Development of an easy-to-use urease kit for detecting Helicobacter pylori in canine gastric mucosa

Research (Published online: 30-07-2021)

36. Development of an easy-to-use urease kit for detecting Helicobacter pylori in canine gastric mucosa

Chularat Hlaoperm, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Chantima Pruksakorn and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1977-1987

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori is an important pathogen in humans and animals involved in chronic gastritis, leading to the development of gastric cancer. Urease produced by H. pylori is an enzyme that promotes bacterial colonization and can be used clinically as a biomarker of H. pylori infection as part of a rapid urease test (RUT). A test with high specificity (95-100%) would be more convenient and faster than histopathology, bacterial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim of this study was to develop a simple, cheap, and fast kit for detecting H. pylori infection in the gastric mucosa of canines, which can be used in clinical practice for diagnosing infection with this bacterium.

Materials and Methods: The RUT assays developed were prepared using 1% agar, 1% sodium phosphate monobasic, and 1% urea followed by the addition of 3% methyl red indicator. The cutoff value of sensitivity of the RUT assay was established using the urease of H. pylori ATCC 43504 and color change was monitored for 24 h. Comparisons of the sensitivity to H. pylori ATCC 43504 were made between the developed RUT assays and the Hp Fast™ commercial kit. Then, the limit of detection for H. pylori ATCC 43504 number was analyzed by the SYBR Green real-time PCR assay to measure the copy number of the ureC gene. Gastric biopsy samples from the antrum, body, and fundus of the stomach were collected from eight canines presenting with vomiting and gastroenteritis. Analyses were performed on fresh samples using the developed RUT assays and the Hp Fast™ commercial kit, which were read within 24 h; then, the results were confirmed with SYBR Green real-time PCR. The specificity of the RUT assays was tested with a number of different bacteria, including Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp.; H. pylori ATCC 43504 was used as a positive control.

Results: The results showed that the developed assays were sensitive to the urease enzyme at 0.1 mg/mL. The lowest detection limit of this assay for H. pylori ATCC 43504 was found to be 102 copies at 30 min. The sensitivity of detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsies of canines occurred in a minimum of 30 min. The RUT showed similar results to the Hp Fast™ commercial kit. In the developed RUT, the color change of the test from red to yellow could be clearly distinguished between the color of the positive test and the negative one; however, in the commercial Hp Fast™, it was difficult to observe the gel color change in the negative pH range of 5.8 and the positive pH of 6.5. The developed RUT was specific for H. pylori and did not detect any of the other tested bacteria. The test kit can also be stored for 6 months at 4°C.

Conclusion: The sensitivity of the developed assays allowed the detection of urease enzyme at a minimum concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Our RUT could also detect H. pylori from one in eight canine specimens at a minimum of 102 copies within 30 min. This RUT is specific to H. pylori as it did not detect any of the other tested bacteria.

Keywords: dog, Helicobacter pylori, rapid urease test.

Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Research (Published online: 30-07-2021)

35. Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Ujang Suryadi, Erfan Kustiawan, Anang Febri Prasetyo and Shokhirul Imam

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1971-1976

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The open house cage is mainly influenced by the environmental heat from the sun and the heat released by the chicken. Heat stress can affect physiological conditions so that it has an impact on decreasing productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of agarwood leaf extract in feed on the physiological condition and production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress and to generate prediction equations for the optimal level of the extract in feed.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 22-day-old broilers (Cobb 500™) underwent four treatments with five replications each, namely, feed without agarwood leaf extract (control) (T0), and feed with 250 (T1), 300 (T2), and 350 mg of agarwood leaf extract/kg body weight (T3). The parameters observed include physiological condition (heart rate, respiratory frequency, and body temperature) as well as production performance (feed consumption, body weight gain [BWG], and feed conversion).

Results: The administration of agarwood leaf extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased heart rate and respiratory frequency. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in body temperature, glucose levels, hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as production performance which include weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio. Meanwhile, broilers treated with agarwood leaf extract had a significantly lower heart rate and respiratory frequency (p<0.05) compared to the control. However, broilers given agarwood leaf extract showed better body weight, consumption, and ration conversion compared to the control.

Conclusion: Agarwood leaf extract in feed reduces heart rate and respiratory frequency but has no significant effect on body temperature and hematological parameters (glucose levels, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte concentrations) as well as production performance (feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion). These results indicate that the administration of 350 mg/kg body weight agarwood leaf extract is most effective to reduce feed consumption and increase BWG.

Keywords: agarwood leaf extract, broiler, hematological parameters, heat stress, product performance.

Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

34. Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Widiyanto Widiyanto, Mulyono Mulyono, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Eko Pangestu, Marry Christiyanto, Surahmanto Surahmanto, Vitus Dwi Yunianto and Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1966-1970

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Healthy goat meat is an essential aspect in increasing consumer acceptance for this livestock product. The research aimed to examine the effect of goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on the performance and blood lipid status of white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and Methods: Thirty 2-month-old male white rats (R. norvegicus) weighing 195-230 g were randomly divided into three groups, with each group consisting of 10 rats. Group I was treated with a control feed (T0; BR I concentrate). Group II (T1) was treated with a mixed feed containing 50% control feed and 50% goat meat. Group III (T2) was treated with a mixed feed comprising 50% control feed and 50% goat meat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids. Each treatment was given ad libitum for 30 days. The variables measured were dry matter and organic matter consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and atherogenic index (AI). The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design.

Results: The total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels at T0, T1, and T2 were as follows: 99.97, 35.97, and 50.43 mg/dL (total cholesterol); 108.35, 33.92, and 58.17 mg/dL (HDL cholesterol); and 101.43, 38.09, and 48.65 mg/dL (LDL cholesterol). The highest HDL and the lowest LDL cholesterol levels (p<0.05) were observed in the T2 treatment group, which had the lowest AI (1.69 vs. 1.77 and 2.19).

Conclusion: The consumption of goat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids reduces the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, raises the HDL cholesterol levels, and decreases the AI.

Keywords: atherogenic index, blood lipid status, cholesterol, goat meat, omega-6 fatty acids, white rat.

Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

33. Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Turke Shawaf, S. Al Bulushi, M. A. Al-Ali, A. M. A. Meligy, M. Salouci and Jamal Hussen

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1960-1965

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters is widely used in assessing animal health status. Limited information is available on trace element levels and their association with hematological and biochemical parameters in Omani goats suffering from emaciation. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the levels of some trace elements in emaciated Omani goats and their relationship with hematological and biochemical parameters.

Materials and Methods: Goats suffering from emaciation and muscular dystrophy (n=18) were compared with healthy goats (n=12). Venous blood samples for the hematological, biochemical, and trace element analysis were collected from the jugular vein.

Results: Emaciated goats showed significantly lower white blood cell, lymphocyte, and red blood cell counts than the healthy goats. In contrast, the percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were higher in emaciated goats than in healthy ones. In addition, emaciated goats showed higher levels of biochemical parameters alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total bilirubin but lower levels of albumin than the healthy goats. The results of trace element analysis revealed lower concentrations of zinc, iron, and selenium in serum from emaciated goats than in serum from healthy goats.

Conclusion: This study identified significant differences in the serum levels of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters between healthy and emaciated Omani goats. The identified differences represent valuable diagnostic biomarkers for the evaluation of the health status of Omani goats.

Keywords: chemistry, emaciated, hematology, Omani goats, serum, trace elements.

Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

32. Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Erwin Edyansyah

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1954-1959

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brugia malayi is known to be zoonotically important because it can be transmitted from animals (mammals and primates) to humans or from humans to humans through mosquito vectors. This study was conducted to explore the fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Sedang village, Suak Tapeh District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design with an observational and analytical approach was applied in this study, and it was conducted in May 2018. Mosquitoes were collected twice using human bait both inside and outside the house from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. The presence of competitors, predators, and reservoir hosts in the areas of five breeding habitats of Mansonia spp. was observed. The presence of microfilaria was confirmed under a microscope in night blood samples of inhabitants and cats. The presence of infective larvae (L3) of B. malayi was identified microscopically and based on the polymerase chain reaction method in female Mansonia mosquitoes.

Results: A total of 12 mosquito species were found, among which Mansonia uniformis was the dominant mosquito, and the predominant competitor was Mansonia annulifera. Dragonflies, as predators were found in two breeding habitats and fish were found in one breeding habitat. The L3 of B. malayi were not identified in the mosquitoes, and the microfilariae of B. malayi were not found in the blood samples of inhabitants and cats.

Conclusion: Although Mansonia mosquito population was abundant in Banyuasin Regency, the mosquito was not confirmed as an intermediate host of B. malayi, and the cat was not confirmed as a reservoir of B. malayi in the location.

Keywords: Brugia malayi, lymphatic filariasis, Mansonia uniformis, South Sumatera, subperiodic nocturnal.

Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

31. Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Eric Putra Ernanda, Faisal Fikri, Agus Purnomo, Shafia Khairani and Shekhar Chhetri

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1946-1953

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In an era of increasing concerns about food availability globally, poultry meat is being increasingly consumed rather than red meat given its quality in terms of pH, color, and tenderness, conferring consumer satisfaction. The choice of feed is a crucial factor in poultry production. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 day-old quail were used in this study and assigned equally into four treatment groups: Group C fed a basal diet and three treatment groups fed a basal diet supplemented with 2.5% (T1), 5% (T2), or 10% (T3) breadfruit leaf powder. The concentrations of breadfruit leaf powder were 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg in the basal diet. Quail body weight and feed intake (FI) were evaluated at 1, 21, and 35 days of age at 7 a.m. Pectoral muscle was collected to determine pH, meat color, drip loss, cooking loss, water-holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, and antioxidant levels. All variables were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan's post hoc test (significance set at p<0.05).

Results: T3 showed increased body weight gain of quails at 1-21 and 21-35 days (p<0.05). Feeding in the T3 group improved the feed conversion ratio compared with those in the C and T1 groups at the starter phase (p<0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect FI (p>0.05). In the present study, meat redness and WHC were improved in the T3 group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, and meat tenderness were improved in the T2 group (p<0.05). The pH45 min, pH24 h, lightness, and yellowness were not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde decreased in the T3 group (p<0.05), while no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase level (p>0.05) was identified.

Conclusion: Ten grams/kilogram of breadfruit leaf powder, as administered in the T3 group, can be applied as a dietary supplement for Japanese quail to improve growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity during the starter and grower periods.

Keywords: antioxidative activity, breadfruit leaf powder, food availability, growth performance, Japanese quail, meat quality.

Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

30. Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Eduardo Diaz, Anahi Hidalgo, Carla Villamarin, Gustavo Donoso and Veronica Barragan

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1935-1945

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ecuador is a hugely diverse country, but information on infectious diseases in local wild animals is scarce. The aim of this study was to screen the presence of blood parasites in free-ranging wild animals admitted to the Wildlife Hospital at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, from April 2012 to January 2019.

Materials and Methods: We identified blood parasites by microscopic observation of blood smears from free-ranging wildlife species that attended the Wildlife Hospital of Universidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador) from April 2012 to January 2019.

Results: The microscopic evaluations of animals as potential reservoirs for vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites revealed the presence of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., microfilaria, Mycoplasma spp., and Trypanosoma spp. in previously unreported wildlife species. In addition, we performed a systematic review to understand the current knowledge gaps in the context of these findings.

Conclusion: Our data contribute to the knowledge of blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador. Furthermore, the potential transmission of these parasites to humans and domestic animals, current anthropogenic environmental changes in the region, and the lack of information on this suggest the importance of our results and warrant further investigations on infectious diseases in animals and humans and their relationship with environmental health as key domains of the One Health concept.

Keywords: amazon basin, blood parasites, Ecuador, free-ranging wildlife, hemoparasites, one health, systematic review, vector-borne zoonotic.

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

29. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Sofiane Tamendjari, Farida Afri Bouzebda, Lina Chaib, Hebib Aggad, Mohammed Ramdani and Zoubir Bouzebda

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1929-1934

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infection in both humans and animals. Most livestock strains have shown antibiotic resistance to the many molecules used in veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to assess the resistance patterns of these bacteria, we carried out our study in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria.

Materials and Methods: We collected 116 samples of bovine and goat milk to detect S. aureus. We used a selective media to isolate the strains, followed by biochemically identifying the isolates. We determined the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic molecules using the disk diffusion method and confirmed the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Results: Our results showed that 26.72% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and we recovered 31 isolates from the positive samples. We ascribed a high resistance profile to penicillin G (96.77%), fusidic acid (67.74%), and tobramycin (45.16%) and isolated 4MRSA strains.

Conclusion: The presence of S. aureus, including MRSA strains in raw milk, can present a public health hazard, because these strains can cause widespread food poisoning . This finding will be useful to the veterinarians to choose an adequate treatment and to sensitize livestock breeders and milk producers to ensure the health of consumers.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cow and goat raw milk, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.

Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Iraqi subjects

Research (Published online: 26-07-2021)

28. Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Iraqi subjects

Hamzah Abdulrahman Salman, Ali Mohammed Abdulmohsen, Mays Noori Falih and Zahraa Mohmoud Romi

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1922-1928

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Enteric fever initiated by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is among the most consistent disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to isolate and identify S. Typhi from typhoid suspected patients and determine their antibacterial susceptibility testing.

Materials and Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected from typhoid suspected patients in Baghdad, Iraq. The samples were cultured on SS agar and XLD agar for screening of S. Typhi. The suspected colonies were picked up and subjected to Vitek 2 compact for biochemical identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of the organisms. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Black colonies were observed on cultured plates. Out of 30 samples, 27 and 29 isolates were identified as S. Typhi using Vitek 2 compact and RT-PCR, respectively. The data of the present study revealed that the strains of S. Typhi were showing multidrug resistance. All S. Typhi strains exhibited resistance to penicillins (ticarcillin and piperacillin), cephalosporins 4th G (cefepime), and monobactam (aztreonam). However, all the strains showed susceptibility against carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and tetracycline (minocycline).

Conclusion: RT-PCR and Vitek 2 compact showed a high level of accuracy in the detection of S. Typhi. Multidrug resistance was observed, which is an alert for the reduction of antibiotic consumption.

Keywords: antibiotics susceptibility, enteric fever, multidrug-resistant, Salmonella, typhoid fever, Vitek 2 compact.

Immunomodulatory effect of the combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic and Gumi-malysh biologically active additive

Research (Published online: 26-07-2021)

27. Immunomodulatory effect of the combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic and Gumi-malysh biologically active additive

Alfia V. Andreeva, Aigul Z. Khakimova, Alexander I. Ivanov, Oksana N. Nikolaeva and Oleg M. Altynbekov

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1915-1921

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Various means and methods, including probiotics and biologically active additives, have been developed and proposed for production to increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body, regardless of the etiology of its decrease. This study aimed to find out the immune status of calves during the preweaning period in association with Vetosporin Zh, Normosil, and Gumi-malysh.

Materials and Methods: The research object was 30-day-old calves of black-and-white Holstein breed. The calves were divided into four groups of 20 heads each. The calves of the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively. The calves in the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively.

Results: On days 10 and 21 of the experiment, animal blood was collected to determine the content of total protein, protein fractions, immunoglobulins, T and B lymphocytes, phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of neutrophils, and circulating immune complexes (CIC). The combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic (dose, 20 mL) with Gumi-malysh (dose, 30 mL) per animal for 30 days in 1-month-old calves contributes to the increase in the number of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by 2.9%, 3.8%, and 0.96 and 2 g/L, respectively, while reducing the immunoglobulin M (IgM) level; an increase in the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and the phagocytic number by 7% and 1.8%, respectively, as well as a decrease in the CIC level with similar indicators in calves that were not treated with the agents.

Conclusion: The method used in the current study helps increase the number of T and B lymphocytes, increase IgA and IgG levels while reducing IgM levels, and increase the phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of blood neutrophils, as well as decrease the CIC level.

Keywords: calves, immunomodulator, normosil, probiotic, Vetosporin Zh.

Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand

Research (Published online: 25-07-2021)

26. Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand

Weena Paungpin, Metawee Thongdee, Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Ladawan Sariya, Wanna Sirimanapong, Tanit Kasantikul, Rassameepen Phonarknguen, Poonnut Darakamas and Nlin Arya

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1908-1914

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: For a decade, chlamydial and herpesvirus infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed crocodiles. In September 2017, a total of 160 juvenile freshwater Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis lesions were admitted at the Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University. All crocodiles did not respond well to antibiotics or supportive treatments and died. This study aimed to detect and identify the causative agents associated with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis and fatal outcomes in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles.

Materials and Methods: A total of 138 pharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and conjunctival scrapes were collected from live crocodiles. All swab and scrape samples were DNA-extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Chlamydiaceae- and herpesvirus-specific primers. Tissue samples (brain, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and intestine) were collected from two representative postmortem animals. All tissue samples were processed for molecular and pathological analyses.

Results: PCR examinations identified chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA in 92% (126/138) and 100% (138/138), respectively, of the tested swab and scrape samples. Of those positive samples, 79% (26/33), 67% (4/6), and 98% (97/99) of the pharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, and conjunctival scrapes, respectively, were positive for both chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA. Histopathological examination indicated necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the affected animals. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of Chlamydia was randomly observed in the examined tissue sample. Moreover, the presence of chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA was also detected in the tissue samples, including the heart, intestine, brain, lung, liver, and spleen, of the affected animals by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chlamydia spp. detected in the juvenile Siamese crocodiles was notably different from other known species in the Chlamydia genus, while the herpesvirus detected in the crocodiles was closely related to crocodyline herpesvirus 1.

Conclusion: Based on histopathological and molecular examinations, this report provided the first evidence of coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and crocodyline herpesvirus 1 in juvenile Siamese crocodiles in Thailand.

Keywords: Chlamydia spp., herpesvirus, juvenile, pathology, phylogeny, Siamese crocodile.

Synergistic effects of sitagliptin and losartan against fipronil-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Research (Published online: 25-07-2021)

25. Synergistic effects of sitagliptin and losartan against fipronil-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Sara T. Elazab, Omar Samir and Marwa E. Abass

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1901-1907

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fipronil (FPN) is a potent pesticide that is heavily used around the world in agriculture. However, its irrational use could potentially have deleterious effects on animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of sitagliptin (Sit) and losartan (LOS), when used both individually or concurrently, to guard rat liver against the acute hepatotoxicity caused by FPN.

Materials and Methods: Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into seven groups (6/group). Group I (control) received normal saline (0.5 mL/rat, vehicle for all treatments) by gavage once daily for 10 days. Group II received oral Sit (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]) daily for 10 days and Group III received oral LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily for 10 days. Group IV received oral FPN (19.4 mg/kg BW; 1/5 of the oral LD50) for the past 5 days of the study. Groups V and VI received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily, respectively, 5 days prior and 5 days during FPN administration (19.4 mg/kg BW). Group VII received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) for 10 days with daily FPN during the past 5 days. After the end of the treatment period, the rats were humanely sacrificed and blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations.

Results: FPN administration resulted in elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase serum concentrations as well as increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activity. The histopathological investigation showed disorganization of the hepatic cords and focal necrosis of the hepatocytes in FPN-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed that hepatic caspase-3 was overexpressed in the FPN-treated rats. The administration of Sit and LOS before and alongside FPN markedly mitigated the alterations caused by FPN and the hepatoprotective effects were more prominent in the combination group.

Conclusion: Sit and LOS, both individually or in combination, confers considerable hepatoprotection against FPN-induced hepatotoxicity.

Keywords: fipronil, hepatotoxicity, losartan, oxidative stress, sitagliptin.

Effects of medicinal plants mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs

Research (Published online: 24-07-2021)

24. Effects of medicinal plants mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs

Nguyen Cong Oanh, Truong Quang Lam, Nguyen Dinh Tien, Jean-Luc Hornick and Vu Dinh Ton

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1894-1900

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Alternative natural materials to antibiotics for improving digestive health and growth performance are needed due to strengthening regulations related to the use of antibiotic growth promoters. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of medicinal plants mixture (60% Bidens pilosa L., 15% Urena lobata L., 15% Pseuderanthemum palatiferum, 5% Ramulus cinnamomi, and 5% Star anise) as alternative growth promotors on animal health, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and growth performance of growing pigs.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted, from April 2020 to June 2020, at a private pig production farm located in Cam Giang district Hai Duong Province, Vietnam. Forty-eight 10-week-old crossbred (♂Duroc×♀ [Landrace×Yorkshire]) pigs, average initial body weight 30.3±1.42 kg, were randomly allocated to four dietary groups, three replicate pens per experimental group, with 4 pigs/pen. For 7 weeks, the pigs were fed a basal diet supplemented with the mixture at levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g/kg of feed.

Results: Final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, as well as apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and gross energy were not significantly influenced by the diets (p>0.05). Inclusion of the plant mixture decreased significantly red blood cell count, blood cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (p<0.05) compared with the control diet. No diet effect was observed on fecal Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., and total bacteria counts.

Conclusion: The incorporation of the plant mixture into the diet of growing pigs reduced serum cholesterol, LDL, and urea concentrations with no adverse effect on performance and nutrient digestibility.

Keywords: animal performance, blood profile, digestibility, growing pig, medicinal plants powder.

Bacterial phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production by camel neutrophils and monocytes are influenced by the type of anticoagulation agent

Research (Published online: 24-07-2021)

23. Bacterial phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production by camel neutrophils and monocytes are influenced by the type of anticoagulation agent

Naser Abdallah Al Humam

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1888-1893

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Anticoagulants with different modes of action are used in the collection of camel blood samples. In the innate immune response, camel neutrophils and monocytes can play several roles during infection and inflammation. For anticoagulants ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and heparin, research has described their effects on different parameters of the immune system. However, to date, no research has examined the effects of anticoagulants on the functional activity of camel phagocytes. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of K3EDTA and lithium heparin on the antimicrobial activity of camel neutrophils and monocytes.

Materials and Methods: Camel leukocytes were separated from blood collected in EDTA or heparin tubes, and their phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activity were analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli bacteria.

Results: In comparison to the cells collected from the EDTA blood, the camel neutrophils and monocytes separated from the heparin blood showed higher phagocytosis activity of S. aureus and E. coli. In addition, the neutrophils and monocytes produced significantly more ROS when the blood was collected in the heparin tubes.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial functions of camel neutrophils and monocytes are significantly affected by the type of anticoagulation agent. Therefore, using heparin rather than EDTA as an anticoagulant is recommended when performing the functional analysis of phagocytosis and ROS production of camel phagocytes.

Keywords: bacteria, dromedary camel, monocyte, neutrophil, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species.

Clinical, ultrasonographic, and postmortem findings in sheep and goats with urinary tract disorders

Research (Published online: 20-07-2021)

22. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and postmortem findings in sheep and goats with urinary tract disorders

Mohamed Tharwat

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1879-1887

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In sheep and goats, most urinary disorders are incidental findings at the postmortem examination and do not present clinically. As such, the diagnosis of renal diseases in sheep and goats can be overlooked. Therefore, this study was carried out on sheep and goats to describe the clinical, ultrasonography (USG), and postmortem findings of various disorders affecting the urinary tract.

Materials and Methods: A total of 58 animals (30 sheep and 28 goats) were examined, as well as were ten healthy control animals (five sheep and five goats) for a comparison. The animals were referred for various causes, including anorexia, frequent and painful urination, hematuria, decreased body weight, oliguria, and anuria.

Results: The sheep and goats were categorized into ten groups of symptoms and disorders: Pelvic abscessation, pigmented urine, renal failure, pyelonephritis, cystitis, hydronephrosis, rupture of the urethra, rupture of the urinary bladder, rupture of the urinary bladder together with the urethra, and paralysis of the urinary bladder. Clinical presentation, USG, and postmortem examination results for each group were detailed. Many clinical presentations were nonspecific. USG examination of the urinary tract significantly facilitated the verification of the previously mentioned disorders.

Conclusion: USG demonstrated superior performance in the early and confirmatory diagnosis of urinary disorders in sheep and goats. Therefore, it is recommended that routine USG be the preferred imaging modality for examining sheep and goats with urinary disorders and for determining their prognosis.

Keywords: goat, pathology, sheep, ultrasonography, urinary.

Alterations in acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and thoracic fluid in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

Research (Published online: 20-07-2021)

21. Alterations in acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and thoracic fluid in goats with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

Mohamed Tharwat

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1874-1878

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious and fatal disease affecting goats and some wild ruminants. It is a cause of major economic losses in the goat industry in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the acid-base balance, blood gases, and hematobiochemical profiles of whole-blood and fluid collected from the thoracic cavity in goats with CCPP.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-five goats suffering from weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharges due to CCPP were studied. Twenty-five healthy goats were used as controls. Diseased animals were enrolled in this study based on a positive serological latex agglutination test (LAT) that confirmed the detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. The control goats were enrolled based on a negative result of the LAT.

Results: Compared with a mean value of 7.38±0.04 in controls, the pH in the diseased group was 7.41±0.05. The blood pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), pressure of oxygen (PO2), base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), and saturation of oxygen (SO2) were lower in goats with CCPP than in controls. However, the anion gap (AnGap) was higher in the diseased goats than in the healthy ones. Compared with the levels in blood samples, the thoracic fluid PCO2, PO2, BE, and SO2 were higher while pH, HCO3, TCO2, and AnGap were lower. Compared with the findings in healthy goats, hematological alterations included significant increases in white blood cells and neutrophils, and a significant decrease in the red blood cell count. In the thoracic fluid, neutrophilic leukocytosis was a remarkable finding. The serum concentrations of globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased significantly compared with those in controls. In contrast, serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, and magnesium, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly compared with those of healthy animals. The activities of ALP, AST, GGT, and creatine kinase and the concentration of phosphorus were higher in thoracic fluid than the serum values in the diseased group.

Conclusion: When compared with the healthy controls, goats with CCPP have metabolic acidosis. Compared with the levels in healthy goats, the blood PCO2, PO2, BE, HCO3, TCO2, and SO2 are low in goats with CCPP; however, the AnGap is higher in diseased goats.

Keywords: acid-base balance, blood gases, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, goat, Mycoplasma.

RFamide peptides, the novel regulators of mammalian HPG axis: A review

Review (Published online: 20-07-2021)

20. RFamide peptides, the novel regulators of mammalian HPG axis: A review

Smruti Smita Mohapatra, Joydip Mukherjee, Dipak Banerjee, Pradip Kumar Das, Prabal Ranjan Ghosh and Kinsuk Das

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1867-1873

ABSTRACT

The RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) are the group of neuropeptides synthesized predominantly from the hypothalamus that negatively affects the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal (hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal [HPG]) axis. These peptides are first identified in quail brains and emerged as the mammalian orthologs of avian gonadotropin inhibitory hormones. The RFRP-3 neurons in the hypothalamus are present in several mammalian species. The action of RFRP-3 is mediated through a G-protein-coupled receptor called OT7T022. The predominant role of RFRP-3 is the inhibition of HPG axis with several other effects such as the regulation of metabolic activity, stress regulation, controlling of non-sexual motivated behavior, and sexual photoperiodicity in concert with other neuropeptides such as kisspeptin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin, orexin, and melanin. RFamide peptides synthesized in the granulosa cells, interstitial cells, and seminiferous tubule regulate steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the gonads. The present review is intended to provide the recent findings that explore the role of RFRP-3 in regulating HPG axis and its potential applications in the synchronization of reproduction and its therapeutic interventions to prevent stress-induced amenorrhea.

Keywords: hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, reproduction, RFamide-related peptides-3.

Novel formulation with essential oils as a potential agent to minimize African swine fever virus transmission in an in vivo trial in swine

Research (Published online: 20-07-2021)

19. Novel formulation with essential oils as a potential agent to minimize African swine fever virus transmission in an in vivo trial in swine

Haig Yousef Babikian, Rajeev Kumar Jha, Quang Lam Truong, Lan Thi Nguyen, Yusef Babikyan, Hoa Thi Nguyen, Thanh Long To and Ali Agus

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1853-1866

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: African swine fever (ASF) is currently the most prevalent disease in swine. The disease is spreading throughout primary swine-producing countries with heavy losses in population and revenue. To date, no successful vaccines or medications have been reported. This study aimed to design and develop a blend of natural essential oils and test its efficacy against the ASF virus (ASFV) in swine.

Materials and Methods: We attempted to develop a natural oil blend formulation (NOBF) and determine its efficacy against the ASFV. This study follows on from a previously published in vitro study that reported that the NOBF has anti ASFV properties. A study was designed using 21 healthy piglets of triple-cross (Landrace + Yorkshire + Durok) crossbred pathogen-free pigs with an average weight of 15 kg. The study consisted of NOBF-incubated, NOBF, positive control, and negative control groups. The NOBF groups were administered NOBF (80 mL/ton mixed in drinking water) beginning 10 days before the challenge and continuing throughout the experiment. The positive and negative control pigs consumed regular drinking water. The pigs were challenged by a sublethal dose of pure isolate ASFV strain Vietnam National University of Agriculture-ASFV-L01/HN/04/19 inoculation with 103.5 HAD50/dose through the intramuscular route. There were sic pigs in each group, three pigs directly IM challenged, and three pigs were considered cohoused pigs.

Results: Both challenged (three) and cohoused (three) pigs in the positive control showed clinical signs of ASFV infection, as detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood samples, oral swabs, and feces. There was 100% cumulative mortality, that is, both challenged and contact pigs died in the positive control group on day 20 of infection. No signs of infection or mortality were observed in the NOBF-incubated group. The challenged pigs in the NOBF-direct challenge group showed clinical signs and mortality, whereas no clinical signs or symptoms occurred in the cohoused pigs. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) level of the contact pigs was the highest in the treatment group and the lowest in the positive control group. The IgM level of the contact pigs in the treatment groups was the lowest, whereas that of the positive control was the highest. The RT-PCR test showed that the ASFV was deactivated in the NOBF-incubated group. The challenged and contact pigs of the positive control group had high Ct values. The challenged pigs of the NOBF group had high Ct values, whereas the contact pigs from the same group and those of the negative control were negative for the ASFV, determined by PCR, in all samples. The comparison of the challenged groups showed that the appearance of the virus was delayed by at least 2 days in the NOBF group compared to the positive control group.

Conclusion: The results showed that NOBF can prevent the spread of the ASFV in a population. Moreover, NOBF can enhance the pig humoral immune system by enhancing IgG levels and reducing IgM levels. This study successfully demonstrated that NOBF is an anti-ASFV agent, which prevents horizontal transmission and enhances pig humoral immunity.

Keywords: African swine fever virus, In vivo trials, intramuscular challenge, natural oil blend formulation, Swine.