Genetic polymorphism of prolactin and nitric oxide synthase in Holstein cattle

Research (Published online: 27-01-2023)

20. Genetic polymorphism of prolactin and nitric oxide synthase in Holstein cattle

Indira Saltanovna Beishova, Alena Valentinovna Belaya, Yusupzhan Artykovich Yuldashbayev, Gulzhagan Dzhambulovna Chuzhebayeva, Vadim Alexandrovich Ulyanov, Tatyana Vladimirovna Ulyanova, Alexandr Mikhailovich Kovalchuk, Ulbolsyn Zhangaziyevna Kuzhebayeva, and Aidar Myrzahmetuly Namet

Veterinary World, 16(1): 161-167

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bacterial and viral infections affect the welfare of animals and lead to large economic losses in dairy cattle breeding due to decreased productive indicators and increased culling rates. In modern dairy farming, farmers are looking for effective solutions to prevent and minimize infectious disease risks. To this end, the most relevant study field is the search for gene sites that impact production and health. This study aimed to determine the nature of the distribution of the relative frequencies of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic prolactin (PRL) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in Holstein cows and identify the relationship of these genes with resistance to mastitis and bovine leukemia.

Materials and Methods: For this study, we chose cows because infectious diseases affect the amount of lactation and milk quality. Holstein cattle with mastitis and bovine leukemia were selected. Animal genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The results were analyzed using a nonparametric statistical method using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 6.0.

Results: In healthy animals, 94 genotypes were identified for both genes under study. For bPRL, bPRL-RsaIAA (72) was the most common genotype and bPRL-RsaIBB (4) the least; for NOS2, bNOS2-HinfIAB (47) was the most common genotype and bNOS2-HinfIAA the least (21). In animals with leukemia, 34 genotypes were identified. For PRL, bPRL-RsaIAA (25) was the most common genotype and bPRL-RsaIBB (2) the least; for NOS2, bNOS2-HinfIBB (17) was the most common genotype and bNOS2-HinfIAA (3) the least. In animals with mastitis, 67 genotypes were identified. For PRL, bPRL-RsaIAA (43) was the most common genotype and bPRL-RsaIBB (6) the least; for NOS2, bNOS2-HinfIBB (31) was the most common genotype and bNOS2-HinfIAA (7) the least. The distribution of genotypes of polymorphic bPRL and bNOS2 generally coincides, and bPRL-RsaIBB is the most common genotype. In groups of sick animals, the number of bNOS2-HinfIAA homozygotes was lower than that of the control group. In particular, the proportion of animals with the bNOS2-HinfIAA genotype with bovine leukemia was 8.7% and with mastitis was 10.3% compared with 22.4% in healthy animals. These data support the possible association of the bNOS2-HinfIAA genotype with resistance to infection. The frequency of the bPRL-RsaIB allele was higher in groups of sick animals. This allele is associated with increased milk productivity, suggesting that highly productive animals are less resistant to the incidence of viral bovine leukemia and mastitis of bacterial etiology.

Conclusion: DNA amplification of Holstein cattle for the polymorphic regions of PRL and NOS2 using the PCR-RFLP method revealed a possible connection between the distribution of relative allele frequencies of bPRL and bNOS2 and resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Thus, in groups of sick animals, the frequency of bPRL-RsaIBB, associated with increased milk production compared with the theoretically calculated equilibrium value was higher and the number of homozygotes bNOS2-HinfIAA was lower than in the control group. In conclusion, animals with increased milk production were more prone to diseases, such as mastitis and bovine leukemia.

Keywords: bovine leukemia, cattle, Holstein breed, mastitis, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, polymorphism.

The first study on urinary loss of iron and transferrin in association with proteinuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Research (Published online: 26-01-2023)

19. The first study on urinary loss of iron and transferrin in association with proteinuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Nawat Sannamwong, Chollada Buranakarl, Saikaew Sutayatram, Monkon Trisiriroj, and Thasinas Dissayabutra

Veterinary World, 16(1): 154-160

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Anemia is an important factor in surviving chronic kidney disease (CKD). Anemia in CKD is associated with various factors, such as inadequate production of erythropoietin and the availability of iron and its binding protein. Reduced total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and iron concentrations may be related to their urinary loss along with proteinuria. This study aimed to determine the urinary loss of iron and transferrin (TF) in relation to the degree of proteinuria.

Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 37 dogs with CKD. Dogs were divided according to the severity of proteinuria into two groups based on the mean of urinary protein–creatinine (UPC) ratio into UPC ratio <4 and UPC ratio >4. The hematocrit (HCT), blood chemistries, plasma iron, plasma TF, UPC ratio, urinary iron per creatinine ratio (U-Iron/ CR), and urinary TF per creatinine ratio (U-TF/CR) were evaluated.

Results: Anemia was associated with the severity of renal impairment as demonstrated by reduction of HCT when staging of CKD was higher. Dogs with UPC ratio >4 had higher urinary loss of both U-Iron/CR (p < 0.01) and U-TF/CR (p < 0.001) with lower plasma TIBC (p < 0.001). The UPC ratio was positively correlated with both U-Iron/CR (r = 0.710, p < 0.001) and U-TF/CR (r = 0.730, p < 0.001) but negatively with TIBC (r = –0.462, p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Proteinuria was associated with urinary loss of both iron and TF which may contribute to anemia in CKD.

Keywords: dog, iron, proteinuria, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin.

Molecular genotyping reveals mixed bovine and human trypanosomiasis in cattle from West Africa

Research (Published online: 23-01-2023)

18. Molecular genotyping reveals mixed bovine and human trypanosomiasis in cattle from West Africa

Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji, Jessica L. Metelski, Anastasia Grytsay, Jacob Soulas, Mabel O. Akinyemi, and Bolaji N. Thomas

Veterinary World, 16(1): 149-153

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Animal trypanosomiasis is a major contributor to agricultural and economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We have shown that some animal species expressed genes that are significant players in immune response to bovine trypanosomosis, impeding signs and symptoms of the disease. We hypothesize that such animals are contributors to disease transmission dynamics and severe outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain trypanosome species diversity in cattle and their potential role as reservoirs for the transmission of human disease.

Materials and Methods: We performed a molecular genotyping of trypanosome internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and 18S ribosomal RNA genes on genomic DNA extracts from randomly sampled N'Dama cattle from slaughterhouses in Nigeria. We identified trypanosome species circulating among the animals through polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing. We performed multiple sequence alignments as well as conducted a phylogenetic relationship between identified species.

Results: In all, 9 of 127 (7.1%) samples were positively amplified (band sizes ranging from 250 bp to 710 bp), including an isolate with two distinct bands (700 and 710 bp), indicating two trypanosome types. Sequence similarity and homology analysis identified four species, namely: Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense forest type, T. congolense savannah type, and Trypanosoma brucei. Interestingly, one of the bands, additionally verified by nucleotide sequencing, was identified as a human trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), confirming our hypothesis that cattle are potential reservoir hosts for human trypanosomes.

Conclusion: Overall, we observed different trypanosome species in our study area, with animals on the same farm infected with multiple species, which could complicate treatment and disease control strategies. Finding human trypanosome species strengthens the argument that disease transmission dynamics are modulated by other vertebrates, further complicating control programs.

Keywords: Africa, animal, genotyping, internal transcribed spacer, trypanosome.

Efficacy validation of a low-cost handmade simulator (SIMCA-COW) in palpation, ultrasonography evaluation, and artificial insemination in cows

Research (Published online: 23-01-2023)

17. Efficacy validation of a low-cost handmade simulator (SIMCA-COW) in palpation, ultrasonography evaluation, and artificial insemination in cows

Carolina Balão da Silva and Elvira Matilla Pinto

Veterinary World, 16(1): 144-148

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Using simulators in high education enables practical training by repetition in circumstances close to reality reducing the stress of both animal and operator. The limited resources of veterinary schools, the increase in the number of students in lecture halls, and the low availability of animals for teaching due to welfare regulations, reduce teaching opportunities with live animals being simulator as the better alternative. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a low-cost handmade simulator (SIMCA-COW) in eight veterinary students inexperienced in palpation, ultrasonography evaluation, and artificial insemination in cows.

Materials and Methods: Two sets of exercises were carried out: structure localization by rectal palpation and ultrasonography were evaluated by the inexpert veterinary students in the SIMCA-COW simulator. Also, evaluated the length of time to insert the insemination catheter through the cervix in the inert simulator during four sessions.

Results: All the students were able to palpate both structures and to locate the body and both uterine horns by ultrasonography. Cervix and follicles were located by 5/8 (62.5%) students and 3/8 (37.5%) students found the corpus luteum by ultrasonography. A reduction in time span between the first and fourth intrauterine insemination attempts was observed (8.26 ± 2.7 vs. 3.69 ± 1.7; mean ± standard error; p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The simulator validated in this study (SIMCA-COW) allows training and learning by repetition, saving the limitations found in live animal practice.

Keywords: artificial insemination, bovine rectal palpation, simulator, ultrasonographic evaluation.

Comparison of topical 0.03% tacrolimus and homologous injectable platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs

Research (Published online: 21-01-2023)

16. Comparison of topical 0.03% tacrolimus and homologous injectable platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs

Giovana José Garcia Estanho, João Victor Goulart Consoni Passareli, Letícia da Silva Pando, Daniel Espinhosa Vieira, Gisele Alborghetti Nai, Cecília Laposy Santarém, and Silvia Franco Andrade

Veterinary World, 16(1): 134-143

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is predominantly an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory ocular disease that is commonly diagnosed in dogs. This study aimed to compare the conventional use of topical immunosuppressant tacrolimus 0.03% eye drops and a new therapy injectable homologous platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) into the third eyelid gland and inferior and superior palpebral conjunctiva of dogs with KCS.

Materials and Methods: A total of 66 eyes from 33 dogs were evaluated. The eyes were divided into three equal groups: Negative control group, tacrolimus group (TG), and homologous platelet-rich plasma group (HPRPG). The animals were evaluated using the Schirmer's tear test-1 (STT-1), osmolarity test (OT), strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film break-up test (TBUT), fluorescein test, lissamine green test (LGT), and cytological and histopathological analyses.

Results: In TG, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the STT-1 and SMT values, and goblet cell count in the palpebral conjunctiva by the end of the study. In HPRPG, 36% (four dogs) received three applications, 55% (six dogs) received two applications, and 9% (one dog) received one application before the initial ocular signs improved. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of the palpebral conjunctiva in HPRPG than in TG. Both groups showed equivalent improvements in TBUT, OT, and LGT values.

Conclusion: Tacrolimus 0.03% eye drops were more efficient than HPRP in increasing tear production and the number of goblet cells. However, injectable HPRP was more efficient than tacrolimus in decreasing the number of conjunctival inflammatory cells. Treatment with injectable HPRP requires an average of two to three applications, is safe and feasible, and can be used as a cheaper alternative or as an adjuvant to conventional treatment with topical immunosuppressants.

Keywords: dogs, homologous platelet-rich plasma, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, tacrolimus 0.03%.

Dairy farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the brucellosis surveillance and control program in Bogor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 19-01-2023)

15. Dairy farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the brucellosis surveillance and control program in Bogor, Indonesia

Heris Kustiningsih, Etih Sudarnika, Chaerul Basri, and Mirnawati Sudarwanto

Veterinary World, 16(1): 126-133

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease that affects people's health and the economy in most countries. Brucellosis is still prevalent in several Indonesian regions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers in Bogor District in supporting brucellosis control and surveillance programs.

Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Data were collected through interviews with 151 dairy farmers in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome is brucellosis surveillance and control practice among dairy farmers, and the variables include individual characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward brucellosis surveillance and control. Descriptive analysis and path analysis were used in statistical analysis.

Results: The majority of farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices were moderate, with the percentages 67.55%, 60.92%, and 41.72% respectively. Formal education, training, and dairy rising length are variables that have a direct and significant impact on knowledge level. Knowledge is the variable that influences the overall level of attitude. Age, knowledge, and attitude are factors that influence the practice of brucellosis surveillance and control.

Conclusion: Although the practice level of brucellosis surveillance and control for dairy farmers in Bogor Regency is moderate, efforts to improve it are still required. The basic effort is critical for increasing farmers' knowledge.

Keywords: brucellosis control, dairy cattle, knowledge, surveillance.

First meta-analysis study of cholinesterase inhibition in experimental animals by organophosphate or carbamate insecticides under the influence of diphenhydramine

Research (Published online: 16-01-2023)

14. First meta-analysis study of cholinesterase inhibition in experimental animals by organophosphate or carbamate insecticides under the influence of diphenhydramine

Fouad K. Mohammad, Hishyar M. S. Garmavy, Ammar A. Mohammed, and Hussein M. Rashid

Veterinary World, 16(1): 118-125

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Diphenhydramine is an H1-antihistamine that counteracts the toxic effects of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of diphenhydramine on ChE inhibition induced by these insecticides in the plasma, erythrocytes, or whole brain of experimental animals.

Materials and Methods: A data search was performed on erythrocyte, plasma, and brain ChE inhibition caused by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in experimental animals (mice, rats, and chicks) treated with the antihistamine diphenhydramine in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, which was done by the two-group random-effects model meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 18 records extracted from six studies that appeared from 1996 to 2022.

Results: Using the random-effects model, a two-group meta-analysis revealed that the combined effect size (ChE inhibition) was significantly more favorable in the control group than in the diphenhydramine intervention, as shown by a forest plot. The combined effect size (standardized mean difference) was 0.67, with a standard error of 0.3, a lower limit of 0.04, and an upper limit of 1.29 (p = 0.025). The heterogeneity was moderate, as I2 of the combined effect size was 74%, with a significant Cochrane Q-test result (Q = 65, p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis indicated that, with brain ChE inhibition, the heterogeneity (I2) became 5%, which was lower than ChE inhibition in plasma (84%) and erythrocytes (78%). No publication bias was identified using the funnel plot and Egger's test.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that, in addition to its documented antidotal action against ChE-inhibiting insecticides, diphenhydramine can also reduce the extent of ChE inhibition, especially in the brain, which is the main site of toxicity of these insecticides. There is a need for additional studies to assess such enzyme inhibition in different parts of the brain.

Keywords: acetylcholinesterase, antihistamine, carbaryl, dichlorvos, meta-analysis, methomyl.