The first study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and sheltered cats in Yangon, Myanmar

Research (Published online: 28-02-2023)

21. The first study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and sheltered cats in Yangon, Myanmar

Babi Kyi Soe, Khin Su Hlaing, Toe Win Naing, Zin Hnin Thaw, and Win Myint

Veterinary World, 16(2): 414-420

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: People who used to rear companion animals are healthier than others who do not. Gastrointestinal (GI) helminths are common in cats and serve as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. However, the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar has never been reported. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar and identify the potential risk factors associated with GI parasites.

Materials and Methods: A total of 230 fecal samples were collected from seven veterinary clinics and two shelters within the Yangon region from January to May 2022. Sampled cats were classified according to age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices. Fecal samples were analyzed by fecal wet mount, ethyl acetate centrifugal sedimentation, and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation techniques. Descriptive data were described, and Pearson's χ2 test was used to identify associated risk factors, such as age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices.

Results: The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 79.56%, and 57.82% of cats were infected with a diagnostic stage of more than one parasite species. Seven GI parasites were detected, including Ancylostoma spp. (55.65%), Toxocara spp. (46.08%), Trichuris spp. (20.86%), Platynosomum spp. (11.73%), Dipylidium caninum (7.39%), Taenia spp. (4.34%), and Cystoisospora spp. (32.17%). Based on statistical analysis, deworming and rearing practices were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with GI parasitic infections.

Conclusion: This study is the first to reveal the prevalence of GI parasites that could assist the need for effective control measures for zoonotic hookworm and roundworm infections in cats. Even with simple microscopic examination, the remarkably high prevalence of GI parasitic infections warrants regular deworming practice. Further molecular studies should also be performed to understand their genetic diversity.

Keywords: cat, gastrointestinal parasites, Myanmar, prevalence.

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and biofilm formation ability of Enterobacterales recovered from food of animal origin in Egypt

Research (Published online: 28-02-2023)

20. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and biofilm formation ability of Enterobacterales recovered from food of animal origin in Egypt

Shimaa N. Edris, Ahmed Hamad, Dina A. B. Awad, and Islam I. Sabeq

Veterinary World, 16(2): 403-413

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The majority of animal-derived food safety studies have focused on foodborne zoonotic agents; however, members of the opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Ops) family are increasingly implicated in foodborne and public health crises due to their robust evolution of acquiring antimicrobial resistance and biofilms, consequently require thorough characterization, particularly in the Egyptian food sector. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution and prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae family members in animal-derived foods, as well as their resistance to important antimicrobials and biofilm-forming potential.

Materials and Methods: A total of 274 beef, rabbit meat, chicken meat, egg, butter, and milk samples were investigated for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae. All isolated strains were first recognized using traditional microbiological techniques. Following that, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry was used to validate the Enterobacteriaceae's identity. The isolated enterobacteria strains were tested on disk diffusion and crystal violet quantitative microtiter plates to determine their antibiotic resistance and capacity to form biofilms.

Results: There have been thirty isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from seven different species and four genera. Out of the three food types, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest prevalence rate (4.1%). With three species, Enterobacter genera had the second-highest prevalence (3.28%) across five different food categories. In four different food types, the Klebsiella genera had the second-highest distribution and third-highest incidence (2.55%). Almost all isolates, except three Proteus mirabilis, showed prominent levels of resistance, particularly to beta-lactam antibiotics. Except for two Enterobacter cloacae and three P. mirabilis isolates, all isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively multidrug-resistant (XDR). The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of the majority of isolates dropped between 0.273 and 0.727. The highest MARI was conferred by Klebsiella pneumoniae, at 0.727. Overall, 83.33% of the isolates had strong biofilm capacity, while only 16.67% exhibited moderate capacity.

Conclusion: The MDR, XDR, and strong biofilm indicators confirmed in 83.33% of the currently tested Enterobacteriaceae from animal-derived foods suggest that, if not addressed, there may be rising risks to Egypt's economy and public health.

Keywords: biofilm, Enterobacteriaceae, food safety, multidrug resistance.

Lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains isolated from fermented fish (Budu) identified as candidate ruminant probiotics based on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics

Research (Published online: 28-02-2023)

19. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains isolated from fermented fish (Budu) identified as candidate ruminant probiotics based on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics

Laily Rinda Ardani, Yetti Marlida, Mardiati Zain, Jamsari Jamsari, and Dilla Mareistia Fassah

Veterinary World, 16(2): 395-402

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Probiotic supplementation can assist with manipulating the rumen microbial ecosystem. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast from fermented fish (Budu) as the indigenous food from West Sumatra, Indonesia, are potential probiotics for livestock. This study aims to select the best candidate lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains from fermented fish as ruminant probiotics and evaluate the effect of their supplementation on the characteristics of rumen fermentation, feed digestion, and total gas production in vitro.

Materials and Methods: This study used nine treatments, performed in triplicate, in a completely randomized design. The substrate ratio comprised of 70% Pennisetum purpureum forage and 30% concentrate. Five lactic acid bacteria and three yeast isolates were used in this study. Treatments were as follows: T0: control (basal diet); T1: T0 + Lactobacillus parabuchneri strain 3347; T2: T0 + Lactobacillus buchneri strain 5296; T3: T0 + Lactobacillus harbinensis JCM 16178; T4: T0 + Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis strain LH991; T5: T0 + L. parabuchneri strain 6902; T6: T0 + Pichia kudriavzevii strain B-5P; T7: T0 + P. kudriavzevii strain CBS 5147; and T8: T0 + commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The lactic acid bacteria inoculum contained 1.02 × 1011 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, while the yeast inoculum contained 1.5 × 1010 CFU/mL.

Results: The results showed that four lactic acid bacteria and three yeast produced a higher total gas yield (104–183.33 mL) compared to the control (103 mL). Supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rumen fermentation in vitro showed dry matter digestibility of 63%–70% and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 64%–71%. We observed that total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in all treatments was significantly higher (86–121 mM) compared to the control (81 mM). The concentration of NH3 production was higher in all treatments (12.33–16.83 mM) than in the control (12.25 mM). Meanwhile, the probiotic supplementation did not cause a significant change in the rumen pH (6.86–7.12). Supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 consistently demonstrated the best results from the parameters of dry and OMD (70.29% and 71.16%, respectively), total VFA (121.67 mM), NH3 (16.83 mM), and total gas production (149.17 mL). The best results were observed from the yeast candidate P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P, where the results were dry and OMD (67.64% and 69.55% respectively), total VFA (96.67 mM), NH3 (13.42 mM), and total gas production (183.33 mL).

Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 and yeast P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P are attractive candidates to be utilized as probiotics for ruminants based on their potential to improve rumen fermentation in vitro. This probiotic supplementation can increase the digestibility of feed ingredients, production of total VFA and NH3, and total gas produced.

Keywords: in vitro, lactic acid bacteria, probiotics, rumen fermentation, yeast.

Comparison of the efficacy and perioperative pain between vessel sealing and suture ligation for median celiotomy in canine ovariohysterectomy

Research (Published online: 28-02-2023)

18. Comparison of the efficacy and perioperative pain between vessel sealing and suture ligation for median celiotomy in canine ovariohysterectomy

Jutapoln Sunghan, Sareepah Manmoo, Wanna Suriyasathaporn, Witaya Suriyasathaporn, Kanawee Warrit, and Pradipa Kusolphat

Veterinary World, 16(2): 386-394

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Vessel sealing (VS) is used widely in human medicine and veterinary practice during laparoscopic surgery; however, few studies have investigated VS in canine ovariohysterectomy (OHE) using the median celiotomy approach. This study aimed to compare the effect of VS and suture ligation (SL) on surgical time, blood loss, and perioperative pain in canine OHE through median celiotomy.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs were randomly and equally assigned into two groups that underwent surgery either by SL at both the ovarian pedicle and uterus or using a disposable VS device. The short form of the Glasgow composite pain scale (SF-GCPS) and the Colorado state university canine acute pain scale (CSU-CAP) were used to determine pain pre-operatively (baseline); at 30 min; and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 72 h post-operatively. Perioperative physiological parameters, surgical duration, and percentage of blood loss were recorded. Repeated measures analysis was performed to determine the differences in all parameters among time-related tasks and between both groups. A significant difference was defined at p < 0.05.

Results: The duration from identification of the first ovary to uterus removal was shorter in VS than in SL (p < 0.05). No clinically relevant differences were found among physiological variables. Both groups showed higher SF-GCPS and CSU-CAP values after surgery compared with baseline. The SF-GCPS in SL at 1 h was higher than in VS (p < 0.05). Two dogs in the SL group required additional post-operative rescue analgesia. No differences were found between the groups in terms of blood loss.

Conclusion: The use of a VS device in dogs undergoing OHE celiotomy decreased post-operative pain and shortened the perioperative time, making it an effective alternative technique for this common surgery. However, the VS device must be applied 2–3 times in the same location during the OHE procedure to prevent technical failure. This disposable device was reused up to 5 times for economic reasons without device failure. Soft tissue damage during OHE using the VS device should be investigated in a future prospective study.

Keywords: ligation, ovariohysterectomy, post-operative pain, vessel sealing.

Potential protective effects of red grape seed extract in a rat model of malathion-induced neurotoxicity

Research (Published online: 26-02-2023)

17. Potential protective effects of red grape seed extract in a rat model of malathion-induced neurotoxicity

Mohamed Jamal Saadh

Veterinary World, 16(2): 380-385

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Exposure to pesticide mixtures used in agricultural practice poses a grave risk to non-target animals. This study aimed to determine whether red grape seed extract (RGSE, which is 95% bioflavonoids and equal to 12,000 mg of fresh red grape seed, and 150 mg of vitamin C) alleviated the changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by orally administered malathion in a rat model of malathion-induced neurotoxicity.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups and exposed to malathion with or without 4 weeks of RGSE treatment, treated with RGSE alone, or left untreated as controls. The animals were euthanized 24 h after last treatment. Brain samples were collected to measure acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and caspase 3 activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and BDNF levels.

Results: Malathion significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase and SOD activity and TAC and significantly increased caspase 3 activity. In comparison, acetylcholinesterase and SOC activity, BDNF level, and TAC were improved and caspase 3 activity was decreased in the malathion-RGSE group, indicating that RGSE corrected the alterations detected in these biochemical parameters.

Conclusion: Oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brains of rats exposed to oral malathion were substantially controlled by RGSE treatment.

Keywords: apoptosis, malathion toxicity, oxidative stress, pesticide, red grape seed extract.

Application of botanical products as nutraceutical feed additives for improving poultry health and production

Review (Published online: 25-02-2023)

16. Application of botanical products as nutraceutical feed additives for improving poultry health and production

Karim El-Sabrout, Ayman Khalifah, and Birendra Mishra

Veterinary World, 16(2): 369-379

ABSTRACT

Poultry is one of the most consumed sources of animal protein around the world. To meet the global demands for poultry meat and eggs, it is necessary to improve their nutrition to sustain the poultry industry. However, the poultry industry faces several challenges, including feedstuff availability, the banning of antibiotics as growth promoters, and several environmental stressors. Therefore, there is a critical need to include available nutraceuticals in the diet to sustain the poultry industry. Nutraceuticals are natural chemical substances that positively influence animal physiological and productive traits. Botanical products (such as fenugreek seeds, ginger roots, and olive leaves) are among the most commonly used nutraceuticals and are gradually gaining popularity in the poultry industry due to their immense benefits in nutrition and therapeutic properties. They can be added to the diet separately or in combination (as a natural antioxidant and immunostimulant) to improve poultry health and production. Botanical products are rich in essential oils and essential fatty acids, which have multiple benefits on the animal's digestive system, such as activating the digestive enzymes and restoring microbiota balance, enhancing poultry health, and production. These nutraceuticals have been shown to stimulate the expression of several genes related to growth, metabolism, and immunity. In addition, the essential oil supplementation in poultry diets up-regulated the expression of some crucial genes associated with nutrient transportation (such as glucose transporter-2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1). Previous studies have suggested that supplementation of botanical compounds increased broiler body weight and hen egg production by approximately 7% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, the supplementation of botanical compounds enhanced the reproductive efficiency of hens and the semen quality of roosters by 13%. This review article discusses the significant effects of some botanical products in the poultry industry and how they can benefit poultry, especially in light of the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters.

Keywords: antioxidant, egg production, essential fatty acids, fertility rate, immunological response, meat quality, nutraceuticals, welfare.

Ethnobotanical survey of the traditional antiparasitic use of medicinal plants in humans and animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria)

Research (Published online: 24-02-2023)

15. Ethnobotanical survey of the traditional antiparasitic use of medicinal plants in humans and animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria)

Fathia Benlarbi, Nora Mimoune, Noureddine Chaachouay, Karim Souttou, Radhwane Saidi, Mohamed Rahmani Mokhtar, Rachid Kaidi, and Mohammed Hocine Benaissa

Veterinary World, 16(2): 357-368

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the inhabitants of the Aflou region of Laghouat (Southern Algeria). This study was considered as a first step toward the identification of new bioactive antiparasitic molecules. The preservation and documentation of this traditional knowledge will ensure its continuity and transmission from one generation to another, especially because of the emergence of resistant parasites and the lack of references caused by the lack of work in this area; therefore, we intended to inventory and collect the maximum amount of information on medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the local population as antiparasitic in humans and animals (small ruminants, cattle, and livestock).

Materials and Methods: The information was collected using open interviews; the ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the area mentioned above from April to July 2021 using a semi-structured questionnaire and a global sample of 200 respondents. The data were analyzed using the System Package for the Social Sciences software and Microsoft Excel 2010 using the following quantitative indices: Relative frequency of citation (RFC), family importance value (FIV), fidelity level, and informant consensus factor (ICF).

Results: The investigation uncovered the antiparasitic use of 58 plant species belonging to 30 families. The family Asteraceae had the highest FIV (FIV = 0.23). The pathology with the highest degree of agreement among the informants was genitourinary parasitosis (ICF = 0.930). The species that was most commonly cited by the local population was Artemisia herba-alba Asso (RFC = 1), and the foliage was the most commonly used part (46.4%). Infusion (38.8%) was the most-used preparation for remedies.

Conclusion: This investigation revealed a rich ethnopharmacological knowledge in southern Algeria; therefore, the data gathered in this survey may be utilized to create novel antiparasitic compounds with activity in humans and animals.

Keywords: antiparasitic medicinal plants, ethnobotanical survey, human and animal parasitosis, Laghouat.

Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

Review (Published online: 22-02-2023)

1. Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

Oladapo Oyedeji Oludairo, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Junaid Kabir, Paul A. Abdu, Arya Gitanjali, Ann Perrets, Veronica Cibin, Antonia Anna Lettini, and Julius O. Aiyedun

International Journal of One Health, 9(1): 1-9

ABSTRACT

Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.

Keywords: ecology, environment, epidemiology, reservoir-hosts, Salmonella, transmission.

A review on the evolution of methods for intestinal in vitro organ culture and its application in veterinary science

Review (Published online: 21-02-2023)

14. A review on the evolution of methods for intestinal in vitro organ culture and its application in veterinary science

Barbara Ribeiro de Souza Cortez and Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes

Veterinary World, 16(2): 347-356

ABSTRACT

Different techniques have been reported in studies of intestinal in vitro organ culture (IVOC). A robust compilation of all available methods is lacking in the literature, making it difficult to choose a method that corresponds to the study's demands. In this review, readers can assess the most available methods, allowing them to evaluate which is more suitable for their purposes and requirements. A simplified view of culturing intestinal explants is presented, highlighting the approachability of IVOC. Relevant findings from diverse veterinarian studies, where explants played a major role, as well as the technique used in each, are described to illustrate its applications. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the innovative intestinal IVOC methods are discussed. This review provides a collection of methods for intestinal explant culture and their possible applications in veterinary research. In this way, it aims to broaden access to IVOC techniques and aid decision-making regarding the best suited for a study's purposes.

Keywords: enteropathogens, explants culture, intestinal pathogens, swine colon, ussing chamber.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection in domestic animals as a reservoir for the virus transmission to humans in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 19-02-2023)

13. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection in domestic animals as a reservoir for the virus transmission to humans in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum, Tri Untari, and Asmarani Kusumawati

Veterinary World, 16(2): 341-346

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks the respiratory and digestive tract. The SARS-CoV-2 showed systemic characteristics with various clinical symptoms from subclinical to fatal (causing death). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to occur from humans to pets (cats, dogs, tigers, ferrets, and poultry). Knowledge about the role of domestic animals in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans, and as reservoirs of this virus needs to be investigated further. This study aimed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals such as dogs, cats, pigs, cows, birds, and bats that are often in contact with humans.

Materials and Methods: A total of 157 samples, which included nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, along with sera samples from domestic animals such as cats, pigs, cows, birds, and bats, were taken from Veterinary Hospitals, Veterinary Clinics, and farms around the Yogyakarta region. Detection of the virus was done using rapid detection of viral antigens, antibodies, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique.

Results: The results showed that 5/157 (3.1%) samples found positive against the COVID-19 virus using a rapid antibody test; however, the results were negative on the rapid antigen and RT-PCR tests. Antibody-positive samples came from animals that had a history of household COVID-19 human infection.

Conclusion: Thus, findings of the present study conclude that there is a potential for transmission of the COVID-19 virus between animals and humans.

Keywords: antibody, reservoir, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Goloba kusi (Hornstedtia scottiana [F. Muell.] K. Schum.) fruit as a feed additive to improve the histological structures and growth performance of broiler

Research (Published online: 17-02-2023)

12. Goloba kusi (Hornstedtia scottiana [F. Muell.] K. Schum.) fruit as a feed additive to improve the histological structures and growth performance of broiler

D. Blatama, N. Salsabila, and H. T. Saragih

Veterinary World, 16(2): 329-340

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The broiler farming industry in Indonesia has enormous potential, with chicken meat that can be optimized by providing adequate and high-quality feed. However, the main raw material for the feed still relies on imported products, which makes it necessary to produce alternative materials from native plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of giving Goloba kusi fruit (GF) (Hornstedtia scottiana [F. Muell.] K. Schum.) on the growth of the small intestine, pectoralis major, and gastrocnemius muscle, as well as the development of broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: This study used a completely randomized design, in which 300 day-old Chicks were divided into five groups, consisting of 12 chickens in each group with five replications. The GF treatments, namely, 0% (control [CON]), 0.625% (GF1), 1.25% (GF2), 2.5% (GF3), and 5% (GF4) were administered through per kg basal feed. Subsequently, three chickens from each replication were taken, decapitated on the neck, subjected to surgery for histological preparations, and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Periodic acid-Schiff-alcian blue. The variables observed included small intestine morphology, muscle morphology, and chicken growth performance.

Results: The results showed that the small intestine morphology, muscle morphology, and chicken growth performance of the GF4 (5%) group increased significantly compared to the CON group.

Conclusion: The administration of GF with an optimum concentration of 5% through basal feed improves small intestine morphology, muscle morphology, and chicken growth performance.

Keywords: feed additive, Goloba kusi fruit, growth performance, muscle morphology, small intestine.

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers in North Lebanon

Research (Published online: 17-02-2023)

11. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers in North Lebanon

Rana Awada, Ghassan Ghssein, Ali El Roz, Mona Farhat, Nada Nehme, and Hussein F. Hassan

Veterinary World, 16(2): 322-328

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Great attention has been given recently to the prevalence of different Campylobacter spp. in poultry since the latter are considered the major contributing reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. In Lebanon, the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in humans is high. The aim of our first-of-its-kind study in the country was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers from a convenient sample of farms in North Lebanon.

Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-five fecal samples were collected from 25 broiler farms, which were selected, examined, and classified according to their biosecurity level and rearing system. All samples were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect Campylobacter spp.

Results: Despite the reported use of antibiotics, cell culture and PCR were positive for 44% and 88%, respectively. This implies that this bacterium is resistant to antibiotics used on the farms. Furthermore, Campylobacter infection rate was higher in open (92%) than in closed (85%) system farms. All farms with poor biosecurity measures, and 82% of farms with good biosecurity measures had Campylobacter infections, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Our results show that campylobacteriosis was found prevalent among broilers in North Lebanon, making them potential carriers of Campylobacter spp. Future studies should include antibiotic susceptibility testing to check the susceptibility pattern of isolates.

Keywords: broilers, Campylobacter, campylobacteriosis, faeco-prevalence, Lebanon.

First report of acanthocephalan parasite in wild-caught Asian vine snake (Ahaetulla prasina) in Indonesia

Research (Published online: 17-02-2023)

10. First report of acanthocephalan parasite in wild-caught Asian vine snake (Ahaetulla prasina) in Indonesia

Aditya Yudhana, Ratih Novita Praja, and Ryanka Edila

Veterinary World, 16(2): 317-321

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Exotic pet snakes are more susceptible to infection, especially parasitic helminths than wild-caught. There is no comprehensive report on the prevalence of acanthocephalan parasite infection in Indonesian snakes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence rate and to identify the acanthocephalan infection in wild-caught Asian vine snake (Ahaetulla prasina) from the Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 60 snakes were collected from the local sellers in the Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. Then, snakes were euthanized and necropsied to observe various predilections of acanthocephalan larval stage (cystacanth). Morphological identification of the cystacanth was conducted using the carmine staining method and microscopic examination.

Results: Acanthocephalan infection was recorded with a high prevalence rate of 80.06%. A total of 696 cystacanths were examined from the muscle, subcutaneous tissues, and visceral with 32.90, 16.37, and 50.71% intensity rates, respectively.

Conclusion: Acanthocephalan prevalence rate was recorded at 80.06% in this study. Constant disease monitoring is necessary, considering wild-caught Asian vine snakes were susceptible host and lack of data regarding parasitological surveys. Therefore, further studies are needed in new areas and various species of wild-caught snakes in Indonesia, because of the potential of parasitic helminth transmission between snake and other reptiles.

Keywords: Acanthocephalan, Ahaetulla prasina, infectious disease, neglected disease.

The relationship between ovarian hormones and mast cell distribution in the ovaries of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) during the follicular wave

Research (Published online: 17-02-2023)

9. The relationship between ovarian hormones and mast cell distribution in the ovaries of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) during the follicular wave

Ragab H. Mohamed, Nasra A. Yousef, Mahmoud Awad, Rasha S. Mohamed, Fatma Ali, Hassan A. Hussein, and Axel Wehrend

Veterinary World, 16(2): 309-316

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mast cells (MCs) play an essential role in regulating tissue homeostasis through various non-allergic immune reactions. This study aimed to describe the salient features of MCs during different phases of the estrous cycle and evaluate the relationship between ovarian hormones and the presence of MCs in camel ovaries.

Materials and Methods: Genital tracts (n = 28) of healthy, non-pregnant camels were collected from a local slaughterhouse. The follicular wave stage was determined according to structures on the ovaries using an ultrasound device. Stages were classified as "growing" (n = 12, FØ = 0.3–0.8 cm), "mature" (n = 9, FØ = 0.9–2.2 cm), or "regression" phase (n = 7, FØ >2.5). Blood samples were collected at slaughter to determine serum estradiol-17β and progesterone levels using an immunoassay. Safranin-O, periodic acid/Schiff, alcian blue, or methylene blue stains were used to detect MCs.

Results: Follicular numbers at the growing, mature, and regression phases were determined to be 36, 14, and 7 follicles, respectively. Mast cells were widely but sparsely distributed within the ovarian tissue (9.3 MCs in the growing phase, 10.7 in the mature phase, and 7.0 in the regression phase). Typical histological features of MCs were observed in ovarian stromal tissue. Some MCs were found in the interstitial tissue, either near the follicular wall or the interstitial gland. Mast cells were present at a higher density during the mature phase than in the growing and regression phases in the ovarian matrix. A significantly reduced presence of MCs was found in the regression phase than in both the growing and mature phases (p < 0.05). A very strong positive correlation was observed between serum estradiol-17β concentrations and MC density in the ovaries (r = 0.9; p < 0.001). In addition, a strong negative correlation (r = –0.65; p = 0.03) was observed between the presence of MCs and serum progesterone concentrations.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the follicular wave phase and the associated hormonal concentration induce changes in the number of MCs in the camel ovary.

Keywords: camel, follicular wave, immunohistochemistry, mast cell, ovarian hormones.

Therapeutic approaches for anti-sperm-antibodies in the testicular sperm aspiration rat model

Research (Published online: 15-02-2023)

8. Therapeutic approaches for anti-sperm-antibodies in the testicular sperm aspiration rat model

Abdel-Kader A. Zaki, Fahad S. Aldahmashi, Abd El-Nasser A. Madboli, Kamal A. Attia, Fahad S. Almulhim, and Saleh M. Albarrak

Veterinary World, 16(2): 296-308

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs) treatment continued to be neglected. This study aimed to generate ASAs using the testicular sperm aspiration (TSA) rat model, which allowed for investigation of four distinct therapeutic approaches to find potential treatments for ASAs.

Materials and Methods: Adult Wistar albino male rats were divided into six equal groups (n = 12). The negative control group underwent scrotal sac surgery without having their testicles punctured. Punctures were made in the remaining 5 groups, with one group left untreated to serve as the positive control group. The remaining 4 groups were treated with either dexamethasone (DEX), azathioprine (AZA), frankincense, or anti-ASAs secondary antibodies. For 10 weeks, serum samples were collected every 2 weeks for specific quantification of ASAs. Testis and epididymis tissues were collected for histopathological analysis.

Results: The ASAs concentrations of the positive controls were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) than their negative control counterparts during the examined weeks. However, The ASAs indices (%) differed according to the treatment type. While the ASAs indices at the 2nd and 4th weeks in the AZA-treated group were significantly reduced compared to the positive control group (p ≤ 0.001), no significant differences were observed at any of the sample collection week for the DEX-treated rats. The ASAs indices were significantly decreased only at weeks 6 and 8 of treatment in the frankincense-treated group (p ≤ 0.001). In the secondary antibodies-treated group, the antibody indices were significantly decreased in all weeks except for samples collected at week 4 (p ≤ 0.001). The testosterone levels reverted to normal only in TSA rats treated with either Frankincense or secondary antibodies, as they were significantly higher than the positive controls (p ≤ 0.05). Tissue samples from the secondary antibody-treated rats showed a generally normal histological appearance.

Conclusion: This study tried to offer realistic therapy suggestions; however, caution should be applied when extrapolating findings from experimental models to meet clinical requirements.

Keywords: anti-sperm antibody, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, infertility, testicular sperm aspiration, testosterone.

Association of multilocus sequencing types and antimicrobial resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus sciuri in animals in Southern Thailand

Research (Published online: 15-02-2023)

7. Association of multilocus sequencing types and antimicrobial resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus sciuri in animals in Southern Thailand

Kanpapat Boonchuay, Narin Sontigun, Tuempong Wongtawan, and Punpichaya Fungwithaya

Veterinary World, 16(2): 291-295

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mammaliicoccus sciuri, formerly known as Staphylococcus sciuri, is an opportunistic pathogen in the environment, human and animal mucosa, and skin. Although this pathogen is becoming more resistant to drugs and harmful to animals and humans, basic knowledge of this pathogen remains limited. This study aimed to investigate a new multilocus sequencing type (MLST) related to the antibiotic resistance pattern of M. sciuri from animals in southern Thailand.

Materials and Methods: We used 11 methicillin-resistant M. sciuri (MRMS) isolates in this study which were obtained from six horses, four cows, and one chicken of the previous study. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was re-evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using the VITEK® 2 automated system. Three AMR genes were examined, namely mecA, mecC, and blaZ. Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) gene detection was performed through the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Internal segments of the seven housekeeping genes, ack, aroE, ftsZ, glpK, gmk, pta1, and tpiA, were used for multilocus sequence typing. The population of resistant bacteria and the types of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandemic drug-resistant bacteria were classified through descriptive analysis.

Results: mecA and blaZ genes were detected in all isolates; however, the mecC gene was not observed in any isolate based on the PCR results. All MRMS isolates revealed a non-typable SCCmec. Seven MLSTs (71, 81, 120, 121, 122, 199, and 200) were identified in this study.

Conclusion: The characteristics of MRMS in Southern Thailand were variable, particularly in cattle and horses. The antibiogram and SCCmec types of this pathogen remain concerns with regard to antibiotic-resistant gene transmission among Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species. All MLSTs in Thailand revealed the distribution among clones in Asia, including the virulence of a zoonotic clone in Southern Thailand.

Keywords: antibiogram, Mammaliicoccus sciuri, methicillin-resistant bacteria, multilocus sequencing types, resistant gene.

First study on capsular serotypes and virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam

Research (Published online: 14-02-2023)

6. First study on capsular serotypes and virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam

Phu Van Nguyen, Cong Tuan Le, Xuan Huy Nguyen, Tuan Manh Nguyen, and Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen

Veterinary World, 16(2): 281-290

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pasteurella multocida is considered as a main factor mediating pneumonic pasteurellosis in ruminants, including sheep. It is also a current threat to Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam. This study aimed to characterize P. multocida isolated from Phan Rang sheep, their antibiotic resistance profile, and the prevalence of some virulence-associated genes of these strains.

Materials and Methods: Bacteria were isolated on brain heart infusion, 10% sheep blood agar plates, and screened by biochemical tests. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with specific primers to identify P. multocida, the presence of virulence-associated genes, and serotypes of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of isolates were examined using the disk diffusion method and crystal violet-based method, respectively.

Results: A total of 41 P. multocida strains were isolated from 485 samples from clinically sick and healthy sheep. Of the isolates, 58.53% were serotype A, 9.75% were serotype B, and 31.71% were serotype D. Healthy animals were infected with serotype D only. All 15 virulence genes were identified in all strains isolated from clinically sick sheep, while strains isolated from healthy sheep carried 11/15 virulence genes tested. Among virulence-associated genes exbB, exbD, tonB, ompA, oma87, fimA, hgbA, and nanB were detected in over 90% of isolates, whereas hgbB, nanH, tbpA and pfhA were less frequent. Interestingly, pmHAS and tadD were highly prevalent in capsular type A strains, whereas the toxA gene was detected in capsular type D strains only. All of the isolated strains were fully susceptible to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, and ofloxacin. About 92.68% were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 90.24% to amikacin, but there was high resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. Our results reveal that 53.65% of 41 isolates could produce biofilm, whereas 46.34% could not.

Conclusion: Pasteurella multocida from Phan Rang sheep possess many virulence genes and resistance to several common antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. The results are an important warning regarding antibiotic resistance of P. multocida.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, capsular type, Pasteurella multocida, Phan Rang sheep.

Whole-genome sequencing of Histophilus somni strains isolated in Russia

Research (Published online: 14-02-2023)

5. Whole-genome sequencing of Histophilus somni strains isolated in Russia

Svetlana Yatsentyuk, Julia Pobolelova, Veronika Gordeeva, and Irina Timofeeva

Veterinary World, 16(2): 272-280

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Histophilus somni is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family that can cause bovine histophilosis. Histophilus may act as a commensal or opportunistic bacterial cattle pathogen. Comparing genomes of the pathogenic strain 2336 with the non-pathogenic preputial 129Pt isolate revealed some putative virulence factors. The study of the complete genomes of H. somni strains circulating in Russia has never been conducted before. This study aimed to identify genetic features of the H. somni strains isolated in Russia and evaluate the possibility of using strains for vaccine development.

Materials and Methods: Three strains of H. somni were isolated from different sources. Strain 188-VIEV was isolated from a vaginal swab sample of cattle with endometritis. 532-VIEV and 551-VIEV were cultured from the cryopreserved bull semen samples imported from Canada. Histophilus somni strain ATCC 700025 provided by ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) was also used in the study. DNA extraction was performed using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, USA). The whole-genome sequencing of the four strains was performed using Illumina Miseq. The comparison of the resulting sequences with the complete genomes of H. somni 2336 and 129Pt, and detection of the resistance genes and virulence factors, was performed using the ResFinder and Virulence Factor Database web services.

Results: The genome size of the samples varied from 1.9 to 2.3 Mb. The number of coding sequences varied from 1795 to 2256. The average sequence density was 90%. The total guanine-cytosine (GC) content was 36.8%–37.2%, which coincided with data previously obtained for H. somni. Three out of four studied strains encoded putative virulence factors such as filamentous hemagglutinin homologs, lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis proteins, and proteins involved in iron transport and utilization. The Ser83Ile substitution was identified in the DNA topoisomerase II (gyrA) in H. somni strains 532-VIEV and 551-VIEV cultured from bull semen which led to resistance to fluoroquinolones. The gene (AAC-6-Ia + APH-2”) encoding a bifunctional aminoglycoside modification enzyme was detected in strain 551-VIEV.

Conclusion: Strains with virulence genes identified could be candidates for designing vaccines and potentially represent antigen sources. The results show that antibiotic-resistant H. somni can be spread with semen used for artificial insemination.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, Histophilus somni, next-generation sequencing, virulence factors.