In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

Research (Published online: 16-10-2018)

11. In vitro antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on multiple drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An alternative approach for antibacterial therapy of mastitis in sheep

Myassar Alekish, Zuhair Bani Ismail, Borhan Albiss and Sara Nawasrah

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1428-1432

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and its possible alternative use for the treatment for mastitis in sheep and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ZnO-NPs against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains isolated from subclinical mastitis cases in sheep.

Materials and Methods: A total of 50 pooled milk samples were collected from ewes with subclinical mastitis. Milk samples were cultured using standard laboratory techniques, and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs were determined against isolated multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli strains using microwell dilution method.

Results: A total of 43 different bacterial isolates were recovered from milk samples of ewes affected with subclinical mastitis. Isolated strains of S. aureus and E. coli were found resistant to three or more common antibacterial agents and were used to determine the MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs. The MIC and MBC values of ZnO-NPs were significantly lower for S. aureus than that for E. coli. The MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs against S. aureus were 3.9 μg/ml and 7.81 μg/ml, respectively, while for E. coli, the MIC and MBC of ZnO-NPs were 31.25 μg/ml and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion: Results of this study indicate the potential antibacterial effects of ZnO-NPs against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and E. coli isolated from ovine subclinical mastitis at concentrations of 3.9 μg/ml and 31.25 μg/ml, respectively.

Keywords: alternative therapy, antibiotics, mastitis, nanotechnology, sheep, zinc oxide.

Detection, characterization, and antibiogram of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coliisolated from bovine milk samples in West Bengal, India

Research (Published online: 16-10-2018)

10. Detection, characterization, and antibiogram of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coliisolated from bovine milk samples in West Bengal, India

Kunal Batabyal, Abhiroop Banerjee, Susmita Pal, Samir Dey, Siddhartha Narayan Joardar, Indranil Samanta, Devi Prasad Isore and Abhishek Dharm Singh

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1423-1427

ABSTRACT

Background: Milk is considered as complete food and an important part of human diet throughout the world including India. Bacterial contamination of milk such as Escherichia coli due to unhygienic condition and poor udder health can cause infections, especially in infants and elders or in immunocompromised persons. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by commensal bacteria present in milk makes the issue more serious.

Aim: The study was aimed to isolate and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli from milk samples collected from different parts of West Bengal, India, to assess the potential risk associated with the food.

Materials and Methods: Around 182 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cows reared by organized dairy farms in West Bengal. E. coli was isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping. The detection of ESBL-producing E. coli was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of blaCTX-M gene. Antibiogram of the ESBL-positive isolates was done using common 12 antibiotics by disc diffusion method.

Results: A total of 22 (12.1%) samples were found to be positive for E. coli in this study. Different serotypes such as O11, O20, O22, O34, O35, O128, O149, and UT were isolated from the collected samples. 12 (54.5%) E. coli strains showed the capability of producing ESBL, both phenotypically and genotypically with the presence of blaCTX-M gene. Antibiogram of these ESBL-positive isolates revealed the drugs such as colistin (100%), levofloxacin (83.33%), and imipenem (66.67%) to be highly sensitive against this pathogen but drugs such as cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (91.67%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (83.33%), tetracycline (75.00%), and gentamicin (58.33%) to be very much resistant.

Conclusion: More than 50% of the E. coli strains prevalent in the bovine milk samples were positive for ESBL production and are resistant to most of the common antimicrobials which may be alarming for human health.

Keywords: antibiogram, blaCTX-M, bovine milk, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Escherichia coli.

Effect of the combined action of Quercus cortex extract and probiotic substances on the immunity and productivity of broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 13-10-2018)

9. Effect of the combined action of Quercus cortex extract and probiotic substances on the immunity and productivity of broiler chickens

G. K. Duskaev, S. G. Rakhmatullin, N. M. Kazachkova, Y. V. Sheida, I. N. Mikolaychik, L. A. Morozova and B. H. Galiev

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1416-1422

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the synergistic effect of the combined action of probiotic bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and Quercus cortex extract as biologically active substances in the feed on the immunity and productivity of Gallus gallus domesticus.

Materials and Methods: For the experiment, 120 7-day-old broiler chickens were selected (4 groups, n=30, 3 replicates with 10 birds in each group). The groups were as follows: The reference group - basic diet (BD); experimental Group I - BD + Q. cortex extract (Q. cortex), 2.5 ml/kg of body weight; experimental Group II - BD + probiotic preparation based on B. adolescentis, 80.0 million colony-forming units (CFU), and L. acidophilus, 1.0 million CFU (dosage in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer); and experimental Group III - BD + probiotic + extract of Q. cortex. The following methods of study were used: Chemiluminescence and biochemical and hematological analysis.

Results: The results of the experiment showed a slight decrease in the level of leukocytes in Groups II (p≤0.05) and III, and of hemoglobin in Group III (p≤0.05), compared to the reference group. The level of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in Group II was higher than both the reference group (p≤0.05) and the other groups. Introduction of Q. cortex extract into the diet increased the level of triglycerides (p≤0.05) and urea in the blood serum. The combined use of probiotic preparations and the extract resulted in an increase in the level of iron in the blood serum by 78.1% (p≤0.05) in Group III. An increase in indicators of the antioxidant system (catalase increased in Group I by 27.2% (p≤0.05) and by 3.0-12.7% in other groups; superoxide dismutase increased by 3.0-13.2%) and nonspecific immunity (β-lysine increased by 8.8-16.0%) was noted. Introduction of the extract and probiotic preparation into the diet contributed to increasing the live weight of chickens at the age of 15 days by 5.9 and 7.4%, respectively (p≤0.05). In experimental Group II, this trend continued, and by the end of the period, the weight of animals exceeded that of their peers in other groups by 0.7-7.0%. Given the high preservation rate of poultry in the II and III Groups, and the low feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain (by 3.1-6.7%), the efficiency of growth was higher than in the reference group.

Conclusion: Thus, the combined use of probiotic strains of bacteria and Q. cortex extract helped to increase the antioxidant activity of the organism and antimicrobial components of blood plasma compared with broiler chickens with similar growth rates but without the supplementation of this combination.

Keywords: broiler chickens, growth, plant extract, probiotic.

A bibliometric analysis of global research on toxoplasmosis in the Web of Science

Research (Published online: 12-10-2018)

8. A bibliometric analysis of global research on toxoplasmosis in the Web of Science

Mahdi Fakhar, Masoud Soosaraei, Ali Akbar Khasseh, Reza Zolfaghari Emameh and Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1409-1415

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the network productions and research collaborations on toxoplasmosis worldwide.

Materials and Methods: A bibliometric research was carried out using the Web of Science (WOS) database. The analysis unit was the original research articles about toxoplasmosis published between 2000 and 2016 (17 years).

Results: Totally, 6,550 articles about toxoplasmosis were indexed in the WOS with the following information: (A) 18,410 researchers played a role in drafting the articles; (B) 33 different countries have contributed in the toxoplasmosis studies; (C) the USA was ranked at the first place with 2,162 publications about toxoplasmosis; and (D) "Dubey JP" was compiled and participated in 401 articles from the USA, as the highest number and main core of publications in the toxoplasmosis network.

Conclusion: The main focus of the toxoplasmosis research activities in the world was article production in the indexed journals in WOS. Hence, it is necessary to strengthen the collaboration networks to improve the quality of articles. Furthermore, the priority would be the identification of institutions with a higher number of research article productions in WOS, to perform toxoplasmosis collaborative original researches according to the strategic roadmap and scientific plan of each country.

Keywords: bibliometric, scientific collaboration, Toxoplasma spp., toxoplasmosis, Web of Science.

The relationship between bacterial sources and genotype to the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Research (Published online: 12-10-2018)

7. The relationship between bacterial sources and genotype to the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Muhammad Abubakar Sadiq, Latiffah Hassan, Saleha Abdul Aziz, Zunita Zakaria, Hassan Ismail Musa and Maswati Mat Amin

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1404-1408

ABSTRACT

Background: Melioidosis is a fatal emerging infectious disease of both man and animal caused by bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Variations were suggested to have existed among the different B. pseudomalleiclinical strains/genotypes which may implicate bacterial susceptibility and resistance toward antibiotics.

Aim: This study was designed to determine whether the phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of B. pseudomallei is associated with the source of isolates and the genotype.

Materials and Methods: A collection of 111 B. pseudomallei isolates from veterinary cases of melioidosis and the environments (soil and water) were obtained from stock cultures of previous studies and were phylogenetically characterized by multilocus sequence typing (ST). The susceptibility to five antibiotics, namely meropenem (MEM), imipenem, ceftazidime (CAZ), cotrimoxazole (SXT), and co-amoxiclav (AMC), recommended in both acute and eradication phases of melioidosis treatment were tested using minimum inhibitory concentration antibiotics susceptibility test.

Results: Majority of isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested while few resistant strains to MEM, SXT, CAZ, and AMC were observed. Statistically significant association was found between resistance to MEM and the veterinary clinical isolates (p<0.05). The likelihood of resistance to MEM was significantly higher among the novel ST 1130 isolates found in veterinary cases as compared to others.

Conclusion: The resistance to MEM and SXT appeared to be higher among veterinary isolates, and the novel ST 1130 was more likely to be resistant to MEM as compared to others.

Keywords: animals, antimicrobial, Burkholderia pseudomallei, environmental, resistance, sequence types, veterinary isolates.

Effects of incorporating oasis by-products on fattening performance and carcass characteristics of Ouled Djellal lamb

Research (Published online: 09-10-2018)

6. Effects of incorporating oasis by-products on fattening performance and carcass characteristics of Ouled Djellal lamb

Abdelhamid Baa, Fodil Arbouche, Rafik Arbouche, Etienne Montaigne, Yasmine Arbouche and Halima Saadia Arbouche

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1397-1403

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of incorporating three local oasis by-products [cull dates (CDs), date pedicels (DPs) treated with urea, and juice from rumen content] into the food ration of Ouled Djellal lambs on fattening performance and carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out over 105 days, with an adaptation period of 15 days, on four groups each consisting of 10 male Ouled Djellal lambs aged 7-8 months with an average live body weight of 32±1.5 kg, randomly distributed, and raised in tie stalls. The basic rations were formulated at a rate of 0% (control), 50%, 80%, and 100% substitution of barley straw by DPs treated with urea. The additional rations intended for the experimental groups consisted of 100% substitution of corn by CDs. Before distributed, they were sprayed with rumen content extract (RCE) at a rate of 250 ml/kg.

Results: The 100% group displayed a highly significant difference compared to the other groups, with a live body weight of 43 kg (p<0.05), an average daily gain of 191 g, and feed efficiency of 5.08. These three parameters developed in proportion to the rates of incorporation of CDs and pedicels treated with urea. The carcass yield of the 100% group (48.7%) is significantly higher than the other groups while the thickness of back fat is significantly lower. Economically speaking, the profit margin of the 100% group is 30.93 Algerian dinars (DZD) per day per animal.

Conclusion: The use of by-products of the date palm (CDs and pedicels) combined with RCE in animal feed with a view to fattening sheep, in particular in oasis zones, represents an alternative in enhancing growth performances and carcass characteristics and offers a relatively cheap prospect for the availability of red meat for populations with low purchasing power.

Keywords: cull dates, date pedicels, extract of rumen content, sheep fattening.

Demographic aspects of human hydatidosis in Iranian general population based on serology: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Research (Published online: 08-10-2018)

5. Demographic aspects of human hydatidosis in Iranian general population based on serology: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shirzad Gholami, Asal Tanzifi, Mehdi Sharif, Ahmad Daryani, Mohammad-Taghi Rahimi, Siavash Mirshafiee and Shahabeddin Sarvi

Veterinary World, 11(10): 1385-1396

ABSTRACT

Aim: Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus cestodes, is a globally distributed chronic disease that is an important socioeconomic and public health problem in humans and livestock in developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the overall seroprevalence of hydatid infection in the general population of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This systematic review began by searching electronic databases in English (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and Persian (Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Iran Doc).

Results: Our search resulted in a total of 40 reports published from 1995 to 2015. Of 49,460 individuals surveyed, 3090 cases of hydatidosis were reported. Community-based studies showed that the seroprevalence of CE in the Iranian general population was 6.0% (95% confidence interval: 5.0-7.0%). The age group with the highest CE seroprevalence was 20-40 years, and the lowest one was in the under 20 year's group. The seroprevalence of hydatidosis in males was significantly higher than that in females. In addition, the intended rate was significantly higher in rural regions than in urban areas.

Conclusion: Management program for developing more efficient diagnostic tests should be established. Further, cost-effective preventive approaches, including relevant research, should be considered. Finally, hydatid cyst control programs that are important for interrupting the transmission of human CE should be improved.

Keywords: cystic echinococcosis, diagnosis, general population, hydatidosis, Iran, seroprevalence.