Effect of dietary iodine on production of iodine enriched eggs

Research (Published online: 04-06-2016)

3. Effect of dietary iodine on production of iodine enriched eggs - Shaikh Sumaiya, Sunil Nayak, R. P. S. Baghel, Anju Nayak, C. D. Malapure and Rajesh Kumar

Veterinary World, 9(6): 554-558

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.554-558

Abstract

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Aim: Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of iodine supplementation on iodine content of eggs in laying hens.

Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 135 laying hens (White Leghorn) of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed to 5 dietary treatments; each group contained 27 laying hens distributed in three replicates of 9 birds each. Diet T₁ was control basal layer diet without iodine enrichment in which iodine content (I₂) was as per NRC recommendation. Basal diets were supplemented with calcium iodate (Ca (IO₃)₂) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg in T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ groups, respectively. The iodine content in the calcium iodate is 65.21%, therefore, the diets T₂, T₃, T₄ and T₅ contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 ppm iodine, respectively. The laying hens were fed the respective experimental diets ad libitum during the experimental period of 10-week. The iodine content of egg yolk and albumen was analyzed at the end of 5^th and 10^th week of the experiment. Economics of feeding for the production of iodine enriched egg was calculated at the end of the experiment.

Results: Increasing iodine levels in diet of hens from 0.45 to 13.0 ppm significantly increased egg iodine concentration, the highest concentration of egg iodine was observed in the group fed diet supplemented with 13.0 ppm iodine followed by those fed 9.75, 6.50, 3.25 and 0.45 ppm iodine in diet. There was no significant difference in the iodine levels of unboiled versus boiled eggs. Therefore, the consumers are ensured to receive the optimal levels of iodine from boiled iodine-enriched eggs. Among different diets, minimum and significantly lower feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was noticed in hens allotted T₃ diet (6.50 ppm I₂). However, feeding cost of hens receiving 3.25 and 9.25 ppm I₂ was statistically (p<0.05) similar to control group (T₁). Further, it was noticed that feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was significantly increased due to the inclusion of higher level of iodine (13.0 ppm).

Conclusion: It was concluded that supplementing iodine at 6.50 ppm in layers diet was economically better for the production of iodine enriched eggs followed by feed iodine supplementation at 3.25 ppm as compared to control and other treatment groups.

Keywords: eggs, iodine, layers, performance.

Economic effects of foot and mouth disease outbreaks along the cattle marketing chain in Uganda

Research (Published online: 02-06-2016)

2. Economic effects of foot and mouth disease outbreaks along the cattle marketing chain in Uganda - Sylvia Angubua Baluka

Veterinary World, 9(6): 544-553

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.544-553

Abstract

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Aim: Disease outbreaks increase the cost of animal production; reduce milk and beef yield, cattle sales, farmers’ incomes, and enterprise profitability. The study assessed the economic effects of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks along the cattle marketing chain in selected study districts in Uganda.

Materials and Methods: The study combined qualitative and quantitative study designs. Respondents were selected proportionally using simple random sampling from the sampling frame comprising of 224, 173, 291, and 185 farmers for Nakasongola, Nakaseke, Isingiro, and Rakai, respectively. Key informants were selected purposively. Data analysis combined descriptive, modeling, and regression analysis. Data on the socio-economic characteristics and how they influenced FMD outbreaks, cattle markets revenue losses, and the economic cost of the outbreaks were analyzed using descriptive measures including percentages, means, and frequencies.

Results: Farmers with small and medium herds incurred higher control costs, whereas large herds experienced the highest milk losses. Total income earned by the actors per month at the processing level reduced by 23%. In Isingiro, bulls and cows were salvage sold at 83% and 88% less market value, i.e., a loss of $196.1 and $1,552.9 in small and medium herds, respectively.

Conclusion: All actors along the cattle marketing chain incur losses during FMD outbreaks, but smallholder farmers are most affected. Control and prevention of FMD should remain the responsibility of the government if Uganda is to achieve a disease-free status that is a prerequisite for free movement and operation of cattle markets throughout the year which will boost cattle marketing.

Keywords: chain, cost, economics, financial losses, market, outbreak.

Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab

Research (Published online: 01-06-2016)

1. Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab - A. Q. Mir, K. Dua, L. D. Singla, S. Sharma and M. P. Singh

Veterinary World, 9(5): 540-543

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.540-543

Abstract

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Aim: The study was conducted to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals at Bir Moti Bagh Mini Zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab.

Materials and Methods: A total of 31 fecal samples from eight species of captive animals including Civet cat (Viverra zibetha), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Spotted deer (Axis axis), Black buck (Antelope cervicapra), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Hog deer (Axis porcinus), and Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) were screened using classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation technique.

Results: Out of 31 fecal samples examined, 20 were positive for parasitic ova/oocysts of different species indicating an overall prevalence of 68.0%. The six different types of parasites observed in the study included strongyle (67%), Strongyloides spp. (14%), coccidia (38%), Trichuris spp. (19%), ascarid (10%), and Capillaria spp. (10%). Strongyles were the most common parasites observed (67%) followed by coccidia (38%). Mixed helminth and protozoan infection were observed in 48% of animals. No cestode or trematodes were detected during the study.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites without overt clinical signs of disease or mortality as observed in this study is suggestive of subclinical infection. The findings will help in formulating the appropriate deworming protocol for parasitic control in these captive animals.

Keywords: captive wild animals, carnivores, parasitic infection, Punjab, rodent, ungulates.

The structural and functional recovery of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus induced mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium

Research (Published online: 29-05-2016)

18. The structural and functional recovery of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus induced mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium - Widagdo Sri Nugroho, Dwi Liliek Kusindarta, Heru Susetya, Ida Fitriana, Guntari Titik Mulyani, Yuda Heru Fibrianto, Aris Haryanto and Teguh Budipitojo

Veterinary World, 9(5): 535-539

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.535-539

Abstract

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Aim: Various studies have shown that secreted factors alone in culture medium without stem cell are capable of repairing tissues by itself in various conditions involving damaged tissue/organ. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium (CM) on the recovery of pancreatic β-cells in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods: The 0.05 ml CM induction was applied to the diabetic group of rats in weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. 1 week after each CM induction, insulin concentration was analyzed using ELISA. The pancreas was divided into 3 regions, processed by paraffin method, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and immunohistochemical method for insulin.

Results: This study indicated the decrease in the total number of islets and insulin concentration after the injection of single dose of alloxan. The exocrine acini were also damaged. Microscopic observation detected the presence of small islets in the diabetic group 1 week after the first 0.05 ml CM induction. The number and size of the islets increased in line with the CM doses and time of inductions. Immunohistochemically, the presence of low intensity of insulin-positive cells could be recognized at the splenic and duodenal regions of the pancreas, but not gastric region, 1 week after the first and second 0.05 ml CM induction. The intensity of staining and the number of insulin-positive cells increased dramatically in 1 week after the third and fourth 0.05 ml of CM induction in all regions of the pancreas. The data of insulin blood concentration showed clear differences between the second and the fourth induction of 0.05 ml CM induction.

Conclusions: This study showed very strong evidence on the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived CM in recovering the pancreatic β-cells damage in Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) with type 1 diabetes mellitus, structurally and functionally.

Keywords: conditioned-medium, pancreatic β-cells, structural and functional recovery, type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Influence of season and sex on hemato-biochemical traits in adult turkeys under arid tropical environment

Research (Published online: 28-05-2016)

17. Influence of season and sex on hemato-biochemical traits in adult turkeys under arid tropical environment - Anil Gattani, Arti Pathak, Ajeet Kumar, Vaibhav Mishra and Jitendra Singh Bhatia

Veterinary World, 9(5): 530-534

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.530-534

Abstract

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Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season and sex on hemato-biochemical parameters of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in the arid tropical environment.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted on 20-week old turkeys consisting of 20 males and 20 females. Blood was collected from all turkeys during January and May. Hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were estimated in whole blood and glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, calcium, phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum.

Result: Season has significant (p<0.05) effect on Hb concentration, RBC, and PCV in both male and female. Male has significantly higher (p<0.05) Hb concentration, RBC, and PCV. There is no significant effect of sex, and season was observed on MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio were significantly (p<0.05) affected by season and sex. AST and ALT were significantly (p<0.05) affected by season in both sexes. There is no significant difference was recorded on calcium, phosphorus due to season and sex.

Conclusion: Under arid tropical environment, turkey hemato-biochemical parameters are influenced by both sex and season.

Keywords: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, season, sex, turkey.

Comparative efficacy of anthelmintics and their effects on hematobiochemical changes in fasciolosis of goats of South Gujarat

Research (Published online: 28-05-2016)

16. Comparative efficacy of anthelmintics and their effects on hematobiochemical changes in fasciolosis of goats of South Gujarat - R. G. Shrimali, M. D. Patel and R. M. Patel

Veterinary World, 9(5): 524-529

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.524-529

Abstract

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Aim: Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola spp. of the family Fasciolidae (trematodes) characterized by bottle jaw, anemia, progressive debility, and potbelly condition. There are many aspects of fasciolosis remaining unknown thus hemato-biochemical alterations in closantel, triclabendazole + ivermectin, and oxyclozanide + levamisole treated goats were studied.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 naturally fasciolosis infected goats having egg per gram more than 100 were randomly divided into four groups. Goats of Group I-III were treated with three different anthelmintics, whereas, goats of Group-IV were kept as control or untreated. Whole blood, serum, and fecal samples were collected on 0, 7^th, and 30^th day of treatment.

Results: During the study, values of hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, pack cell volume, and total protein were significantly elevated to their normal levels in anthelmintics treated groups. Whereas, values of total leukocyte count, aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly reduced to their normal level in anthelmintics treated groups. The efficacy of closantel (T1), triclabendazole + ivermectin (T2), and oxyclozanide + levamisole (T3) was 99.63%, 100%, and 94.74% and 100%, 100%, and 97.38% on 7^th and 30^th day of treatment, respectively.

Conclusions: Fasciolosis in goats can be diagnosed on the basis of fecal sample examination, but alterations in important biomarkers such as AST, GGT, and LDH are also helpful for early diagnosis. The use of newer anthelmintic either alone or in combination showed a higher therapeutic response in fasciolosis of goats.

Keywords: anthelmintics, efficacy, fasciolosis, goats, hemato-biochemical changes.

Effect of washing on the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved ram epididymal spermatozoa

Research (Published online: 27-05-2016)

15. Effect of washing on the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved ram epididymal spermatozoa - Touqeer Ahmed, Rafiqul Islam, Farooz Ahmad Lone and Asloob Ahmad Malik

Veterinary World, 9(5): 519-523

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.519-523

Abstract

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Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of washing on the post-thaw quality of ram cauda epididymal spermatozoa (P1: Unwashed, P2: Washed).

Materials and Methods: Fresh testicles of adult healthy slaughtered rams were collected and transported to the laboratory in an ice chest, where they were weighed, and cauda epididymides were separated. These cauda epididymides were used for recovery of spermatozoa in tris-citric acid fructose buffer by incision method. Spermatozoa samples showing ≥70% progressive motility were pooled and processed further. The mean values (±standard error) of various parameters such as the percentage of sperm motility, live sperm, intact acrosome, and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) rea cted spermatozoa were recorded.

Results: In this experiment, the percent sperm motility, live spermatozoa, and intact acrosome both at pre-freeze and postthaw were higher (p>0.05) in P1 than P2. However, the post-thaw percent HOST reacted spermatozoa was slightly higher (p>0.05) for P2 than P1.

Conclusion: Washing of cauda epididymal spermatozoa has no significant adverse effect on the quality during cryopreservation. Therefore, this processing method can be applied wherever necessary before the extension of the recovered spermatozoa sample in different ram extenders.

Keywords: cauda epididymis, centrifugation, processing, ram, spermatozoa, washing.