Effect of honey bee venom on the histological changes of testes and hormonal disturbance in diabetic mice

Research (Published online: 30-09-2022)

30. Effect of honey bee venom on the histological changes of testes and hormonal disturbance in diabetic mice

Sattar J. J. AL-Shaeli, Talal Jabal Hussen, and Ali M. Ethaeb

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2357-2364

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia associated with hyper- or hypo-insulinemia is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is firmly linked to decreased male infertility. Recently, bee venom (BV) has shown potential health prosperities, including antidiabetic; however, no study focuses on the effect of BV on male fertility in diabetic conditions. This study aimed to detect the effect of BV on histological and hormonal alteration of the testis in diabetic mice.

Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male mice were selected and assigned to four groups: Control, diabetic (150 mg/kg alloxan), BV1 (diabetic + 0.5 mg/kg BV), and BV2 (diabetic + 1 mg/kg BV). After 35 days, the serum levels of glucose, insulin, testosterone, follicular-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin were estimated. The histological structure of the testes was also evaluated.

Results: Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and decreased insulin concentrations were reversed significantly by BV. Furthermore, diabetic mice exhibited various alterations in fertility hormones, while these disturbances were improved considerably to normal concentrations by BV. Similarly, alloxan-induced changes in sperm and testis histological parameters such as motility, viability, abnormality, sperm count, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells were significantly ameliorated to the normal condition by BV. Changes in the number, size, and shape of seminiferous tubules, the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and initial degeneration and vacuolization in interstitial cells and spermatogonia and spermatocyte were seen in diabetic mice. All these changes were shifted almost to normal structure by BV.

Conclusion: The BV could be used as an alternative therapeutic agent that manages the markers related to diabetic conditions concomitant with the improved histological structure of the testes and hormone production to accelerate male fertility.

Keywords: diabetic mice, hyperglycemia, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia.

Impact of hygiene and sanitation in ruminant slaughterhouses on the bacterial contamination of meat in Central Java Province, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 30-09-2022)

29. Impact of hygiene and sanitation in ruminant slaughterhouses on the bacterial contamination of meat in Central Java Province, Indonesia

Edy Dharma, Haryono Haryono, Aldi Salman, Pangesti Rahayu, and Widagdo Sri Nugroho

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2348-2356

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ruminant slaughterhouse is one of the food-producing units to meet the protein demand of the people in Central Java. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of sanitation and hygiene in ruminant slaughterhouses in Central Java based on their veterinary control number (NKV) certification and the microbiological quality of the meat produced.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from September 2021 to December 2021. Thirty-three priority slaughterhouses, representing 33 districts/cities in Central Java Province, were assessed for their hygiene and sanitation practices according to the NKV criteria mandated by The Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 11/2020 on NKV Certification for Animal Production Unit. Sixty-six meat samples from these slaughterhouses were obtained for microbiological analysis. The total plate count (TPC), counts of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the presence of Salmonella spp. were determined. The microbiological tests followed the standard national testing procedure according to the Indonesian National Standard 2897:2008 on Method of Analysis for Microbiological Contaminants in Meat, Eggs, Milk, and its derived products.

Results: The sanitation hygiene assessment of the 33 slaughterhouses showed that seven (21.2%) met the NKV criteria level 3, while the others did not. The average TPC of the meat samples was 1.57 × 105 CFU/g (4.93 log10), the S. aureus count was 7.6 CFU/g, and the E. coli count was 9.2 most probable number/g. Only one sample (1.50%) tested positive for Salmonella spp. A comprehensive assessment comparing the NKV criteria with the level of meat contamination showed that the ruminant slaughterhouses that satisfied the NKV criteria had more meat samples (85.71%), on average, that complied with the Indonesian National Standard for microbial contamination compared with those that did not satisfy the NKV criteria (69.23%). The odds ratio was 2.67.

Conclusion: Most of the priority ruminant slaughterhouses in Central Java did not meet the NKV standards. The research only looks at the level of hygiene sanitation according to NKV standards in slaughterhouses, the level of contamination produced does not reflect the level of the consumer; therefore, the level of contamination should continue to be investigated at the post-production stage.

Keywords: bacterial contamination, hygiene sanitation, meat, slaughterhouse.

Quality control procedure for Coccidial vaccines versus different routes of immunization

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

28. Quality control procedure for Coccidial vaccines versus different routes of immunization

Arwa Elnaggar, Hala Mahmoud, and Sahar Saber

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2342-2347

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Coccidiosis is an enteric infection caused by a protozoon (Eimeria tenella). Coccidiosis is known to have a negative impact on the economy. Coccidiosis is controlled using anticoccidial drugs, antibiotics, and vaccines. Various coccidial vaccines differ in application technique, attenuation method, and the species used. Coccidial vaccines can be spray or gel-based (Form). This study aimed to compare the effect of application and approaches between spray and gel vaccines for coccidiosis.

Materials and Methods: Specific pathogen-free chicks were vaccinated with different vaccines. Fecal samples were taken on 21 days post-vaccination for vaccine take, and then a challenge test was done on day 21.

Results: Post-vaccination oocyst counts in gel vaccinated groups were more than the spray vaccinated ones as it recorded (1400 and 2200) oocyst/g, but the gel vaccines resulted in lower post vaccinal titer which was (10000 and 12500) oocyst/g. Results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction test post-vaccination were (23.72, 20.29) cycle threshold (CT) for spray vaccines and (18.75, 17.62) CT for gel vaccinated group. By challenging all the experimental groups, the microscopic and macroscopic lesion of gel vaccines resulted in score 1, while spray vaccines groups recorded score 2 and the control non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed score 4. The non-vaccinated/non-challenged group recorded a score of zero.

Conclusion: These results can help poultry producers to decide which delivery system will provide the best results for their production system. The gel vaccines showed a better protection rate and lower shedding, which means more protection of birds and public health.

Keywords: coccidia, Eimeria tenella, anticoccidial drugs and vaccinations, spray.

Effectiveness of Indonesian house dust mite allergenic extract in triggering allergic rhinitis sensitivity in a mouse model: A preliminary study

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

27. Effectiveness of Indonesian house dust mite allergenic extract in triggering allergic rhinitis sensitivity in a mouse model: A preliminary study

Yusuf Alif Pratama, Fakhriyah Dinina, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, Winda Fatma Sari, Chrismawan Ardianto, and Junaidi Khotib

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2333-2341

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease, with inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E in the nasal mucosa caused by house dust mites. Recently, allergen immunotherapy showed promising allergic healing in patients with a definite history of sensitization. Based on this finding, a product was developed using Indonesian house dust mite (IHDM). This study aimed to optimize the allergenic rhinitis mouse model that was generated using IHDM to test the in vivo sensitivity and safety of this product.

Materials and Methods: Seven groups of mice were used for effectiveness testing – normal, negative control with IHDM challenge, positive control with 0.1% histamine challenge, and AR group by both IHDM-induced sensitization at 12.5, 50, 250, or 500 μg and IHDM challenge. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of IHDM once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Thereafter, the challenge was given intranasally 5 times on alternate days. The number of nose rubbing and sneezing was noted. Eosinophil infiltration was assessed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA in the nasal mucosa was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The induction of AR with IHDM significantly increased the number of nose rubbing and sneezing in the mouse model. Eosinophil infiltration was observed in the nasal mucosa; however, no significant change occurred in the expression of IL-5 mRNA.

Conclusion: Overall, these data indicate that IHDM allergenic extract could be an effective sensitizing agent in a mouse model of AR. Although the use of IHDM is a limitation of this study because other sources of house dust mites might have different effects, this study provides a proper model for immunotherapy effectivity testing for in vivo pre-clinical studies.

Keywords: allergen immunotherapy, allergic healing, allergic rhinitis, Indonesian house dust mites, neglected disease.

Enhancement of curcumin level and hepatoprotective effect in rats through antioxidant activity following modification into nanosized particles

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

26. Enhancement of curcumin level and hepatoprotective effect in rats through antioxidant activity following modification into nanosized particles

Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami, Rika Sari Dewi, Sondang Khairani, and Raka Nitya Agasti Putri

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2323-2332

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Developing curcumin into nanosized particles is one of the approaches to overcome the limited use of curcumin. This study aimed to prepare curcumin into nanosized particles to increase the curcumin level in the rat's liver and hepatoprotective effect in rats.

Materials and Methods: Curcumin into nanosized particles formulated using ionic gelation method. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): Normal, negative, curcumin, and curcumin modified into nanosized particles were treated with 100 mg/ kg body weight orally for 14 days. Hepatic curcumin level was investigated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, antioxidant activity by malondialdehyde (MDA), and hepatoprotective effect by aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and histopathology.

Results: The curcumin level in the rat's liver in the curcumin group was 12.19 ng/mL, and that in those receiving modified into nanosized curcumin was 209.36 ng/mL. The MDA levels in the normal, negative, curcumin, and curcumin modified into nanosized particles groups were 1.88, 4.87, 3.38, and 1.04 nmol/L, respectively. The AST levels in these groups were 57.12, 130.00, 102.13, and 74.28 IU/L, and the ALT levels were 21.63, 61.97, 39.38, and 28.55 IU/L. The liver histopathology scoring showed that curcumin in nanosized particles was better than curcumin in degeneration of fat, lymphocyte infiltration, and necrosis.

Conclusion: There was a 17 times increase in curcumin level in the liver of rats treated with curcumin modified into nanosized particles. Curcumin modified into nanosized particles showed more significant improvement as antioxidant and hepatoprotector than curcumin.

Keywords: antioxidant, curcumin modified into nanosized particles, hepatoprotective.

Antibacterial effects of oak bark (Quercus robur) and heather herb (Calluna vulgaris L.) extracts against the causative bacteria of bovine mastitis

Research (Published online: 28-09-2022)

25. Antibacterial effects of oak bark (Quercus robur) and heather herb (Calluna vulgaris L.) extracts against the causative bacteria of bovine mastitis

Renāte Šukele, Ingus Skadiņš, Rudīte Koka, and Dace Bandere

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2315-2322

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine mastitis has a negative impact on animals, and improper antibiotic use has caused an increase in bacterial resistance. Therefore, medicinal plants could serve as an alternative treatment for this condition. Polyphenols have potential as antibiotic agents. Oak bark has long been used as a medicine and has shown antibacterial effects. Moreover, research on heather plant demonstrated that it has antibacterial properties. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial effects of oak (Quercus robur) bark and heather (Calluna vulgaris L.) herb extracts against common bovine mastitis pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Dried oak bark and heather herb were used to prepare extracts using 30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol and acetone as solvents. Their polyphenol content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Bovine mastitis-inducing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Serratia liquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, and reference cultures of S. aureus and E. coli were used for antibacterial tests. All extracts were screened through a disk diffusion test to ascertain their antibacterial effects, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the most effective extracts.

Results: Oak bark extracts had variable antibacterial effects against S. aureus and Streptococcus strains, but no statistically significant difference was observed in activity against E. coli. The disk diffusion test showed that the oak bark extracts obtained using acetone and ethanol at 30% yielded the best results. However, the 70% acetone oak extract alone affected all types of bacteria. Further antibacterial tests of 70% acetone and 30% ethanol oak extracts revealed that the lowest MIC and MBC scores were against S. aureus strains and E. coli reference cultures. Conversely, the heather herb extracts exhibited broader activity against all types of bacteria, although better results were observed against Gram-positive bacteria. There was also a negative correlation between solvent concentration and antibacterial effect (p < 0.05, r = –0.507). The highest inhibition zone scores and broadest spectrum were observed in samples prepared in 30% ethanol. There was no statistically significant correlation between the phenolic content of plants and their antibacterial effects.

Conclusion: Oak bark and heather extracts could be used as potential antibacterial agents against bovine mastitis pathogens.

Keywords: antibacterial, bovine mastitis, Escherichia coli, heather herb, in vitro, oak bark, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus.

Molecular detection and dense granule antigen 6 genotyping of feline Toxoplasma gondii in Phayao, Thailand

Research (Published online: 26-09-2022)

24. Molecular detection and dense granule antigen 6 genotyping of feline Toxoplasma gondii in Phayao, Thailand

Chittakun Suwancharoen, Chorpaka Phuangsri, Khanuengnij Prakhammin, and Ornampai Japa

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2309-2314

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Globally, toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic parasite infection of many warm-blooded animals (including humans). Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are widespread, and their contamination can be primarily attributed to the members of the Felidae family. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and determine the dense granule antigen 6 (GRA6) genotype of T. gondii among domestic cats in the Phayao Province, Thailand.

Materials and Methods: A total of 124 fecal samples were collected from owned cats in the Muang district, Phayao, Thailand, from January to December 2020. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA using targeted B1 gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and positive samples were subsequently analyzed for their T. gondii genotype through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and sequencing of the GRA6 gene.

Results: Among the 124 samples, 46 (37.1%) were tested positive for T. gondii. Only 10 positive DNA samples were successfully amplified for the GRA6 marker. Subsequent PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses indicated that all T. gondii isolates from cats in Phayao belonged to GRA6 genotype I.

Conclusion: Data revealed that toxoplasmosis is remarkably distributed among (studied) domestic cats in Phayao, Thailand. Moreover, the virulent GRA6 allele was found to be circulated among domestic cats in this area. However, no significant correlation was observed between infection rates and different risk factors, which indicated that pet cats of any age, gender, or breed have similar risks of being infected with T. gondii. Our results further suggested that infective oocysts of T. gondii are widely distributed and that environmental contamination with these oocysts will introduce more risks of disease transmission to humans and other animals.

Keywords: domestic cats, genotype, granule antigen 6, Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis.