Evaluation of antibacterial effect of some Sinai medicinal plant extracts on bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis

Research (Published online: 27-11-2014)

17. Evaluation of antibacterial effect of some Sinai medicinal plant extracts on bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis - Gamil S. G. Zeedan, Abeer M. Abdalhamed, Eman Abdeen, Mahmoud E. Ottai and Sobhy Abdel-Shafy

Veterinary World, 7(11): 991-998

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.991-998

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Abstract

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Aim: Bovine mastitis is the most economically important disease affecting dairy cattle worldwide from an economic, diagnostic and public-health point of view. The present study aimed to isolate and identify of bacteria causes mastitis in dairy cows and to evaluate the antibacterial activities of some selected medicinal plants extracts comparing antibiotics used in the treatment of mastitis in Egypt.

Materials and Methods: A total of 203 milk samples of dairy cows were collected during the period from February to June 2013 at different Governorates in Egypt. The use clinical inspection and California mastitis test examination were provided efficient diagnostic tool for detection of clinical, subclinical mastitis and apparently normal health cattle. The collected milk samples were cultured on Nutrient, Blood agar, Mannitol salt, Edward’s and MacConkey agar plates supporting the growth of various types of bacteria for their biochemical studies and isolation. The antimicrobial activity of plants extracts (Jasonia montana and Artemisia herb alba)with different solvent (ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone)were studied in vitro against isolated bacteria from mastitis by paper desk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC).

Results: The prevalence of clinical, subclinical mastitis and normal healthy animals were 34.50%, 24.7% and 40.8% respectively. The major pathogens isolated from collected milk samples were Escherichia coli (22.16%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.19%), Streptococcusspp. (13.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (12.8%), Streptococcus dysgalactia (0.5%), Pasteurella spp. (2.45%), Klebsiella spp. (1.47%)andPseudomonas spp. (0.45%). The highest antibacterial activity of J. montana plant extracted with acetone solvent against S. agalactiae, E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella spp and coagulase-negative Staphylococci with zone of inhibition values ± standard deviation (SD), ranging from 4.33±0.57 to 25.6±0.60 mm. The MIC values for the extracts ranged from 0.01 to 1.56 mg/ml. when comparing antibacterial activity of A. herb alba plant extracted with acetone solvent on the same bacteria with zone of inhibition values ± SD, ranging from 00±00 to 5.6±0.60 mm. Both extracts from J. montana and A. herb alba plant extracts with petroleum ether, methanol and chloroform solvent were less antibacterial activities than acetone solvent extract.

Conclusion: The present study spot highlight on isolation and identification of mastitis pathogens that are fundamental aspects of milk quality, udder health control programs and public health and food safety issues associated with food borne pathogens. J. montana and A. herb alba plants have antibacterial effects more than antibiotics used in the treatment of mastitis. Finally, the medicinal plant extracts can be used to discover bioactive natural product in the form of antibacterial that may be serve the development of new pharmaceutical products. But still need further research necessary to identify active compounds and research to mechanism and drug interaction.

Keywords: antimicrobial agent, Artemisia herb alba, California mastitis test, Jasonia montana, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Xylazine-ketamine immobilization and propofol anesthesia for surgical excision of sebaceous adenoma in a jaguar (Panthera onca)

Research (Published online: 27-11-2014)

16. Xylazine-ketamine immobilization and propofol anesthesia for surgical excision of sebaceous adenoma in a jaguar (Panthera onca) -M. Bharathidasan, R. Thirumurugan, B. Justin William, R. S. George, A. Arunprasad, T. A. Kannan and S. Viramuthu

Veterinary World, 7(11): 986-990

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.986-990

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Abstract

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Aim: A captive male jaguar (Panthera onca) was anaesthetized for surgical excision of a tumor at the left belly fold under xylazine-ketamine immobilization and propofol anesthesia. The objective was to assess the dose of xylazine and ketamine required to abolish ear flick reflex for safe approach when the jaguar was under chemical immobilization and efficacy of propofol induced anesthesia.

Materials and Methods: A male jaguar (P. onca) aged 14 years and weighing approximately 90 kg was subjected to chemical immobilization using a combination of xylazine and ketamine using a blow pipe. The jaguar was approached after the absence of ear flick reflex and transported to zoo Operation Theater. Propofol was administered intravenously to induce and maintain anesthesia. The tumor was excised using thermocautery and subjected to histopathology.

Results: Ear flick reflex was stimulated at 5 and 10 min after immobilization and observed shaking of head and movement of fore limb following administration of xylazine and ketamine. Dose of xylazine and ketamine required for chemical immobilization, characterized by absence of ear flick reflex was 1.0 and 3.5 mg/kg body weight respectively, and was achieved in 13 min. The surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained for 11 min following administration of propofol at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight intravenously. The jaguar recovered in 41 min following surgery. The excised tumor was confirmed as sebaceous adenoma on histopathological examination. The animal recovered uneventfully, and no recurrence of the tumor was noticed in 3 months follow-up period.

Conclusion: The total dose xylazine and ketamine required for chemical immobilization with absence of ear flick reflex was 1.0 and 3.5 mg/kg body weight respectively. Further, administration of propofol intravenously, at a dose of 2 mg/kg maintained anesthesia for 11 min. Histopathological examination of the excised tumor at the belly fold was confirmed as sebaceous adenoma.

Keywords: ear flick reflex, jaguar, ketamine, Panthera onca, propofol, sebaceous adenoma, xylazine.

Pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes and their antibiogram

Research (Published online: 27-11-2014)

15. Pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes and their antibiogram - Gaurav Charaya, Anshu Sharma, Ashok Kumar, Mahavir Singh and Parveen Goel

Veterinary World, 7(11): 980-985

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.980-985

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Abstract

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Aim: To determine the etiology of clinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes and to develop an antibiogram of organisms isolated.

Materials and Methods: A total of 564 quarter milk samples of 144 buffaloes suffering from clinical mastitis received in Veterinary College Central Laboratory were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s lactose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar. Bacteria isolated were characterized to the species level and subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing.

Results: Out of 564 quarters examined for mastitis, 320 (56.73%) quarters were found culturally positive showing isolation ofStaphylococcus aureus 140 (38.04%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 112 (30.43%), Streptococcus agalactiae 13 (3.53%), Escherichia coli 74 (20.10%) and Corynebacterium pyogenes 29 (7.88%). On carrying antibiogram staphylococci and streptococci revealed high sensitivity towards chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin and enrofloxacin. Streptococci showed high sensitivity towards ceftriaxone and cefaperazone also. E. coli was found highly sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin. C. pyogenes was sensitive to the majority of antibiotics.

Conclusion: S. aureus was the most predominant bacteria isolated from mastitis cases and irrespective of the isolates chloramphenicol was found to be most sensitive when tested in-vitro.

Keywords: antibiogram, Escherichia coli., mastitis, staphylococci, streptococci.

Some biochemical constituents in follicular fluid of indigenous cows of Assam

Research (Published online: 19-11-2014)

14. Some biochemical constituents in follicular fluid of indigenous cows of Assam - S. S. Deka, D. J. Kalita, S. Sarma and D. J. Dutta

Veterinary World, 7(11): 976-979

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.976-979

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Abstract

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Aim: Estimation of some biochemical constituents in follicular fluid of non-descript cows of Assam.

Materials and Methods: Twenty five pairs of ovaries were collected from local slaughter house and the follicular fluid was aspirated from small (2-4 mm), medium (4-6 mm) and large (6-9 mm) follicles. Aspirated fluid samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min in a refrigerated centrifuge to remove granulosa cells and other cell debris. Supernatant was used for estimation of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Data generated in the study were analyzed statiscally by SPSS (version 16.0). SPSS South Asia Pvt. Limited, Kacharakanahalli, Bangalore, 560043).

Results: A non significant difference was recorded in case of total protein and cholesterol of follicular fluid of small, medium and large sized follicles of cow. However, the glucose level significantly (p<0.01) increased with the increase of follicular size where as the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase significantly (p<0.01) decreased with increase of size.

Conclusion: Certain biochemical constituents and enzyme activities of follicular fluid changes with the growth of follicles in non-descript cows of Assam. The glucose concentration increased with the growth of the follicles while acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase levels had an inverse relation with the size of the ovarian follicles.

Keywords: biochemical parameters, follicles, follicular fluid, oocytes maturation, phosphatase.

Effect of feeding sweet sorghum stover based complete ration on nutrient utilization in Nellore lambs

Research (Published online: 19-11-2014)

13. Effect of feeding sweet sorghum stover based complete ration on nutrient utilization in Nellore lambs - Jagannatham Babu, Nagireddy Nalini Kumari, Yerradoddi Ramana Reddy, Thirunahari Raghunandan and Kalakuntla Sridhar

Veterinary World, 7(11): 970-975

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.970-975

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of sweet sorghum stover, an unconventional roughage source in ram lambs in comparison to conventional sorghum and maize stovers.

Materials and Methods: 18 Nellore ram lambs aged about 3 months (average body weight 15.65±0.10 kg) were randomly allotted to three complete rations formulated with roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 using sorghum stover (D1), maize stover (D2) and sweet sorghum stover (D3) as roughage source for a period of 120 days. At the end of the growth trial, a metabolism trial was conducted to evaluate the nutrient utilization of the complete diets.

Results: There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract in ram lambs fed D1, D2 and D3 diets, respectively. The digestibilities of acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre did not differ significantly among the ram lambs fed various experimental diets. All the lambs were on positive nitrogen balance. Nitrogen balance was comparable among the various groups. The digestible CP and total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolisable energy content of D1, D2 and D3 diets did not show any significant difference.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that, sweet sorghum stover can be incorporated in the complete diets of sheep at 60% level by replacing conventional roughages such as sorghum stover and maize stover, processed as mash form without affecting the voluntary intake and digestibility of nutrients.

Keywords: complete ration, lambs, nutrient utilization, sweet sorghum stover.

Echocardiography as an approach for canine cardiac disease diagnosis

Research (Published online: 16-11-2014)

11. Echocardiography as an approach for canine cardiac disease diagnosis - P. Singh, N. Singh, S. K. Mahajan and T. Singh

Veterinary World, 7(11): 960-965

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.960-965

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the methods for diagnosis various canine cardiac ailments using echocardiography.

Materials and Methods: M-mode, two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler studies were performed on 10 cases. Dogs showing signs of cardiac ailment either clinically, radiographic or via electrocardiographic examination were selected for study. Right parasternal short axis view was used for echocardiographic measurements. Right parasternal long axis and left parasternal apical views were used for Doppler studies. Doppler studies were performed at the level of aortic valve and atrioventricular valves for semi quantitative diagnosis of regurgitation.

Results: Dogs were found affected with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n=5), pericardial effusion (PE) (n=1), combined PE and DCM (n=2) and remaining two showed abnormality on radiographic or electrographically evaluation but were found out to be normal echocardiographically (n=2).

Conclusion: Echocardiography is an effective tool for diagnosis of various heart ailments.

Keywords: dilated cardiomyopathy, doppler studies, echocardiography, M-mode, pericardial effusion, two dimensional.

The use of Na+ and K+ ion concentrations as potential diagnostic indicators of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

Research (Published online: 16-11-2014)

12. The use of Na+ and K+ ion concentrations as potential diagnostic indicators of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows - Abdul Wahid Haron, Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah, Abdulnasir Tijjani, Yusuf Abba, Lawan Adamu, Konto Mohammed, Aisyah Munira Mohammed Amir, Mohammad Abubakar Sadiq and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila

Veterinary World, 7(11): 966-969

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.966-969

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Abstract

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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions in milk of lactating dairy cows with and without subclinical mastitis as putative indicators for detecting subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

Materials and Methods: Thirty seven lactating dairy cows were screened for the evidence of subclinical mastitis using California mastitis test (CMT). The lactating dairy cows were categorized as CMT-Positive (CMT-P; n=20) and CMT-Negative (CMT-N; n=17) based on whether they were positive or negative for CMT using a standard kit. The CMT-P lactating dairy cows were further sub divided into subclinical 1+ (S1+; n=6), subclinical 2+ (S2+; n=9), and subclinical 3+(S3+; n=5). Direct microscopy somatic cell count (SCC) was used to determine the SCC using Wright’s stain. The samples were filtered and diluted at 1:100 dilutions before being measured for the concentrations of Na+ and K+ using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in SCCs and Na+ concentration in the milk of CMT-P dairy cows, with a mean Log10 SCC score of 5.35±0.06 cells/ml and mean Na+ concentration of 232±19.1 mg/dL. However, there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the concentration of K+ (123±7.6 mg/dL) in the milk samples of the CMT-P cows. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in SCC, Na+ and K+ concentrations between milk samples from the CMT-N dairy cows and CMT-P subgroups; S1+, S2+, and S3+ respectively. Potassium (K+) concentration had a significant strong negative correlation with sodium (Na+) concentration (r=−0.688; p<0.01) and weak positive correlation with SCC (r=−0.436; p<0.01). The sensitivity of using Na+ and K+ concentrations as detection indices for sub-clinical mastitis is 40% and 90%, respectively, while the specificity of each was 100%.

Conclusion: This study thus shows that evaluation of Na+ and K+ concentrations from milk samples of dairy cows with sub clinical mastitis can be of immense diagnostic benefit and will compliments detection using CMT alone.

Keywords: potassium ion, sodium ion, somatic cell count, subclinical mastitis.

Current practices and research updates on diabetes mellitus in canine

Review (Published online: 14-11-2014)

10. Current practices and research updates on diabetes mellitus in canine - Pankaj Kumar, Rashmi Rekha Kumari, Manish Kumar, Sanjiv Kumar and Asit Chakrabarti

Veterinary World, 7(10): 952-959

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.952-959

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Abstract

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Diabetes has evidence in ancient literatures, though recently is being considered as one amongst the most emerging disease condition in both human and companion animals. Diabetes mellitus is one of the common endocrinopathy of dog characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria and weight loss. Reports suggests high fraction of canine population suffer with diabetes world over. Studies in different veterinary hospitals of United States suggest increase in cases of canine diabetes and decrease in case fatality rate over time. Increase in cases of canine diabetes worldwide is attributed to awareness amongst pet owners, better veterinary health facilities, breed preferences by dog owners, increase dependence on commercial feeds, obesity, etc. Diabetes in most dogs is immune mediated and insulin dependent. Breed predisposition in canine is attributed to dog leukocyte antigen gene pool encoding form major histocompatibility complex-II molecules, however research is still underway. Diagnosis of diabetes still relies on blood sugar evaluation for screening of canine population, though many other diagnostic methods have shown promising benefits including measurement of fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin. Management of diabetes in dog is based on insulin therapy, diet modification and exercise. Use of oral anti-diabetics drugs in canine is limited though experimental studies have shown promising results. Alternative therapies have been explored, but only a few approaches have shown promise for clinical application.

Keywords: canine, diabetes mellitus, emergence, fructosamine, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, streptozotocin.

Effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season

Research (Published online: 14-11-2014)

9. Effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season - Shashi Kant, Nazim Ali, Gulab Chandra and Riyaz Ahmad Siddique

Veterinary World, 7(10): 948-951

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.948-951

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Abstract

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Aim: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season.

Materials and Methods: For this 120 day old chicks, randomly distributed into six groups were reared up to 6 weeks on standard managemental conditions. The powder of shatavari and vitamin E was added to the basal diet@ 0% and 0 mg/kg feed, 1% and 0 mg/kg feed, 1.5% and 0 mg/kg feed, 0% and 200 mg/kg feed, 1% and 200 mg/kg feed, 1.5% and 200 mg/kg feed in T1 to T6 respectively.

Results: The significant (p<0.05) increase in hematological parameters like total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb and mean corpuscular Hb concentration in shatavari and vitamin E treated groups than control group. Whereas biochemical parameters like total serum protein, albumin, globin were significantly (p<0.05) higher and cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly (p<0.05) lower in shatavari and vitamin E treated groups than control group.

Conclusions: Supplementation of shatavari and vitamin E supplementation removes cold stress and improves immuno status of broilers.

Keywords: broilers, shatavari, vitamin E.

Assessment of innate immunity by phagocytic activity in non-descript and Sahiwal cattle in Chhattisgarh

Research (Published online: 13-11-2014)

8. Assessment of innate immunity by phagocytic activity in non-descript and Sahiwal cattle in Chhattisgarh - Govina Dewangan, S. D. Hirpurkar, Devesh Kumar Giri and Deepak Kumar Kashyap

Veterinary World, 7(10): 943-947

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.943-947

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Abstract

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Aim: The objective of the research was to assess the innate immunity status of non-descript (ND) cattle in comparison to Sahiwal cattle in Chattisgarh by the determination of the phagocytosis activity (PA) and opsonocytophagic index (OI).

Materials and Methods: In-vitro phagocytic activity of neutrophil was studied in ND and Sahiwal (S) cattle after dividing them in groupsviz. ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II. Neutrophils were separated from the blood and activated with Staphylococcus aureus. PA and OI were observed under high power of a microscope at ×1000  magnification.

Results: PA (percent) in groups ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II was 73.00±1.03, 82.25±1.51, 80.75±1.36 and 82.37±1.27, respectively which vary significantly (p<0.01), with respect to age. The observations regarding the OI (bacteria per neutrophil) in groups ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II was 7.17±0.04, 7.76±0.09, 7.02±0.04 and 7.79±0.06, respectively. Age difference was evident, i.e., OI increases as age increases.

Conclusion: Innate immunity plays a vital role in host defense against diseases. Neutrophil kills the invading pathogen by phagocytic action. PA and OI is an important tool for the assessing innate immune status. After coincubation of neutrophil with bacterial cells, PA was significantly lower (p<0.01) in ND-I, calves group then other groups. Further, the result of OI clearly indicates that OI has increased as age increases in both breeds. The study will, therefore, generate first hand information on ND cattle along with their relative statistical differences, if any, when compared with Sahiwal.

Keywords: innate immunity, non-descript cattle, opsonocytophagic index, phagocytosis activity.