Prevalence, resistance to antimicrobials, and antibiotypes of Arcobacter species recovered from retail meat in Wasit marketplaces in Iraq

Research (Published online: 30-06-2021)

18. Prevalence, resistance to antimicrobials, and antibiotypes of Arcobacter species recovered from retail meat in Wasit marketplaces in Iraq

Manal H. G. Kanaan

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 142-150

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Arcobacter is a food-borne pathogen associated with human and animal infections. In Iraq, these infections and their adverse effects on public health have not been well investigated. For this reason, as well as to submit data on the resistance to antimicrobials and antibiotypes of the Arcobacter spp. and their occurrence in retail meat in the Wasit marketplaces, this study was undertaken.

Materials and Methods: A total of 83 samples of fresh raw (n=35) and chilled meat (n=48) were purchased randomly from marketplaces in various regions of the Wasit Governorate. Bacterial detection was conducted using cultural methods, biochemical analysis, and the Oxoid Biomedical Identification System Campy. Confirmation of these bacteria at the species level was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. Susceptibility of the Arcobacter spp. to antimicrobials was investigated in 11 isolates comprising Arcobacter butzleri (n=9) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (n=2) using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method.

Results: A total of 32 (38.6%) of the 83 fresh raw and chilled meat samples tested positive for Arcobacter spp.; of those, 27 (84.4%) and 5 (15.6%) were recognized as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively. Maximum resistance was perceived, respectively, to tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin (90.9%, 81.8%, and 81.8%, respectively). In contrast, a low resistance rate against fluoroquinolones up to 9.09% was found. Antibiograms of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates yielded ten antibiotypes. The vast majority of the isolates (90.91%) were resistant to no fewer than three classes of antimicrobials, and 27.3% of these showed resistance to six antibiotics. A total of 91% of the analyzed isolates had a multiple antibiotic resistance index score between 0.27 and 0.73.

Conclusion: Our outcomes demonstrated that retail meat can be a prospective vehicle for pathogenic Arcobacter, making these products a possible risk to human health. Our outcomes postulate that the contamination of retail meats by pathogenic Arcobacter is a global public health concern, particularly with the growing resistance to life-saving drugs, and emphasizes consumer understanding about the quality and safety of these products. To achieve healthy food products, good management practices, and successful control approaches must be implemented across the entire food chain, not only to protect consumers from these contaminants but also to minimize the risk of drug resistance.

Keywords: antibiotypes, Arcobacter, cattle meat, chicken meat, multidrug resistance.

Changes in tear protein profile in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca following topical treatment using cyclosporine A

Research (Published online: 30-06-2021)

38. Changes in tear protein profile in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca following topical treatment using cyclosporine A

Metita Sussadee, Rucksak Rucksaken, Phattara-Orn Havanapan, Onrapak Reamtong and Aree Thayananuphat

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1711-1717

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a chronic inflammatory ocular disease that occurs in many dog breeds worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the tear protein pattern of healthy dogs, KCS dogs, and KCS dogs after treatment with cyclosporine A (CsA).

Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight dogs of any breed were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups: Healthy, KCS, and CsA-treated dogs. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer strips. Tear proteins extracted from the strips were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis. For the first dimension, total protein from tears was separated by isoelectric focusing. The second dimension was performed using 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gel images were analyzed and the protein spots of differential expression were manually cut for protein annotation using mass spectrometry.

Results: In total, 12 protein spots were excised and subjected to protein identification. Associated with KCS, six protein spots were a downregulated protein, namely, lysozyme. The other six protein spots were upregulated in KCS dogs, consisting of heat shock protein beta-1, protein S100-A12, and keratin type II cytoskeletal 1 and 5. After treatment with CsA for 45 days, the lysozyme protein was still decreasing and the inflammation protein (S100-A12) was not identified.

Conclusion: Inflammatory tear proteins and proteins involved in cellular stress were present in KCS dogs and appeared to be reduced in medicated eyes. Treatment with topical CsA in the short term may not improve the activity of antibacterial proteins. Changes in the expression patterns of these four proteins might be useful for disease severity and progression assessment, as well as for exploring a novel method for dry eye management in dogs.

Keywords: cyclosporine, dog, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, proteomic, tear protein.

Moderations in performance, immunity, tissue architecture, and vaccine viability induced by water magnetization in broiler farms

Research (Published online: 30-06-2021)

37. Moderations in performance, immunity, tissue architecture, and vaccine viability induced by water magnetization in broiler farms

Essam S. Soliman, Rania T. Hamad and Rania A. Hassan

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1695-1710

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Water magnetization contributes to increased molecular ionization and fluidity, which improves biological activities. This study tests the influence of magnetic water on the viability of the Newcastle vaccine and the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as the influence of magnetic water in face of water impurities' challenges on performance, immunity, and tissue architecture in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: An in vitro 96-micro-well plate minimal inhibitory concentration was utilized to test the influence of water, saline, and magnetic water on Newcastle vaccine viability and E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium survival. The 245 experimental 1-day-old female Ross® 308 broilers used in this study were divided into seven groups of 35 birds each. Broilers were provided with magnetic drinking water (13,200 gausses) for 6 h daily from the 5th day and were challenged on days 14, 21, 28, and 35 using sodium chloride (700 mg/L), calcium sulfate (80 mg/L), lead acetate (500 mg/L), yeast extract 5% (5 mg/L), diazinon (2.5 mL/L), and E. coli O157:H7 (1.6 × 109 CFU/mL). A total of 2040 samples (96 diluent-Newcastle virus vaccine mixes, 96 microbial-magnetic water mixes, 231 sera, 231 intestinal swabs, and 1386 organ samples) were collected.

Results: An in vitro trial revealed highly significant (p<0.01) declines of 94.13%, 84.53%, and 10.31% in the Newcastle vaccine titer in water, saline, and magnetic water, respectively, and 54.91% and 39.89% in E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium survival, respectively, after 4 h. In all challenged groups, broilers exhibited highly significant (p<0.01) increases in performance, carcass/organs weight, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and Lactobacillus counts; significant improvement in tissue architecture and biochemical parameters; and highly significant (p<0.01) reductions in cortisol, superoxide dismutase, and total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts.

Conclusion: Magnetic water could maintain vaccine viability and vaccination efficiency, reduce microbial survival, and minimize the negative influence of all induced challenges.

Keywords: broilers, immunity, magnetic water, microbial survival, Newcastle vaccine viability, water impurities.

Correlation between antibody response against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in sows and their offspring under field conditions

Research (Published online: 29-06-2021)

36. Correlation between antibody response against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in sows and their offspring under field conditions

Prapassorn Boonsoongnern, Orawan Boodde, Wilairat Chumsing, Manakorn Sukmak, Pichai Jirawattanapong, Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn and Alongkot Boonsoongnern

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1689-1694

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Thai pig farmers have suffered huge financial losses from porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) since 2007. PED, caused by the PED virus (PEDV), leads to severe diarrhea, vomiting, and subsequent dehydration in suckling piglets. Lactogenic immunity derived from colostrum and milk is very important because immunoglobulins (Ig) cannot cross the placenta in pregnant sows. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological correlation of the sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios of IgA and IgG against PEDV between colostrum, sow serum, and their piglet serum.

Materials and Methods: A total of 43 sows were divided into three groups according to the experience of PEDV infection: Negative sow group (n=7) and treatment group (n=36, sows previously infected with PEDV). The treatment group was subdivided into two groups: Sows immunized with live-attenuated PEDV vaccine (n=15) and sows immunized with feedback (n=21) at 3 weeks before farrowing. The 7-day-old piglets (n=425) were obtained from negative sows (n=89), vaccinated sows (n=150), and feedback sows (n=275). Colostrum, sow serum, and their piglet serum were collected and analyzed for S/P ratios of their IgA and IgG levels against PEDV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The piglets from sows immunized with live-attenuated PEDV vaccine had a higher S/P ratio of IgG against PEDV (p<0.001), whereas the piglets from the feedback group had a higher S/P ratio of IgA against PEDV (p<0.001) compared with piglets from the negative sows. In addition, the S/P ratios of PEDV-specific IgA and IgG between sow serum and colostrum showed a positive correlation (Pearson's coefficient r=0.61 and 0.75, respectively). Both S/P ratios of PEDV-specific IgA and IgG in sow serum and colostrum had a positive correlation to those in piglet serum.

Conclusion: Overall, this study suggested that pregnant sows immunized with the live-attenuated vaccine against PEDV and feedback may provide maternal immunity against PEDV to their offspring.

Keywords: antibody response, correlation, piglet, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, sow.

Expression of recombinant 35 kDa fragment of VP2 protein of canine parvovirus using Escherichia coli expression system

Research (Published online: 29-06-2021)

35. Expression of recombinant 35 kDa fragment of VP2 protein of canine parvovirus using Escherichia coli expression system

Natnaree Inthong, Sarawan Kaewmongkol, Nattakan Meekhanon, Eukote Suwan, Wanat Sricharern, Khomson Satchasataporn, Rungthiwa Sinsiri, Kaitkanoke Sirinarumitr and Theerapol Sirinarumitr

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1682-1688

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common viral infections in dogs, causing acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and high mortality. Vaccination effectively prevents CPV infection. However, the currently available CPV vaccines have concerns such as maternal immunity interference, shedding of virus vaccine, and false-positive result based on polymerase chain reaction after vaccination. A subunit vaccine can overcome these problems. This study aimed to express the recombinant 35 kDa fragment of the VP2 protein (consisting of epitopes 1-7) and the recombinant full-length VP2 protein (consisting of epitopes 1-10) and to study the ability of these two recombinant proteins to react with rabbit anti-CPV polyclonal antibodies.

Materials and Methods: The full length and 35 kDa fragment of VP2 gene of CPV were cloned into the pBAD202 Directional TOPOTM expression vector and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant full-length and the recombinant 35 kDa fragment proteins of VP2 were analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting.

Results: The recombinant full-length and the recombinant 35 kDa fragment VP2 genes were successfully cloned and expressed. The optimum concentrations of arabinose and induction time for the recombinant full-length and the recombinant 35 kDa fragment VP2 proteins were 0.2% for 6 h and 0.02% for 6 h, respectively. The recombinant full-length and the recombinant 35 kDa fragment VP2 protein molecular weights were approximately 81 and 51 kDa, respectively. The recombinant full-length and the recombinant 35 kDa fragment VP2 proteins specifically interacted with rabbit anti-CPV polyclonal antibodies.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the recombinant 35 kDa fragment and the recombinant full-length VP2 proteins may be useful in developing a CPV diagnostic test or vaccine.

Keywords: canine parvoviruses, Escherichia coli expression system, recombinant protein, VP2 gene.

Trials for preparation and evaluation of a combined inactivated reassorted H5N1 and Escherichia coli O157 vaccine in poultry

Research (Published online: 28-06-2021)

34. Trials for preparation and evaluation of a combined inactivated reassorted H5N1 and Escherichia coli O157 vaccine in poultry

Marwa Fathy El Sayed, Reem A. Soliman, Heba Mohamed Ghanem, Marwa M.S. Khedr, Gina M. Mohamed and Mounir Mohamed Diab El Safty

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1677-1681

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Avian influenza (AI), which is one of the major respiratory diseases of poultry, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) have caused major economic losses around the world, including in Egypt. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to produce a vaccine from E. coli O157 and AI H5N1 formulated with Montanide ISA70 for the protection of poultry against both diseases.

Materials and Methods: We divided one hundred 3-week-old chicks into four groups: Group 1 was vaccinated with prepared inactivated AI H5N1formulated with Montanide ISA70, Group 2 was vaccinated with inactivated E. coli formulated with Montanide ISA70, Group 3 was vaccinated with combined E. coli and AI H5N1 formulated with Montanide ISA70, and Group 4 was an unvaccinated control group. We measured the immune response using the HI (hemagglutination inhibition) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the challenge test.

Results: We found the three vaccines to be safe and sterile during all periods of examination and observation. The HI test showed that Group 1 exhibited specific antibody titers of 2.3 log2, 4.3 log2, 7.5 log2, 7.8 log2, 8 log2, and 8.1 log2 from week 2 to week 7, respectively, post-vaccination. Group 3 exhibited antibody titers of 3.3 log2, 5.8 log2, 7.8 log2, 8 log2, 8.3 log2, and 8.3 log2 from week 2 to week 7, respectively, post-vaccination. The immune response in both groups reached a high titer at week 6. The combined inactivated E. coli and AI H5N1 vaccine generated a higher immune response than the inactivated AI H5N1 vaccine, and a significant difference exists between the two groups. For Groups 2 and 3, the ELISA antibody titer exhibited its lowest value, 1996.5 and 2036.7, respectively, at week 1 post-vaccination; whereas, both groups exhibited the highest titers, 2227.7 (for Group 2) and 2287.3 (for Group 3), in week 3 post-booster. The ELISA for the combined inactivated E. coli and AI H5N1 vaccine had a higher titer than did the inactivated E. coli vaccine, and a significant difference exists between the two groups. Moreover, the protection rate was higher in Group 3, with 100% for E. coli and 90% for the AI H5N1 vaccine.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that producing a combined vaccine using E. coli and AI H5N1 formulated with Montanide ISA70 is recommended for protection against both diseases.

Keywords: avian influenza (H5N1), Escherichia coli O157, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition test, Montanide ISA70.

Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia

Research (Published online: 28-06-2021)

33. Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia

Dyah Maharani, Fatmawati Mustofa, Aprilianna Putri Z. N. L. Sari, Akhmad Fathoni, Heru Sasongko and Dwi Nur Happy Hariyono

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1665-1676

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Understanding the phenotypic characteristics of indigenous livestock breeds is essential for their utilization and conservation. This study aimed to characterize indigenous chicken breeds in Indonesia based on phenotypic traits.

Materials and Methods: Data on eight qualitative and 12 quantitative traits were recorded for 250 chickens from six breeds: Black Kedu, Gaga, Merawang, Nunukan, Pelung, and Sentul. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance to test the effect of breed on observed traits. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted separately for each chicken breed. Data on quantitative traits were subjected to Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, which was computed to test the sampling adequacy and the pattern of correlation among the traits, and Bathlett's tests were used to assess the validity of the factor analysis of each of the datasets and determine whether the partial correlations among traits were small.

Results: We found considerable phenotypic variation in both qualitative and quantitative traits among indigenous chicken breeds. Multicolored plumage (96.40%), wild plumage (39.20%), gold feather flick (51.20%), yellow shank (36.80%), single comb (80.80%), red comb (94.80%), red earlobe (77.60%), and orange eyes (61.60%) were the most common features in the indigenous chickens. In addition, breed had a significant effect on all the quantitative traits that were analyzed (p<0.05). There were higher mean values for all quantitative traits for Pelung chickens than other chickens. In addition, the overall mean values for all quantitative traits in Merawang chicken were intermediate between Pelung chickens and Black Kedu, Gaga, and Nunukan chickens. The PCA showed two principal factors extracted that accounted for 77.80% and 78.38% of the total variance in the original variables for males and females, respectively.

Conclusion: In general, body weight and body measurements, except wattle length, were loaded in PC1 as the primary factors responsible for the variation. The phenotypic variation observed in indigenous chickens in Indonesia could provide valuable basic information for the design of selection and genetic improvement programs.

Keywords: indigenous chickens, phenotypic variation, qualitative traits, quantitative traits.