Effect of dietary tannins on the performance, lymphoid organ weight, and amino acid ileal digestibility of broiler chickens: A meta-analysis

Research (Published online: 01-06-2021)

1. Effect of dietary tannins on the performance, lymphoid organ weight, and amino acid ileal digestibility of broiler chickens: A meta-analysis

Cecep Hidayat, Agung Irawan, Anuraga Jayanegara, Muhammad Miftakhus Sholikin, Tri Rachmanto Prihambodo, Yulianri Rizki Yanza, Elizabeth Wina, Sadarman Sadarman, Rantan Krisnan and Isbandi Isbandi

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1405-1411

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Tannins are functional secondary metabolites that may provide benefits to ruminants. However, to date, their effects on broiler chickens remain inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary tannin levels on the performance, body organs, and amino acid (AA) digestibility of broiler chickens using a meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods: After verification and evaluation, a total of 22 articles were included in the present study. All data regarding dietary tannin dosages, performance, digestibility, and gastrointestinal physiology of broiler chickens were tabulated into a database. The database data were then statistically analyzed using mixed models, with tannin dose as a fixed effect and study as a random effect.

Results: High levels of dietary tannins negatively affected the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broiler chickens according to linear patterns (p<0.001). In addition, dietary tannins decreased drumstick and liver weights, as well as bursa of Fabricius and spleen weight (p<0.05). Meanwhile, other carcass traits (i.e., thigh, wings, and body fat) were not influenced by dietary tannins. Regarding AA digestibility, high dietary tannin concentrations induced negative responses on isoleucine, leucine, and methionine digestibility (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Dietary tannins appear to have a negative effect on broiler performance, lymphoid organ weight, and AA ileal digestibility. Hence, the addition of tannins to broiler diets is not recommended.

Keywords: amino acid ileal digestibility, broiler chicken, meta-analysis, tannin.

The combination of Elephantopus scaber and Sauropus androgynus promotes erythroid lineages and modulates follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in pregnant mice infected with Escherichia coli

Research (Published online: 31-05-2021)

43. The combination of Elephantopus scaber and Sauropus androgynus promotes erythroid lineages and modulates follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in pregnant mice infected with Escherichia coli

Muhammad Sasmito Djati, Yuyun Ika Christina and Muhaimin Rifa'i

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1398-1404

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli infection produces an adverse effect on the erythrocyte lineage and hormone levels during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynus (SA) in combination on circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and erythropoiesis changes in E. coli-infected pregnant mice.

Materials and Methods: Female Balb/c mice were mated with normal male mice and pregnancies were identified by the formation of vaginal plugs. Twenty-eight pregnant mice were divided randomly into seven groups: A control group (N), E. coli-infected pregnant mice (K+), and infected pregnant mice received the following five treatments: (1) Only ES; (2) ESSA1 (75:25); (3) ESSA2 (50:50); (4) ESSA3 (25:75); and (5) only SA, beginning from the 1st to the 16th day of pregnancy. Pregnant mice were infected with 107 CFU/mL of E. coli on day 4. Blood serum was collected on days 8, 12, and 16 of pregnancy and LH and FSH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow was isolated to determine the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ and TER-119+CD34+ using flow cytometry.

Results: The ESSA1 and SA groups exhibited a marked increase in LH levels. The combination of ES and SA administered at a 25:75 ratio (ESSA3) altered FSH levels and the relative number of TER-119+VLA4+ in infected pregnant mice. Combined with SA at an equal ratio (50:50), ESSA2 group exhibited a significant increase in the expression of TER119+CD34+ compared with the other treatment groups.

Conclusion: ES and SA combined at a ratio of 25:75 exhibited optimal results in altering hormonal and erythropoiesis in infected pregnant mice.

Keywords: Elephantopus scaber, erythropoiesis, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, Sauropus androgynus.

Genetic diversity among two native Indian chicken populations using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b DNA barcodes

Research (Published online: 30-05-2021)

42. Genetic diversity among two native Indian chicken populations using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b DNA barcodes

Ankit R. Dave, Dhaval F. Chaudhary, Pooja M. Mankad, Prakash G. Koringa and D. N. Rank

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1389-1397

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: India has large varieties (recognized, unrecognized) of native chickens (Desi) scattered throughout the country, managed under scavenging system different from commercial chicken breeds. However, they are less investigated for genetic diversity they harbor. The present study was planned to evaluate genetic diversity among two native chicken populations of North Gujarat (proposed Aravali breed) and South Gujarat (Ankleshwar breed). Aravali chicken, a distinct population with unique characters different from the registered chicken breeds of India is under process to be registered as a new chicken breed of Gujarat, India.

Materials and Methods: Two mitochondrial markers, namely, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX I) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were studied across 10 birds from each population. Methodology included sample collection (blood), DNA isolation (manual), polymerase chain reaction amplification of mitochondrial genes, Sanger sequencing, and purification followed by data analysis using various softwares.

Results: Haplotype analysis of the COX I gene unveiled a total eight and three haplotypes from the Aravali and Ankleshwar populations, respectively, with haplotype diversity (Hd) of 92.70 % for the Aravali and 34.50% for the Ankleshwar breed. Haplotype analysis of the Cyt b gene revealed a total of four haplotypes from the Aravali population with 60% Hd and no polymorphism in Ankleshwar breed. The phylogenetic analysis uncovered Red Jungle Fowl and Gray Jungle Fowl as prime roots for both populations and all domestic chicken breeds.

Conclusion: Study findings indicated high genetic variability in Aravali chicken populations with COX I mitochondrial marker being more informative for evaluating genetic diversity in chickens.

Keywords: Cytochrome b, Cytochrome oxidase, genetic diversity, mitochondrial DNA, phylogenetics, poultry.

The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Research (Published online: 30-05-2021)

41. The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

N. P. Ivanov, F. A. Bakiyeva, A. M. Namet, R. S. Sattarova, B. Zh. Issakulova and N. Zh. Akmyrzayev

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1380-1388

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus Moraxella bovis was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures.

Materials and Methods: We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis.

Results: We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic.

Conclusion: Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the Moraxella genus.

Keywords: distribution, epizootology, import of livestock, moraxellosis, pathogen.

Performance of Swarnadhara breeder hens supplemented with reduced levels of different copper forms

Research (Published online: 29-05-2021)

40. Performance of Swarnadhara breeder hens supplemented with reduced levels of different copper forms

Noor Aminullah, T. M. Prabhu, Jaya Naik, B. N. Suresh and H. C. Indresh

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1371-1379

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Copper (Cu) is a vital mineral involved in various physiological and biochemical processes, growth, and productivity of animals and birds. Birds can absorb only a small fraction of Cu and most is excreted, contaminating soil and aquatic environment which is toxic for microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans. This study evaluated the possibility of use of organic and nanoparticles sources of Cu to reduce supplementation level without compromising the performance of breeder hens.

Materials and Methods: A total of 224 Swarnadhara breeder hens were divided into seven treatment groups having four replicates in each. The basal diet (control) containing 20 ppm inorganic Cu (100% of standard recommendation) and six test diets containing 20, 15, and 10 ppm (100, 75, and 50% of standard recommendation) from Cu organic source, and 15, 10, and 5 ppm (75, 50, and 25%) from Cu nanoparticles (Cu-NP), were prepared and offered to respective treatment groups for a duration of 20 weeks.

Results: The hen day egg production, hen housed egg production, feed conversion ratio egg mass, albumen index, yolk index, total fat content, and color score were not affected by the source and inclusion level of Cu. The feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) lower at 15 ppm and egg weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 10 ppm Cu-NP supplemental level, but was non-significant in other treatment groups compared to control. The body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 20 ppm organic and 15 ppm Cu-NP inclusion. The egg shape index and Haugh unit were significantly (p<0.05) lower at 10 and 15 ppm of Cu-NP inclusion level, respectively. The shell thickness was improved (p<0.05) at 20 and 15 ppm organic and 15 and 10 ppm Cu-NP inclusion level. The egg fertility rate was shown to be significantly (p<0.05) higher at 20 ppm organic Cu inclusion group, but the hatchability based on total number of eggs set improved (p<0.05) at 20 and 15 ppm organic Cu inclusion level while all treatment groups were comparable to control. The hatchability of fertilized egg and chick's quality significantly (p<0.05) improved, while embryonic and chick mortality after hatching before-sorting was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 15 ppm of Cu-NP inclusion group.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the inorganic Cu can be replaced with 50% of organic or 25% of nanoparticles form of Cu without jeopardizing the breeder hens' productivity, egg quality characteristics, hatchability, and progeny.

Keywords: egg production, hatchability, nanoparticles, organic copper, poultry.

Genital lesions in cows naturally infected with trypanosomes in Abuja, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 29-05-2021)

39. Genital lesions in cows naturally infected with trypanosomes in Abuja, Nigeria

Kenneth Owoicho Abah, David Ogwu, Lushaikyaa Allam, Christopher Ese Obudu, Joy Iyojo Itodo and Nuhu Abdulazeez Sani

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1363-1370

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Different species of trypanosomes have been reported to cause varying degrees of reproductive disorders in pregnant and non-pregnant animals under experimental infections. Information on reproductive disorders and losses in animals naturally infected with trypanosome species are few. This study was carried out to assess the abnormalities in the genital organs (ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina) of female cattle naturally infected with trypanosomes in and around Abuja, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Cows showing signs such as emaciation, weakness, or anemia were selected and examined at Gwagwalada and Karu abattoirs, respectively. Venous blood samples were taken from 108 of such animals and screened using standard trypanosome detection methods. The genital organs were also collected and inspected for gross and histopathological lesions in the laboratory.

Results: Six (5.55%) out of the 108 animals were positive for trypanosomes; 4 (66.7%) were infected with Trypanosoma vivax and 2 (33.3%) were infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The mean packed cell volume of the infected animals was 22.83%. Grossly, congestion and ecchymotic hemorrhages were observed in the endometrium, myometrium, and cervical submucosa. Mucometra, hydrometra, and pyometra were also seen in the uterus. Histologically, necrosis of the epithelium and endometrial glands accompanied by mononuclear cellular infiltration was observed in the uterus. There was also sloughing of the endometrial epithelium, vascular congestion, and hypertrophy of serosa of the uterus. There was atropy of the granulosa cells, increased numbers of degenerating tertiary follicles, and absence of corpora lutea in the ovary. No gross or histopathological lesions were observed in the fallopian tube and vagina.

Conclusion: The lesions observed were restricted to the uterus and ovary of the animals and were less severe when compared to lesions observed under experimental conditions as reported by previous authors.

Keywords: Abuja, cow, genital organs, lesions, trypanosomosis.

Biochemical and histopathological changes related to the topical application of Aloe vera ointment for canine pyoderma

Research (Published online: 28-05-2021)

38. Biochemical and histopathological changes related to the topical application of Aloe vera ointment for canine pyoderma

Ali Arbaga, Amanallah El-Bahrawy, Ahmed Elsify, Hadeer Khaled, Hany Youssef Hassan and Ahmed Kamr

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1354-1362

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pyoderma is common in dogs, and its treatment requires a novel medication rather than antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to determine the biochemical and histopathological changes associated with the topical application of Aloe vera 20% and 40% ointments, compared with gentamicin 0.1% ointment, in dogs suffering from Staphylococcus aureus pyoderma.

Materials and Methods: Serum and skin samples were collected from a negative control group before inducing pyoderma and from other subdivided groups on the 3rd, 7th, 10th, and 14th days post-inoculation for biochemical and histopathology examination.

Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine concentrations were higher in the positive control dogs on the 3rd day without treatment (DWT) compared with the negative control dogs (p<0.05). Compared with the healthy control dogs, serum zinc concentrations were lower in the positive control group on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th DWT and in dogs treated with A. vera 20% and gentamicin 0.1% ointments on the 3rd and 7th days post-treatment (p<0.05). Grossly, skin had erythema, pruritus, and pus-filled pustules of the untreated group. Microscopically, skin showed epidermal necrosis and edema, dermal collagen necrosis, and severe neutrophilic infiltration.

Conclusion: Compared with A. vera 20% and gentamicin 0.1% ointments, the topical application of A. vera 40% ointmentinduced quicker skin healing and decreased the inflammatory changes caused by S. aureus inoculation, based on biochemical and histopathological changes reflective of its curative efficiency. A. vera 40% ointment may be a suitable alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs.

Keywords: Aloe vera biochemical and histopathology examination, gentamicin, pyoderma, Staphylococcus aureus.