) Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice–a retrospective case series. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 34: 23–30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00283.x
PMid:17238959
 
3. McKenzi, G. (2008) Total intravenous anesthesia – TIVA. Iran J Vet Surg., 2: 108–117.
 
4. Steffey, E.P. (2002) Recent advances in inhalation anesthesia. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 18: 159–168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(01)00007-4
 
5. Hayashi, Y., Sumikawa, K., Maze, M., Yamatodani, A., Kamibayashi, T., Kuro, M. and Yoshiya, I. (1991) Dexme- detomidine prevents epinephrine induced arrhythmias through stimulation of central alpha-2-adrenoceptors in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiol., 75: 113–117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199107000-00018
 
6. Malik, V., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M. and Surbhi (2011) Sedative, analgesic, cardio- pulmonary and haemodynamic effects of medetomidine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on thiopental- propofol anaesthesia in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. App. Anim. Res., 39: 284-287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2011.607715
 
7. Gupta, A. N. (2010) Evaluation of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine with propofol for TIVA and tramadol and fentanyl for analgesic management of canine orthopaedic patients. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
8. Monsang, S.W. (2011) Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine with and without butorphanol and midazolam as preanaesthetics to propofol Anaesthesia in sheep. M.V.Sc Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
9. Amarpal, Kinjavdekar, P., Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M. and Pratap, K. (2002) Analgesic, sedative and haemodynamic effects of spinally administered romifidine in female goats. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med., 49: 3-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00385.x
PMid:11913823
 
10. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1980) Statistical methods. 9th ed., Iowa State University, Press.
 
11. Ahmad, R. (2009) Evaluation of halothane anaesthesia following induction with propofol or thiopental in acepromazine/medetomidine-butorphanol premedicated buffaloes. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
12. Tadmor, A. and Zukerman, I. (1981) The use of ketamine HCL for endotracheal intubation in goats. Aust. Vet. J., 57: 303-304.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb05827.x
PMid:7316896
 
13. Chandrashekarappa, M. and Ananda, K.J. (2009) Evaluation of anaesthetic combinations of propofol with pentazocine lactate and chloramphenicol in dogs. Indian Vet. J., 86: 577- 579.
 
14. Rafee, M.A. (2013) Evaluation of midazolam and ketamine anaesthesia for ovariohysterectomy in dexmedetomidine with or without butorphanol/pentazocine premedicated dogs. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
15. Tranquilli, W.J., Thurmon, J.C and Grimm, K.A. (2007) In: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Iowa, USA.
 
16. Adetunji, A., Ajadi, R.A., Adewoye, C.O. and Oyemakinde, B.O. (2002) Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol: Repeat bolus versus continuous propofol infusion techniques in xylazine premedicated dogs. J. Israel Vet. Med. Assoc., 57: 139-144.
 
17. Gepts, E., Camu, F. and Cockshott, I.D. (1987) Disposition of propofol administered as constant rate infusion in human. Anaesth. Analg., 66: 1256-1263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198712000-00010
PMid:3500657
 
18. Singh, J. (2013) Evaluation of isoflurane anaesthesia in premedicated buffaloes. PhD Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
19. Ponder, S.W. and Clarke, W.G. (1980) Prolonged depression of thermoregulation after xylazine administration to cats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap., 3: 203-207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1980.tb00483.x
 
20. MacDonald, E., Scheinin, H. and Schienin, M. (1988) Behavioural and neurological effects of medetomidine, a novel veterinary sedative. European J. Pharmacol., 158: 119-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(88)90260-9
 
21. Kinjavdekar, P., Singh, G.R., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P. and Pawde, A.M. (2000) Physiologic and biochemical effects of subarachnoidally administered xylazine and medetomidine in goats. Small Rum. Res., 38: 217-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00161-9
 
22. Wagner, A.E., Muir, W.W. and Hinchcliff, K.W. (1991) Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 52: 651-657.
PMid:1854087
 
23. Kinjavdekar, P., Singh, G.R., Amarpal, Pawde, A.M., Aithal, H.P. (1999) Effects of subarachnoid xylazine and medetomidine on haemodynamic and ECG in goats. J. Vet. Med. Assoc., 46: 271-272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.1999.00215.x
 
24. Pratap, K., Amarpal, Kinjavdekar, P. and Singh, G.R. (2000) Effects of medetomidine alone or in combination with ketamine on analgesia, physiological parameters and blood values of buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Phillip. J. Vet. Med., 37: 38-40.
 
25. Khan, K.M., Mehesare, S.P., Pawshe, D.B., Patil, R.B. and Rahman, S. (2006) Effect of midazolam as preanaesthetic to propofol anaesthesia in canine on haematological and biochemical parameters. Vet. World., 5(3): 77-80.
 
26. Santhosh, K. M. (2011). Evaluation of dexmedetomidine as preanaesthetic to ketamine anaesthesia in midazolam or midazolam-fentanyl premedicated dogs. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
27. Surbhi, Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P., Pawde, A.M., Pathak, M. C., Borena, B.M. and Malik, V. (2010) Physiological and biochemical effects of medetomidine- butorphanol-propofol anaesthesia in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Indian J. Vet. Surg., 31: 101-104.
 
28. Gasthuys, F., Terpstra, P., Hende, C.V. and DeMoor, A. (1987) Hyperglycemia and diuresis during sedation with detomidine in the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 34: 641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00326.x
 
29. Singh, G.D. (2011) Comparative evaluation of halothane and isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia in buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (U.P.), India.
 
30. Dzikiti, T.B., Stegmen, G.F., Dzikiti, L.N. and Hellebrekers, L.J. (2010) Total intravenous ananesthesia (TIVA) with propofol-fentanyl and propofol-midazolam combinations in spontaneously breathing goats. Anaesth. Analg., 37: 519-525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00568.x
 
31. Kuusela, E., Vainio, O., Short, C.E., Leppaluoto, J., Huttunen, P., Strom, S., Huju, V., Valtonen, A. and Raekallio, M. (2003) A comparison of propofol infusion and propofol isoflurane anaesthesia in dexmedetomidine premedicated dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap., 26:199-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00465.x
PMid:12755904
 
32. Ilkiw, J.E., Pascoe, P.J., Haskins, S.C. and Patz, J.D. (1992) Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of propofol administration in hypovolaemic dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53: 2323-2327.
PMid:1476316
at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)