Preferred and undesirable genotypes of bGH and bIGF-1 genes for the milk yield and quality of black-and-white breed

Research (Published online: 20-05-2021)

19. Preferred and undesirable genotypes of bGH and bIGF-1 genes for the milk yield and quality of black-and-white breed

Vadim Aleksandrovich Ulyanov, Bakhyt Zhanaidarovna Kubekova, Indira Saltanovna Beishova, Alena Valentinovna Belaya and Natalya Vladimirovna Papusha

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1202-1209

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The market demand for the quality of milk and dairy products, in particular in terms of such indicators as fat content, the amount and composition of milk protein, etc., is growing. Thus, the need for the selection of dairy herds using genetic markers associated with qualitative traits of milk productivity is becoming urgent. This study aimed to determine the preferred and undesirable genotypes of the AluI polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and SnaBI polymorphism of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene associated with milk productivity and quality indicators of the black-and-white breed. The genotypes of animals were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

Materials and Methods: Samples of the black-and-white breed from Kazakhstan served as the research subjects. The polymorphism of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 genes was determined by PCR-RFLP. The relationship of bGH-AluI and bIGF-1-SnaBI polymorphisms with productivity was assessed (fat, protein, and milk yield for 305 days of lactation, live weight, somatic cells, and milk production coefficient) by analysis of variance using Statistica 6.0 software.

Results: The black-and-white cows with the bGH-AluILV genotype had significantly higher milk yield in 305 days (3174.5±157.2 kg) than those with the bGH-AluILL (2940.0±152.6 kg) and bGH-AluIVV genotypes (2964.0±36.0; p<0.05). The milk fat content of cows with genotypes bGH-AluILV and bGH-AluILL (121.8±6.5 and 120.6±10.2, respectively) was significantly higher than those with bGH-AluIVV genotype (109.8±10.8; p<0.05). The black-and-white cows with the bGH-AluILV genotype (96.7±5.3) had significantly more milk protein than those with the bGH-AluILL (90.3±5.6) and bGH-AluIVV (86.9±4.6) genotypes (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the indicators of milk productivity of cows with different genotypes of bIGF-1-SnaBI polymorphism.

Conclusion: The results showed that the bGH-AluILV genotype was preferred for the black-and-white breed. The study demonstrated that genotype determined the relevant qualities, while the conditions of feeding, maintenance, and industrial technology provided the manifestation of this genotype. Thus, cows of the same (Wis Burke Ideal) line, having common ancestors in close (IV–V) ranks but living in different farming conditions, had large differences in milk productivity level. The variation was 2046 kg or 67.6% of milk per lactation.

Keywords: black and white breed, growth hormone gene, insulin-like growth factor-1 gene.

Antibiotic use in animal husbandry: A mixed-methods study among general community in Boyolali, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 19-05-2021)

15. Antibiotic use in animal husbandry: A mixed-methods study among general community in Boyolali, Indonesia

Hidayah Karuniawati, Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali, Wan Ismahanisa Ismail, Taufik Taufik and Sri Suryawati

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 122-127

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious problems worldwide. One predictive factor of increasing antibiotics resistance is the use of antibiotics in animals. This study aimed to explore the use of antibiotics for animal husbandry in a general community in Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted. Data were collected from 407 respondents using a questionnaire, followed by an in-depth interview in 12 respondents. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Results: Forty-two (10.32%) of 407 respondents used antibiotics for animal husbandry. Of these 42, >60% occasionally bought antibiotics from the pharmacy without prescription and 50% used their leftover antibiotics. Respondents also bought antibiotics from food stalls and animal feed shops. Tetracycline and amoxicillin were the most common antibiotics used for animal husbandry. The majority of respondents used antibiotics for therapeutic purposes and received information about using antibiotics for animal husbandry from friends and neighbors. Most of the respondents used antibiotics for animal husbandry incorrectly and had never heard of antibiotics resistance.

Conclusion: Inappropriate antibiotic use in animal husbandry was common in the community. Education on the prudent use of antibiotics for animal husbandry is needed.

Keywords: animal husbandry, antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, mixed-method.

Suppression effect of thyme and carvacrol nano-emulsions on Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from patients in the intensive care unit of Assiut University Hospital, Egypt

Research (Published online: 19-05-2021)

14. Suppression effect of thyme and carvacrol nano-emulsions on Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from patients in the intensive care unit of Assiut University Hospital, Egypt

Alshimaa A. Hassanien, Walaa M. Elsherif, Rasha Hamed and Asmaa A. A. Hussein

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 116-121

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Aspergillus fumigatus is a zoonotic fungus that causes several diseases in humans ranging from allergic reaction to fatal disseminated invasive infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of invasive A. fumigatus in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Assiut University Hospital, highlight the factors associated with their infection, and determine the antifungal effect of thyme nano-emulsion (TNE) and carvacrol nano-emulsion (CNE) on isolated A. fumigatus strains.

Materials and Methods: Mycological culture method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used in the identification of A. fumigatus in 630 blood samples collected from 210 patients. TNE and CNE at five concentrations (1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) and average sizes of 90.3 and 75.6 nm, respectively, were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Their effect on A. fumigatus isolate growth was evaluated by the well-diffusion method and SEM, which was used for the detection of the degenerative effect of A. fumigatus ultrastructure.

Results: A. fumigatus was detected in 54 of 210 (25.7%) patients in the ICU. Advanced age and chronic diseases were considered important risk factors for invasive aspergillosis, especially in patients with more than 1 clinical disease. TNE and CNE showed an inhibitory effect on A. fumigatus isolates, which significantly increased with high concentrations. The respective values for TNE at concentrations of 6% and 8% were 6±0.41 mm and 15±0.67 mm. CNE completely inhibited A. fumigatus growth at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8%, while mean inhibition zones of 22±0.68 mm and 30±0.32 mm appeared at concentrations of 1% and 2%. SEM demonstrated degenerative changes in A. fumigatus structure.

Conclusion: TNE and CNE can be used in bioactive treatments against A. fumigatus, and additional studies are required to determine the safe and effective doses and best method for application in human and veterinary medicine.

Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, carvacrol nano-emulsion, intensive care unit patients, invasive aspergillosis, scanning electron microscopy, thyme nano-emulsion.

Genetic variation in the first intron and exon of the myostatin gene in several Indonesian cattle populations

Research (Published online: 19-05-2021)

18. Genetic variation in the first intron and exon of the myostatin gene in several Indonesian cattle populations

Peni Wahyu Prihandini, Almira Primasari, Aryogi Aryogi, Jauhari Efendy, Muchamad Luthfi, Dicky Pamungkas and Dwi Nur Happy Hariyono

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1197-1201

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family, is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study aimed to detect the genetic variation of the 1160 bp fragment of exon 1 and part of intron 1 of the MSTN gene in several cattle populations raised in Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene amplified from 92 animals representing 10 cattle populations (Peranakan Ongole [PO], Belgian Blue x PO cross, Rambon, PO x Bali cross, Jabres, Galekan, Sragen, Donggala, Madura, and Bali) were sequenced, compared, and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) and Bos indicus (GenBank Acc. No. AY794986.1).

Results: Four nucleotide substitutions (nt 1045 and 1066 in intron 1; nt 262 and 418 in exon 1) and two indels (nt 807 and 869 in intron 1) were synonymous mutations. Among these substitutions, only the nt 262G>C and nt 418A>G loci were polymorphic in all populations, except Bali cattle. The frequencies of the nt 262C (0.82) and nt 418A (0.65) alleles were highest. For the nt 262G>C locus, the CC genotype had the highest frequency (0.66) followed by GC (0.30) and CC (0.03). For the nt 418A>G locus, the AG genotype had the highest frequency (0.52) followed by AA (0.39) and GG (0.09).

Conclusion: The results, showing genetic variations in exon 1 and intron 1 of the MSTN gene, might be helpful for future association studies.

Keywords: beef cattle, double muscling, myostatin gene, polymorphisms, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): A review

Review (Published online: 17-05-2021)

17. Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): A review

I. Gede Widhiantara and I. Made Jawi

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1185-1196

ABSTRACT

Indonesia's mindset has been focusing on the use of natural medicines, food, and healing practices widely recognized by the nation's culture. Traditional medicines and herbs used in traditional medicine can often lead to the discovery of drugs against certain diseases. The aim of this review was to study evidence-based data on the importance of Sembung plant, Blumea balsamifera, as a potential traditional medicine. The distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, and bioactivity against several diseases are focused in this review. Information and research related to Sembung plant were searched using the terms "B. balsamifera," "phytochemicals," and "pharmacological activity" on ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and scientific information-based databases up to 2020. Several ethnomedical articles recommend B. balsamifera for the treatment of sinusitis, colic pain, cough, kidney stones, flu, or as a diuretic. This knowledge has already been applied in several countries in Southeast Asia. B. balsamifera has been reported to contain several phytochemicals both volatile (terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols, alcohol, aldehydes, ethers, ketones, pyridines, furans, and alkanes) and non-volatile (flavonoids, flavanones, and chalcones). Extracts and phytochemicals of B. balsamifera contain several biological capacities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-infertility, hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, antitumor, anticancer, and immunomodulatory agent against Coronavirus disease-19 infection. This review provides essential data for the potential application of B. balsamifera as a nutraceutical or in future medicinal preparations.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Blumea balsamifera, future medicine, medicinal uses, phytochemical constituents.

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 13-05-2021)

16. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia

Evi Nur Qolbaini, Miftahudin Majid Khoeri, Korrie Salsabila, Wisiva Tofriska Paramaiswari, Wisnu Tafroji, I. Made Artika and Dodi Safari

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1180-1184

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis is an udder infection devoid of clinical symptoms, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria causing this disease. This study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: S. aureus was isolated from subclinical mastitis milk specimens. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of staphylococcal nuc, and MRSA was confirmed by the presence of mecA. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: From 86 milk samples, 49 isolates (57%) were confirmed as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nine isolates were identified as MRSA (10.5%).

Conclusion: In this study, we reported MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis in Bogor, Indonesia.

Keywords: Bogor, dairy cows, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, subclinical mastitis.

Phylogenomic analysis for Campylobacter fetus ocurring in Argentina

Research (Published online: 13-05-2021)

15. Phylogenomic analysis for Campylobacter fetus ocurring in Argentina

Pablo Daniel Farace, José Matías Irazoqui, Claudia Graciela Morsella, Juan Agustín García, María Alejandra Méndez, Fernando Alberto Paolicchi, Ariel Fernando Amadio and Andrea Karina Gioffré

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1165-1179

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Campylobacter fetus is one of the most important pathogens that severely affects livestock industry worldwide. C. fetus mediated bovine genital campylobacteriosis infection in cattle has been associated with significant economic losses in livestock production in the Pampas region, the most productive area of Argentina. The present study aimed to establish the genomic relationships between C. fetus strains, isolated from the Pampas region, at local and global levels. The study also explored the utility of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) as a typing technique for C. fetus.

Materials and Methods: For pangenome and phylogenetic analysis, whole genome sequences for 34 C. fetus strains, isolated from cattle in Argentina were downloaded from GenBank. A local maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed and linked to a Microreact project. In silico analysis based on MLST was used to obtain information regarding sequence type (ST) for each strain. For global phylogenetic analysis, a core genome ML-tree was constructed using genomic dataset for 265 C. fetus strains, isolated from various sources obtained from 20 countries.

Results: The local core genome phylogenetic tree analysis described the presence of two major clusters (A and B) and one minor cluster (C). The occurrence of 82% of the strains in these three clusters suggested a clonal population structure for C. fetus. The MLST analysis for the local strains revealed that 31 strains were ST4 type and one strain was ST5 type. In addition, a new variant was identified that was assigned a novel ST, ST70. In the present case, ST4 was homogenously distributed across all the regions and clusters. The global analysis showed that most of the local strains clustered in the phylogenetic groups that comprised exclusively of the strains isolated from Argentina. Interestingly, three strains showed a close genetic relationship with bovine strains obtained from Uruguay and Brazil. The ST5 strain grouped in a distant cluster, with strains obtained from different sources from various geographic locations worldwide. Two local strains clustered in a phylogenetic group comprising intercontinental Campylobacter fetus venerealis strains.

Conclusion: The results of the study suggested active movement of animals, probably due to economic trade between different regions of the country as well as with neighboring countries. MLST results were partially concordant with phylogenetic analysis. Thus, this method did not qualify as a reliable subtyping method to assess C. fetus diversity in Argentina. The present study provided a basic platform to conduct future research on C. fetus, both at local and international levels.

Keywords: Campylobacter fetus, multi-locus sequence typing, pangenome, phylogenomics, venereal disease.