Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria colonize commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria

Research (Published online: 16-03-2019)

11. Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria colonize commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria

Obianuju Nkiruka Okorafor, Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu, Emmanuel Onyeka Nwafor, George Nnamdi Anosa and Rita Ijeoma Udegbunam

Veterinary World, 12(3): 418-423

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was conducted to isolate generic enterobacteria from day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria, determine the antibacterial resistance profile, and assess multidrug resistance.

Materials and Methods: The birds were sourced from five purposively-selected hatcheries (identified as A, B, C, D and E) in Southwest Nigeria. Non-duplicate cloacal swabs were collected from a total of 75 (15 birds per hatchery) randomly selected apparently healthy birds. Sampling was done in three batches of five chicks per batch at 2-week interval. Isolation of enterobacteria was done using MacConkey agar. The resistance of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: Of 15 processed samples of birds from each hatchery, all samples from hatcheries B, D, and E, 10 (66.7%) and 14 (93.3%) samples from hatcheries A and C, respectively, yielded pure cultures of Escherichia coli. Klebsiella was also isolated from 1 (7.1%) of the 14 and 2 (13.2%) of the 15 growth-positive samples from hatcheries C and D, respectively. The range of resistance among E. coli isolates was tetracycline (86.7-100%), ampicillin (80-100%), gentamicin (60-85.7%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (46.7-92.9%), enrofloxacin (40-100%), ciprofloxacin (26.7-86.7%), streptomycin (10-80%), cefotaxime (26.7-73.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (13.3-60%), and ceftazidime (6.7-40%). Klebsiella and all E. coli isolate from chicks of hatcheries B, C, and E, 80 and 93.3% of those from chicks of hatcheries A and D, respectively, exhibited resistance to three or more classes of antibacterial agents.

Conclusion: Commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria are colonized by multidrug-resistant coliforms (E. coli and Klebsiella) and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

Keywords: avian, coliforms, day-old chicks, Enterobacteriaceae, multidrug resistant.

Effect of cold and frozen temperatures on artisanal goat cheese containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolates (Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2)

Research (Published online: 16-03-2019)

10. Effect of cold and frozen temperatures on artisanal goat cheese containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolates (Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2)

Triana Setyawardani, Juni Sumarmono and Kusuma Widayaka

Veterinary World, 12(3): 409-417

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and storage duration on the physicochemical, lipolytic, microbiological, and proteolytic characteristics of goat cheese made using Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2 bacteria.

Materials and Methods: The cheese was stored at 4°C and −20°C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Observations were made on its physicochemical, lipolysis, and microbiological characteristics. The proteolysis pattern was measured with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results: The protein, fat, ash and total solids levels of cold-stored cheese were higher than the frozen-stored one. The frozen-stored cheese's free fatty acids (FFA) and acid degree value (ADV) levels are lower than those of the cold-stored cheese as indicated by the partial lipolysis event. The total yeast in the frozen-stored cheese is lower than that in the frozen-stored cheese. Finally, the electrophoresis profile indicates that proteolysis of the frozen-stored cheese is formed since there have been detected αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein in the casein breakdown during the 60-day storage.

Conclusion: The physicochemical characteristics of cold-stored cheese are better than the cheese stored at frozen temperature. However, frozen-stored cheese produces lower FFA and ADV than cold-stored cheese and lipolysis occurs only partially.

Keywords: cheese, lipolysis, physicochemical, proteolysis.

The effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) flour dietary supplementation on the growth performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content in Cihateup ducks

Research (Published online: 15-03-2019)

9. The effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) flour dietary supplementation on the growth performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content in Cihateup ducks

Andri Kusmayadi, Kamiel Roesman Bachtiar and Caribu Hadi Prayitno

Veterinary World, 12(3): 402-408

ABSTRACT

Background: Bioactive compounds in mangosteen peel and turmeric have been shown to possess antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties.

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of mangosteen peel flour (MF) and turmeric flour (TF) dietary supplementation on the performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content of Cihateup ducks.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 56 days (8 weeks) using 84-day-old male Cihateup ducks that were allocated into seven treatments with three replications and each containing four ducks as subreplicates. The seven groups were positive control, containing 100% of basal ration/BR + 50 ppm bacitracin (R0), BR + 2% MF (R1), BR + 1.5% MF + 0.5% TF (R2), BR + 1% MF + 1% TF (R3), BR + 0.5% MF + 1.5% TF (R4), BR + 2% TF (R5), and BR only as negative control (R6). The data of each variable were analyzed using a completely randomized design (one way). Significant differences (p<0.05) were determined with Duncan test.

Results: The results indicated that the addition of MF and TF significantly affected (p<0.05) body weight, weight gain, mortality rate, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and abdominal fat levels. At the same time, MF and TF significantly influenced (p<0.01) total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration. Non-significant differences (p>0.05) in feed intake and feed conversion of Cihateup ducks were observed.

Conclusion: The combination of MF and TF at a balanced ratio (R3) can be used as an alternative feed additive to improve performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat of Cihateup ducks.

Keywords: Cihateup duck, lipid profile, mangosteen peel flour, performance, turmeric flour.

Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Research (Published online: 15-03-2019)

8. Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Rinrada Chotigarpa, Kannika Na Lampang, Surachai Pikulkaew, Siriporn Okonogi, Pirote Silman and Raktham Mektrirat

Veterinary World, 12(3): 397-401

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the enumeration of total bacteria and coliform on teat skin from dairy cows and evaluate the efficacy of the natural rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid (NGL) against Escherichia colistandard and field strains isolated from bovine teat skin.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 bacterial teat skin samples (25 cows) were collected from dairy cows in smallholder farm. The cows were housed in freestall barns. The colonization of total bacteria and E. coli on teat skin was measured by 3M Petrifilm method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of lactic acid were evaluated for reference strain of E. coli ATCC 25922 and two field strains of E. coli. The natural teat sanitizer was formulated using 5% NGL with modified rice gel. In vitro antiseptic efficacy of 5% NGL was determined by time-kill kinetic assay. E. coli morphology after exposure with 5% NGL was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results: The total bacteria and coliform counts from bovine teat skin were 2.11×104 and 1.54×101 colony-forming units/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of lactic acid on the tested bacteria were 0.5% v/v. The natural teat dip was successfully prepared with minimum change in consistency after 1 year of storage at 4°C. The reduction rate of 5% NGL on E. coli ATCC 25922 and field strain showed 32.77% and 27.58%, respectively. An appearance under SEM of non-viable E. coli after being incubated with 5% NGL clearly showed atypical form and rough surface cell membrane.

Conclusion: The rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid is a promising preparation as a natural teat antiseptic for reducing bacteria on teat skin. It was shown to be effective against E. coli causing bovine mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords: antiseptic, Escherichia coli, lactic acid, teat skin.

Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Research (Published online: 14-03-2019)

7. Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Shola David Ola-Fadunsin, Patricia Isioma Uwabujo, Idiat Modupe Sanda, Isau Aremu Ganiyu, Karimat Hussain, Musa Rabiu, Nusirat Elelu and Musbau Olayinka Alayande

Veterinary World, 12(3): 389-396

ABSTRACT

Aim: Helminth infections inflict negatively on the production and well-being of animals including poultry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, species diversity, intensity, and risk factors associated with the gastrointestinal helminths of intensively raised poultry in Kwara Central senatorial district of Kwara State.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 502 poultry species from 15 farms. The samples were subjected to floatation and the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques of examination. The intensity of infections was determined using McMaster counting technique.

Results: Seven helminth species were detected with Heterakis gallinarum (10.2%) and Ascaridia galli (6.0%) been the most prevalent, while Capillaria species was the least prevalent (0.8%). Physiological status, bird type, production purpose, farm age (years), presence of other animals in the farm, flock size (birds), farm size (acres), housing type, farm type, frequency of anthelmintic use, distance to waste area (meters), level of biosecurity, and frequency of cleaning the pen were the risk factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with the presence of helminth infections.

Conclusion: This study shows that helminth infections are endemic in the study area, as 66.7% of the sampled farms were infected with one or more helminth species. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the poultry sector in Kwara State, Nigeria in general, for better production and profitability.

Keywords: epidemiology, gastrointestinal helminths, Kwara State, Nigeria, poultry.

Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Research (Published online: 13-03-2019)

2. Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Hanaa Mohamed Fadel and Amira Ahmed

International Journal of One Health, 5: 9-19

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Wild birds can carry a number of potential human and animal pathogens. These birds can intrude into human habitats giving the opportunity to transmission of such infection. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the role of crows and waterfowls as vectors of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and to compare cultivation methods with direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of infection.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 fecal dropping samples were collected. Salmonella was cultivated by three step method (Universal Pre-enrichment Broth [UPB], Rappaport-Vassiliadis Broth, and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar). The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping, serotyping, and PCR detection of enterotoxin (stn) gene. The antibiogram pattern of isolates against a panel of 8 antibiotics was recorded. L. monocytogenes was cultivated on UPB, then on Listeria Oxford Agar and Listeria CHROMagar. The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping and PCR detection of listeriolysin (hylA) gene.

Results: The percentages of Salmonella infection in crows and waterfowls were 10 and 20, respectively. The most frequently recovered serovars were Typhimurium, Potengi, Enteritidis, and Kentucky. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Salmonella isolates showed that the resistance rates for gentamicin were the highest (92%), followed by amoxicillin (88%) and cefixime (60%). Resistance to 8 antibiotics was recorded in 60% (15/25) of Salmonella isolates. The percentages of L. monocytogenes infection in crows and waterfowls were 1.3 and 2, respectively. Direct PCR applied to UPB revealed that 12% and 3% of samples were positive for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes, respectively, and there was no significant difference between direct PCR and cultivation method for the detection of infection.

Conclusion: The present findings indicate that wild birds can harbor zoonotic enteric pathogens and this necessitates monitoring the epidemiologic status of these pathogens among wild birds and humans and applying the appropriate intervention measures to prevent the spread of infection.

Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, crows, hylA and stn genes, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, waterfowl.

The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Research (Published online: 12-03-2019)

6. The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Ekaterina Sergeevna Krasnikova, Fayssal Bouchemla, Alexander Vladimirovich Krasnikov, Roman Vladimirovich Radionov and Anastasia Sergeevna Belyakova

Veterinary World, 12(3): 382-388

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to elucidate the ability of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to integrate into cells of heterologous organisms, in particular, Wistar rats, and examine the manifestations of the pathological process that could be seen in them.

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats - were divided into three groups. The first group (I) was fed milk of intact cows, the second (II) - milk of BLV-infected cows, and the third (III) - milk of cows, clinically BLV sick. Rats of all groups were divided into two subgroups: In the subgroup "a", there were adult rats, and in the subgroup "b", their offspring were included. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the start of the experiment, the animals' blood of each group was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of BLV provirus and specific anti-leukemia antibodies. A general and biochemical blood test was performed; pathological changes in the internal organs were recorded.

Results: Using the PCR, the BLV infection was established in all experimental rats, whose immune response was expressed in varying degrees. At the initial stage of the infection, offspring rats were born healthy. The rats of the control groups Ia and Ib were intact to the BLV throughout the experiment. The biochemical blood tests have shown several signs of intoxication, endocrine disorders, and development of malignant processes in the experimental animals. There are also signs of liver, kidney, and myocardial damages, regardless of whether milk is infected or the cows are clinically leukemic. By the time, the experimental rats developed persistent thrombocytosis with an increase in the average volume of the blood platelets, which may be evidence of the leukemia infection by the megakaryocytic type. The most pronounced character of the change was in the offspring generation.

Conclusion: Wistar rats can be considered as a suitable laboratory model to study the BLV pathogenesis. Rats are not BLV natural host, however, they developed the pathognomonic BLV infection symptoms when they were fed infected and leukemic cow's milk.

Keywords: cattle, danger to humans, hematobiochemical indicators, leukemia, Wistar rats.