Effect of shell as natural testosterone boosters in Sprague Dawley rats

Research (Published online: 30-10-2019)

22. Effect of shell as natural testosterone boosters in Sprague Dawley rats

Pudji Astuti, Claude Mona Airin, Sarmin Sarmin, Alfarisa Nururrozi and Sri Harimurti

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1677-1681

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shell supplementation on the regulation of male reproduction in rats.

Materials and Methods: The zinc (Zn) level of shell from blood clam (Anadara granosa), green mussel (Perna viridis), and conch shell (Telescopium telescopium) was analyzed. The highest Zn content shell was fed to male Sprague Dawley rats for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days at the dose of either 0.09 mg/200 g BW or 0.18 mg/200 g BW. To determine the testosterone levels, blood was collected through the infraorbitalis sinus just before the rat was sacrificed. Testicular and brain were also collected for Cyp19 aromatase receptor analysis.

Results: The Zn level in the shell of blood clam, green mussel, and conch shell 61.55 mg/kg, 2.78 mg/kg, and 3.93 mg/kg, respectively. The testosterone level of T1 group receiving 0.18 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 1.42±0.59, 2.15±1.58, 2.98±2.53, and 8.11±2.03 ng/mL, respectively. The testosterone level of T2 group receiving 0.09 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 2.50±0.32, 1.25±0.60, 3.87±3.27, and 3.54±0.23 ng/mL, respectively. The T3 group receiving Na-CMC showed the level of testosterone at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.77±0.22, 1.99±1.65, 4.12±0.07, and 2.19±1.30 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the T4 group receiving Zn showed testosterone levels at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.51±0.58, 2.24±3.16, 4.58±1.97, and 2.89±0.20 ng/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the T1 group compared to the other groups. However, the absence of expression of Cyp19 aromatase both in Leydig cells and the brain indicated no conversion of testosterone to estradiol. To add, this finding showed the potential use of the shell to boost the testosterone level in male rats.

Conclusion: Shell acted as an aromatase blocker to boost the testosterone level in male rats. This also indicates its promising application in birds to manipulate the quality of song and feather.

Keywords: Cyp19, shell, testosterone, zinc.

Molecular and biological characterization of some circulating strains of Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens from Eastern Saudi Arabia in 2012-2014

Research (Published online: 30-10-2019)

21. Molecular and biological characterization of some circulating strains of Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens from Eastern Saudi Arabia in 2012-2014

Abdullah I. A. Almubarak

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1668-1676

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide poultry disease that is historically known to cause severe losses in the poultry industry. In the present study, attempts were made to characterize ND virus (NDV) recovered from broiler chickens in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from January 2012 to March 2014.

Materials and Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of NDV followed by partial sequencing of the fusion (F) gene. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), mean death time (MDT), and complete sequencing of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene were also used for further biological and molecular characterization.

Results: NDV was detected at a rate of 9.6% (11/115) of the tested flocks, most of which were vaccinated against ND. F gene-based phylogeny and motifs of the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) showed segregation of Saudi isolates into two groups. The first group contained 10 isolates and was located in genotype II with the lentogenic motif 112GRQGRL117 at the FPCS. The second group contained one isolate and was located in genotype VII with velogenic motif 112RRQKRF117. Further characterization using the ICPI and MDT of two representative isolates showed virulence of both tested isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the HN gene showed close nucleotide identity between the two isolates. A BLAST search for sequences similar to HN gene sequences showed high identity with isolates from the surrounding region.

Conclusion: The present findings showed a low detection rate of NDV, possibly due to the wide application of vaccines, and the circulation of at least two NDV genotypes, II and VII, in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. The present Saudi isolates may share common ancestors with isolates from the surrounding region.

Keywords: broiler chickens, Newcastle disease virus, Saudi Arabia.

Protein metabolic changes and nucleolus organizer regions activity in the lymphocytes of neonatal calves during the development of respiratory diseases

Research (Published online: 28-10-2019)

20. Protein metabolic changes and nucleolus organizer regions activity in the lymphocytes of neonatal calves during the development of respiratory diseases

Elena Kalaeva, Vladislav Kalaev, Ksenia Efimova, Anton Chernitskiy and Vladimir Safonov

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1657-1667

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Calfhood disease is an important problem in dairy farming that could cause significant effects on heifer survival and productivity and has economic and welfare effects. Total protein concentration in the blood serum could be one of the predictors of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in newborn calves. The number of active nucleolus organizers could be used to assess the viability of the protein synthesis system in cells and tissues. We aimed for a comparative assessment of the dynamics of the main indicators of protein metabolism and nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) activity in the lymphocytes of healthy calves (Group I) and calves with BRD (Group II) during the 1st month after birth.

Materials and Methods: This study included 30 calves of the red-motley Holstein breed. Venous blood samples were taken from all calves on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after birth. Quantitative analysis of total protein (Serum total protein [STP]), immune globulin (Serum immune globulin [SIg]), urea, and creatinine in serum and transcriptionally active chromosome NORs in the interphase nuclei of lymphocytes was conducted using receiver operating characteristic analysis and factor analysis.

Results: In Group I, the STP levels decreased during the 1st month of life, and in Group II, the STP levels were variable. The STP levels in both groups remained within the reference intervals. During the first 2 weeks after birth, the calves' SIg fluctuated within the statistical error limits and did not significantly differ between the groups. On the 28th day, SIg increased in both the groups (by 42.8% for Group I and 33.7% for Group II). The creatinine concentration showed a decrease but did not go beyond the range of reference values. Urea concentration in Group I markedly decreased and remained below the reference values; it did not change in Group II over the entire observation period. The number of NORs in 1-day-old calves did not significantly differ between the groups and amounted to 2.43 in Group I and 2.59 in Group II. A significant increase in the number of active NORs was found in calves in both groups at the ages of 14 and 28 days. Early BRD predictors (at 1-14 days) could not be identified among the studied indicators. The urea and creatinine concentrations and the NOR activity on day 28 after birth could be late BRD predictors. Protein metabolism in the newborn calves' organisms is regulated by three types of factors: Maintenance of a constant protein concentration in the plasma, protein decomposition, and de novo synthesis.

Conclusion: There were no observed significant differences in the protein metabolism values and dynamics of indicators between healthy calves and calves with developed BRD. Alterations in the studied characteristics are the result, but not the cause of BRD. The increase in active NORs under BRD could be a favorable forecasting indicator. Protection against foreign protein and genetic material is a more important task for the organism than ensuring growth processes during the neonatal period.

Keywords: bronchopneumonia, calf, creatinine, nucleolus, serum immunoglobulin, serum total protein, urea.

Histological assessment of the efficiency of rabbit serum in healing skin wounds

Research (Published online: 28-10-2019)

19. Histological assessment of the efficiency of rabbit serum in healing skin wounds

Abeer Ahmed Majeed and Dhyaa Ab. Abood

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1650-1656

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of rabbit serum on skin wound healing with the help of histological examination.

Materials and Methods: A total of ten indigenous rabbits were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups: control and serum- treated. The histological assessment was done with a paraffin embedding technique and the histological sections were stained with H&E stain.

Results: Severe infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with severe fibrin deposits were seen in serum treated group at 2 days post-injury; at 7 days post-injury the changes revealed moderate fibroplasia, fibrin deposit and severe infiltration of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; at 14 days post-injury, there were marked epithelization and dermal deposition of collagen fibers; and at 21 days post-injury, the epidermis completed epithelization and the dermis showed neither fibroplasia nor infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Conclusion: The results indicated that rabbit's serum can prevent wound infection, accelerate epithelialization and cutaneous regeneration with less granulation.

Keywords: healing, rabbits, serum, skin, wounds.

Prevalence and economic losses of calf fetal wastage in ELAKAT public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Research (Published online: 26-10-2019)

18. Prevalence and economic losses of calf fetal wastage in ELAKAT public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Valence Bwana Mutwedu, Bernard Kanyungu Buuma, Arsene Ciza Mushagalusa, Ntagereka Patrick Bisimwa, Nadege Cizungu Cirezi, Yannick Mugumaarhahama and Rodrigue Balthazar Basengere Ayagirwe

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1644-1649

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of calf fetal wastage and its economic implications at ELAKAT slaughterhouse, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) to fill the research gap in relationship with this thematic. The study investigations took place from May to September 2018.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried at the slaughterhouse. For each visit, the number of cattle slaughtered, the number of pregnant cows slaughtered, and gestational ages (stage of pregnancy of the dam, and estimated by crown-rump length) of the fetuses were recorded.

Results: Out of the 1035 cattle slaughtered during the study period, 970 were females. A total of 255 fetuses were recovered, representing a fetal recovery rate of 26.28%. The study established that one fetus was lost out of 4.5 cows slaughtered, and most of fetuses recovered (58.1%) were in the first trimester of gestation while 29.1% and 12.8% were, respectively, in the second and third trimester. Their age varied from 1.2 to 8.6 months, with body length ranging from 14 cm to 92 cm while their weight varied from 1.0 kg to 23.0 kg. The economic loss associated with the total cattle fetal wastages was estimated at Congo Democratic Francs (CDF) 29,906,400 ($15,787.5) with a monthly average of CDF 5,981,280 ($3,157.5).

Conclusion: These results attested that slaughtering pregnant cows constitute a strong constraint on cattle industry development in DR Congo. Urgent measures, such as adequate enforcement of legislations on routine veterinary examinations at slaughterhouses as well as livestock owner's sensitization, are required to avoid selling pregnant cows during calving season.

Keywords: cattle, Democratic Republic of Congo, economic implications, fetal loss, South Kivu.

Vector-borne nematode diseases in pets and humans in the Mediterranean Basin: An update

Review (Published online: 26-10-2019)

17. Vector-borne nematode diseases in pets and humans in the Mediterranean Basin: An update

Djamel Tahir, Bernard Davoust and Philippe Parola

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1630-1643

ABSTRACT

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. The scale of VBDs is increasing worldwide, including in the Mediterranean Basin, a region exposed to climate changes. Indeed, weather conditions may influence the abundance and distribution of vectors. The vector-borne nematode diseases of dogs and cats, such as dirofilariosis, onchocercosis, thelaziosis, Cercopithifilaria, and Acanthocheilonema infections, are some of these vectorized diseases, several of which are zoonoses. They are all caused by parasitic nematodes transmitted by arthropods, including mosquitoes (Dirofilaria spp.), black flies (Onchocerca lupi), drosophilids (Thelazia callipaeda), ticks (Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides and Cercopithifilaria bainae), and fleas and lice (Acanthocheilonema reconditum). The control and prevention of these infections and diseases require a multidisciplinary approach based on strengthening collaboration between the different actors in the fields of health, research, sociology, economics, governments and citizens, to improve human, animal, and ecosystem health. This is the concept of "one health." The review aimed to provide a general update on the spatial and temporal distribution of vector-borne nematodes diseases affecting companion animals and humans, as well as the vectors involved in the Mediterranean area. Simultaneously, certain epidemiological parameters, diagnosis, treatment, and control of these diseases based on the "one health" concept will also be discussed.

Keywords: arthropods, companion animals, humans, Mediterranean Basin, one health, parasites, vectors, zoonoses.

Preliminary investigation of acaricidal activity of leaf extract of Nicotiana tabacum on dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Research (Published online: 25-10-2019)

16. Preliminary investigation of acaricidal activity of leaf extract of Nicotiana tabacum on dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Taiwo Olaide Oyagbemi, Anofi Ashafa, Johnson Olayide Adejinmi and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1624-1629

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Tick infestation of domestic animals remains a major constraint to livestock productivity across all agro-ecological zones most especially in small animal practice. The most common method of tick control is the use of synthetic acaricide. However, a widespread increase of acaricidal resistance, scarcity and high cost of acaricides especially to farmers of low-income earnings in developing countries support the need for alternative tick control methods. Among the alternative methods for tick control is herbal therapy. In this study, we investigated the acaricidal activity of methanol and N-hexane leaf extracts of Nicotiana tabacum against dog ticks − Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

Materials and Methods: Larvicidal and adulticidal activity of N. tabacum leaf extract were examined on the dog tick − R. sanguineus in an in vitro experiment using larval packet test and adult immersion test respectively. Phytochemical and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC−MS) analysis of the leaf extract were also carried out using standard methods.

Results: We observed a tick mortality rate that was concentration-dependent. However, N-hexane extract showed a higher significant acaricidal effect than methanol extract. Lethal dose (LD50) of N. tabacum was 0.06. High quantity of terpenoids was obtained from N. tabacum. Lower tick glutathione S-transferase observed with varying concentration of N. tabacum. GC−MS revealed Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S) - Nicotine, Citronellyl propionate, Crotonaldehyde, Lavandulyl acetate, trans-Phytol and Amitrole (3-Amino-1, 2, 4-triazole) in N. tabacum.

Conclusion: Both methanol and N-hexane leaf extracts of N. tabacum exhibited observable acaricidal property against the larvae and adult R. sanguineus of dog.

Keywords: adulticidal, ethnoveterinary, larvicidal, Nicotiana tabacum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

The potency of chitosan-based Pinus merkusii bark extract nanoparticles as anti-cancer on HeLa cell lines

Research (Published online: 25-10-2019)

15. The potency of chitosan-based Pinus merkusii bark extract nanoparticles as anti-cancer on HeLa cell lines

Annise Proboningrat, Amaq Fadholly, Regina Purnama Dewi Iskandar, Agung Budianto Achmad, Fedik Abdul Rantam and Sri Agus Sudjarwo

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1616-1623

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cervical cancer accounts for the fourth as a cause of death from cancer in women worldwide, with more than 85% of events and deaths occurring in developing countries. The main problems of chemotherapy are the lack of selectivity and drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the signal transduction of chitosan-based Pinus merkusii bark extract nanoparticles (Nano-PMBE) as an anticancer on HeLa cell line.

Materials and Methods: Nano-PMBE was prepared based on the ionic gelation method. Its anticancer activities in HeLa cells were investigated through cytotoxicity test, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis. The expression of p53 and caspase-9 was also observed.

Results: The results showed that Nano-PMBE has a size of 394.3 nm. Meanwhile, the Nano-PMBE was cytotoxic to HeLa cells ( IC50 of 384.10 μg/ml), caused G0/G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis in HeLa cells. Besides, the expression of p53 and caspase-9 has increased.

Conclusion: The results showed a notable anticancer effect of Nano-PMBE by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in HeLa cells, suggesting that it might have therapeutic potential for cervical cancer. Further research is needed to find out more about the anticancer mechanism of Nano-PMBE in HeLa cells to in vivo and clinical studies.

Keywords: chitosan, HeLa cells, nanoparticles, Pinus merkusii.

The effect of avocado seed powder (Persea americana Mill.) on the liver and kidney functions and meat quality of culled female quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Research (Published online: 24-10-2019)

14. The effect of avocado seed powder (Persea americana Mill.) on the liver and kidney functions and meat quality of culled female quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Elly Tugiyanti, Ning Iriyanti and Yosua Sujud Apriyanto

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1608-1615

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: High temperatures have a detrimental effect on quail performance, even disrupting the immune system and function of the internal organs. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of avocado seed powder supplements on meat quality and the liver and kidney functions of culled female quails.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 six-month-old culled female quail were allotted to four dietary treatments, i.e., R0: Basal feed without avocado seed powder supplement and R1, R2, and R3 with basal feed + 3%, 6%, and 9% avocado seed powder supplement, respectively. The observed variables included meat quality (protein, fat, cholesterol and meat collagen, water holding capacity, and tenderness), liver function (liver weight, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]), and kidney function (urea level, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, and glucose).

Results: Analysis of variance showed that avocado seed powder supplements significantly affected the level of SGOT, urea, creatinine, protein, fat, cholesterol, meat tenderness, and cooking loss. A non-significant effect was found on liver weight, SGPT, uric acid, albumin and glucose blood level, collagen, or water holding capacity level.

Conclusion: Avocado seed powder supplements improved meat quality as well as the liver and kidney functions of the culled female quail.

Keywords: cooking loss, flavonoid, natural antioxidant, poultry.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia infections in smallholder dairy cattle in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Research (Published online: 24-10-2019)

13. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia infections in smallholder dairy cattle in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Shepelo Getrude Peter, Daniel Waweru Gakuya, Ndichu Maingi and Charles Matiku Mulei

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1599-1607

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium is a tick-borne disease of great economic importance in cattle production worldwide. Despite its economic impact, limited knowledge is available on its epidemiology in Africa, including Kenya. Suspected cases of E. ruminantium infections have been reported in the recent past to the University of Nairobi's Veterinary Hospital, prompting the need to investigate their possible re-emergence. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence of E. ruminantium among smallholder dairy cattle in Nairobi City County and to assess potential risk factors. This knowledge may guide the development of appropriate control strategies of ehrlichiosis, subsequently reducing associated losses.

Materials and Methods: A total of 107 smallholder dairy farms from Nairobi City County were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected from 314 apparently healthy dairy cattle, and Giemsa-stained blood smears were screened under the microscope for Ehrlichia species. A commercial antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was then used to confirm the presence of the infections in serum samples. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices that may be potential risk factors. A univariate and mixed-effects logistic regression was then used to determine significant risk factors.

Results: On microscopy, 79.3% (249/314) of the sampled animals had Ehrlichia-like inclusion bodies in white blood cells, though only 18.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.2-23.0) of these were confirmed to be E. ruminantium on ELISA. A farm-level prevalence of 35.5% (95% CI 27.0-45.3) was reported. Female-headed households (p=0.013), farms in Langata region (p=0.027), cleaning of cowsheds fortnightly (p=0.019), and roofing of cowshed (p=0.022) were factors significantly associated with E. ruminantium infections.

Conclusion: There is a relatively high prevalence of E. ruminantium infections in apparently healthy cattle in smallholder dairy farms in this area, warranting control measures. It is critical to improve animal welfare-related factors, such as cowshed cleaning and roofing, as well as the strategic location of farms, especially, since reservoirs may reduce infection levels in the farms, in relation to wildlife. However, since Ehrlichia-like inclusion bodies other than those of E. ruminantium were observed in this study, there is a need to investigate further these factors and the possibility of other Ehrlichia species infecting cattle in the study area.

Keywords: Ehrlichia ruminantium, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, inclusion bodies, microscopy, tick-borne disease.

The contribution of domestic animals to the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in the Lindu Subdistrict of the Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 23-10-2019)

12. The contribution of domestic animals to the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in the Lindu Subdistrict of the Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Novericko Ginger Budiono, Fadjar Satrija, Yusuf Ridwan, Ekowati Handharyani, and Sri Murtini

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1591-1598

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis is endemic in Indonesia and is found in three remote areas in Central Sulawesi Province. Non-human mammals serve as reservoir hosts, meaning the disease is zoonotic. The previous schistosomiasis studies in animals from the Lindu Subdistrict did not determine which domestic animal species can serve as the primary source of transmission. No animals have been treated in Indonesia to control the disease; therefore, the parasite's life cycle is not blocked entirely. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with, Schistosoma japonicum infection in animals, and identify animals' relative contributions to S. japonicum transmission in the Lindu Subdistrict.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of S. japonicum infected animals was conducted in five villages of the Lindu Subdistrict. Fecal samples were collected from 134 selected animals (13 cattle, 26 buffaloes, 28 horses, 59 pigs, and 8 dogs). S. japonicum infection and infection intensity were determined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory method. Environmental contamination with schistosome eggs was measured. The data were analyzed using a Chi-square test.

Results: The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 32.9%, with the prevalence of infection in each species of animal at 61.5% in cattle, 42.3% in buffaloes, 25.0% in horses, 35.6% in pigs, and 12.5% in dogs. Free-range pigs were 8.667 times more likely to have S. japonicum infection than pigs kept in cages. Buffaloes, cattle, and horses were the primary sources of S. japonicum egg contamination, with relative transmission indices of 59.15%, 22.80%, and 10.61%, respectively.

Conclusion: Bovines and horses are the main contributors to schistosomiasis transmission in the Lindu Subdistrict. In conjunction with other schistosomiasis control programs, the government should treat infected animals living within endemic areas where there are high infection rates of S. japonicum.

Keywords: coprology, mammalian animals, schistosomiasis, transmission, zoonosis.

Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin 2a gene in pork, pig feces, and clean water at Jagalan slaughterhouse in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 19-10-2019)

11. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin 2a gene in pork, pig feces, and clean water at Jagalan slaughterhouse in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Maria Kristiani Epi Goma, Alvita Indraswari, Aris Haryanto and Dyah Ayu Widiasih

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1584-1590

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The feasibility assessment of food products on the market becomes one of the milestones of food safety. The quality of food safety of animal origin especially pork need to get attention and more real action from the parties related and concerned. Since pork is also a source of transmission for the contagion of foodborne disease so that the study of the existence of several agents in the pork and its products become the benchmark of safety level. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and detect the Shiga toxin 2a (stx2a) gene from Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pork, pig feces, and clean water in the Jagalan slaughterhouse.

Materials and Methods: A total of 70 samples consisting of 32 pork samples, 32 pig fecal samples, and 6 clean water samples were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7 and the stx2a gene. Isolation and identification of E. coli O157:H7 were performed using culture on eosin methylene blue agar and Sorbitol-MacConkey agar media and confirmed molecularly with polymerase chain reaction to amplify the target genes rfbE (317 bp) and fliC (381 bp). The isolates, which were identified as E. coli O157:H7, were investigated for the stx2a gene (553 bp).

Results: The results of this study show that of the total collected samples, E. coli O157:H7 was 28.6% in Jagalan slaughterhouse and consisted of 25% of pork samples, 31.25% of pig fecal samples, and 33.3% of clean water samples. The isolates that were identified to be E. coli O157:H7 mostly contained the stx2a gene, which was equal to 75%, and consisted of seven isolates from pork samples, seven isolates from fecal samples, and one isolate from clean water samples.

Conclusion: E. coli O157:H7 was found in 28.6% of pork, pig feces, and clean water in Jagalan slaughterhouse and 75% of identified E. coli O157:H7 contained the stx2a gene.

Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7, feces, pork, slaughterhouse, Shiga toxin 2a, water.

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in deer and nearby water sources at Safari parks in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 19-10-2019)

10. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in deer and nearby water sources at Safari parks in Bangladesh

Md Samun Sarker, Abdul Ahad, Saurav Kumar Ghosh, Md Shahriar Mannan, Arup Sen, Sirazul Islam, Md Bayzid and Zamila Bueaza Bupasha

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1578-1583

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in different ecosystems is a growing concern to human health, animal health, and the environment in recent years. The study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from deer and nearby water sources at two different Safari parks in Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A number of 55 fresh fecal samples of deer and six water samples from nearby lakes were collected from two Safari parks. Samples were processed, cultured, and carried out biochemical tests for E. coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. To identify the resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction was performed.

Results: A total of 32 E. coli isolates from 55 fecal samples and 6 of 6 E. coli isolates from lake water were isolated. From fecal E. coli isolates, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole were 90.63% (n=29/32) resistant and 87.5% (n=28/32) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. High resistance was also observed to other antibiotics. On the contrary, all E. coli isolates from water sources were 100% (n=6/6) resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. MDR was revealed in all water samples, whereas 96.88% (n=31/32) was found in fecal isolates. A number of blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes were detected from both isolates.

Conclusion: This study for the 1st time highlights, a significant proportion of E. coli isolates in wildlife deer and nearby water sources were MDR in Bangladesh.

Keywords: antibiotic-resistant, deer, Escherichia coli, lake, multidrug-resistant.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein-encoding genes in Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 17-10-2019)

9. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein-encoding genes in Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia

Mohammad Mirza Nuryady, Rini Widayanti, Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo, Brilyantika Fadjrinatha and Ahmad Fahrurrozi Z. S.

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1573-1577

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Excessive use of trypanocidal drugs can lead to cases of drug resistance. Multiple cases of resistance have been widely reported for drugs such as isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. These cases deserve serious attention, especially in Indonesia, where the first case was recorded and where the molecular basis of trypanocidal drug resistance has never been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates, sampled from Indonesia, by focusing on the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates and other Trypanosoma spp.

Materials and Methods: A total of 88 blood samples were drawn from buffaloes in the Ngawi district, Indonesia. Animals infected with T. evansi were detected through the microhematocrit technique and Giemsa blood smear methods. Positive blood samples were used to inoculate in male mice (Mus musculus BALB-C strain) as an animal model for culturing the T. evansi. The genomic DNA of the blood taken from the T. evansi-infected mice was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Two genes were analyzed; the first gene detected for T. evansi corresponded to Trypanosoma brucei with a homology of 99% and the second gene to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, with a homology of 100%. These two genes of the MRP from T. evansi showed clear similarity to the MRPE and MRPA genes of the T. brucei ssp.

Conclusion: The MRP gene is conserved on the subspecies level of T. brucei. Only few point mutations were found between various sequences, which mean that the proteins have the same structure. This is important to treat the parasite with the appropriate drugs in the future.

Keywords: multidrug-resistant protein gene, phylogenetic analysis, surra, Trypanosoma evansi.

Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Research (Published online: 15-10-2019)

8. Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Zahra Gabli, Zouhir Djerrou, Abd Elhafid Gabli and Mounira Bensalem

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1563-1572

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate mastitis in dairy goat farms through the California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological examinations.

Materials and Methods: A total of 845 goats belonging to 18 farms from four regions (Tébessa, Guelma, Souk Ahras, and Skikda) were examined.

Results: Clinical examination of the mammary glands showed that 30/845 (3.55%) goats had clinical mastitis and 32 goats had half-teat inflammation. CMT subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 815 goats that were presumed to be healthy. CMT showed 46 (5.64%) CMT-positive goats as well as 47 (2.88%) positive half-udders with a score of ≥2. A total of 79 bacteria were isolated and identified from the 79 bacterial positive samples. Bacteriological analyses showed that Gram-positive staphylococci were largely responsible for clinical and SCM. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, with an isolation frequency of 56.96%, were the most prevalent bacteria from all isolated organisms. The second most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus aureus at 40.50% and streptococci (2.53%) had the smallest percentage of isolation.

Conclusion: It is suggested that due to the prevalence of mastitis in this species, farmers should be aware of the problem to plan preventive and control measures to reduce dairy goat losses due to this disease.

Keywords: Algeria, bacteriological analysis, California mastitis test, dairy goats, mastitis.

Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

Research (Published online: 11-10-2019)

7. Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

Mustafa Ababneh, Mu'men Alrwashdeh and Mohammad Khalifeh

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1554-1562

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has rapidly spread throughout the Middle East since its discovery in 2012. The virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects. In this study, a recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine encoding the spike 1 (S1) subunit of the MERS-CoV genome was constructed, and its humoral, and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice.

Materials and Methods: Mice were immunized initially by intramuscular injection and boosted 3 weeks later by intranasal application. Expression of the S1 protein in the lungs and kidneys was detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting specific regions within the S1 subunit at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 after the first vaccination. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in serum and in cell culture following in vitro stimulation with a specific 9-mer epitope within the S1 protein (CYSSLILDY).

Results: S1 protein expression was only detected by IHC in the kidneys of the Ad-MERS-S1 group at week 6 from first immunization, and in both lungs and kidneys of Ad-MERS-S1 group by conventional PCR at weeks 3 and 5 post-prime. The vaccine elicited a specific S1-immunoglobulin G antibody response, which was detected in the sera of the vaccinated mice at weeks 4 and 6 from the onset of the first immunization. There was a significant increase in the amount of Th1-related cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin [IL] 12), and a significant decrease in the Th2-related cytokine IL-4 in splenocyte cell culture of the vaccinated group compared with the control groups.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that this recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the S1 subunit of MERS-CoV elicits potentially protective antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine for the control and/or prevention of MERS-CoV infection in humans.

Keywords: coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, recombinant vaccine, spike protein.

Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing

Research (Published online: 09-10-2019)

6. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing

T. Duangurai, J. Siengsanan-Lamont, C. Bumrungpun, G. Kaewmongkol, L. Areevijittrakul, T. Sirinarumitr, S. G. Fenwick and S. Kaewmongkol

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1546-1553

ABSTRACT

Background: The Sanger sequencing technique has been questioned and challenged by advanced high-throughput sequencing approaches. Sanger sequencing seems to be an obsolete technology. However, there are still research problems that could be answered using the Sanger sequencing technology. Fastidious obligate anaerobic bacteria are mostly associated with abscesses in animals. These bacteria are difficult to isolate from abscesses and are frequently excluded due to the bias of conventional bacterial culturing.

Aim: This study demonstrated the usefulness of a broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Sanger sequencing to identify the majority population of bacteria in abscesses from exotic pet animals.

Materials and Methods: This study performed a pilot investigation of abscesses from 20 clinical cases (17 rabbits, 2 hedgehogs, and 1 sugar glider) using standard culture methods for both aerobes and anaerobes and broad-range nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene followed by the Sanger sequencing technique.

Results: The standard culture and PCR techniques detected bacteria in 9 and 17 of 20 samples, respectively. From the 17 sequencings of the 16S rRNA, 10 PCR products were found to be closely related with obligate anaerobes including Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp. Phylogenetic analysis using the rpoB gene revealed that the species for the Bacteroides was thetaiotaomicron and for the Fusobacterium was varium and nucleatum. However, the amplification of the rpoB gene for the Prevotella spp. was unsuccessful. Correlations between the standard culture and PCR techniques were found in 9 (6 positive and 3 negative samples) of 20 samples. Eleven samples were discordant between the standard culture and PCR techniques which were composed of eight samples negative by culture but positive by PCR and three samples had different bacteria by the culture and PCR techniques.

Conclusion: According to this study, broad-range PCR combined with Sanger sequencing might be useful for the detection of dominant anaerobic bacteria in abscesses that were overlooked based on conventional bacterial culture.

Keywords: anaerobic bacteria, abscesses, exotic pet animals, Sanger sequencing.

Potential of medicinal plants to treat dengue

Review (Published online: 08-10-2019)

13. Potential of medicinal plants to treat dengue

Dulanjalee Neelawala, Sanjaya Rajapakse and Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla

International Journal of One Health, 5: 86-91

ABSTRACT

Dengue is a major public health challenge worldwide, particularly in tropical areas. Nearly 390 million infections and 22,000 deaths occur every year. At present, there are no specific therapeutics available to treat dengue; however, possible treatment procedures are explained in the traditional medical systems (TMSs), such as Sri Lankan TMS, Indian Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha TMS. In these TMSs, medicinal plants have been used in several ways against dengue, such as virocides, larvicides, and mosquito repellents. Therefore, medicinal plants inherit biologically active compounds/lead compounds that are yet to be identified chemically and physiologically. Herein, we discuss the possible applications of crude plant extracts and isolated phytochemicals from medicinal plants such as quercetin, sulfated galactomannans, flavonoids, and glabranine in controlling dengue. Moreover, medicinal plant-based therapeutics can be safer, cost-effective, and non-toxic. Therefore, this paper reviews the medicinal plants that are used in TMSs to manage dengue, the phytochemicals they contain, and mode of action of these phytochemicals such as virocides, larvicides, and mosquito repellents.

Keywords: dengue, in silico, larvicides, phytochemicals, virocides.

Identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from preputium of Aceh cattle based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis

Research (Published online: 08-10-2019)

5. Identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from preputium of Aceh cattle based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis

Muhammad Hambal, Masda Admi, Safika Safika, Wahyu Eka Sari, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Dasrul Dasrul, Ummu Balqis and Darmawi Darmawi

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1540-1545

ABSTRACT

Aim: This research aimed to identify Staphylococcus species isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle, based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis.

Materials and Methods: The bacterium was isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle. The total DNA from the isolated bacteria was extracted using the Genomic DNA Mini Kit followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The product of PCR amplification was then sequenced and aligned to the known sequences in the GenBank database by multiple alignments and was also analyzed by bioinformatics software to construct a phylogenetic tree.

Results: The results revealed that the bacterial isolate 3A had genetically closed relation to Staphylococcus pasteuri with <97% maximum identity. Data derived from the phylogenetic tree revealed that the bacterial isolate 3A was also related to Staphylococcus warneri, yet, it shows a different evolutionary distance with the ancestors (S. pasteuri).

Conclusion: The results of this research suggested that the bacterium 3A, isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle, is a Staphylococcus species.

Keywords: 16S rRNA gene, Aceh cattle, phylogenetic tree, polymerase chain reaction, Staphylococcus pasteuri.

Antioxidative activity and protein profile of skim milk of Gaddi goats and hill cattle of North West Himalayan region

Research (Published online: 05-10-2019)

4. Antioxidative activity and protein profile of skim milk of Gaddi goats and hill cattle of North West Himalayan region

Vinesh Sharma, Birbal Singh, Rinku Sharma, Jyoti B. Dhar, Neelam Sharma and Gorakh Mal

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1535-1539

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluation of antioxidative activity, protein profile, and vitamins content of milk of Gaddi goats, local non-Gaddi goats, hill cattle, and Jersey crossbred cattle.

Materials and Methods: Total phenol, antioxidant activity measured as 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, total protein, and vitamins were estimated in milk samples by spectrophotometric methods. Milk protein profiles were studied by sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results: Total phenol, antioxidant activity, and total protein were higher in indigenous hill cattle skim milk. Average protein content in raw skimmed milk was 1.33±0.01, 1.03±0.02, 0.76±0.05, and 0.81±0.01%, in indigenous hill cattle, Jersey crossbred cattle, non-Gaddi goat, and Gaddi goat, respectively. Three proteins of 19.01, 22.08, and 32.96 kDa were observed in Gaddi goat, but not in non-Gaddi goat skim milk. Furthermore, the above proteins were absent in cattle skim milk. Two proteins of 15.56 and 25.06 kDa were found in local hill and crossbred cattle skimmed milk, but were absent in goat skimmed milk. Vitamin C content was the lowest in Gaddi goat milk and the highest in Jersey crossbred cattle milk.

Conclusion: It is envisaged that bioactive metabolites in the milk of Gaddi goats and hill cattle might offer anti-aging and beneficial health effects.

Keywords: antioxidants, Gaddi goats, hill cattle, milk proteins, skim milk, sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.