Current practices and research updates on diabetes mellitus in canine

Review (Published online: 14-11-2014)

10. Current practices and research updates on diabetes mellitus in canine - Pankaj Kumar, Rashmi Rekha Kumari, Manish Kumar, Sanjiv Kumar and Asit Chakrabarti

Veterinary World, 7(10): 952-959

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.952-959

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Abstract

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Diabetes has evidence in ancient literatures, though recently is being considered as one amongst the most emerging disease condition in both human and companion animals. Diabetes mellitus is one of the common endocrinopathy of dog characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria and weight loss. Reports suggests high fraction of canine population suffer with diabetes world over. Studies in different veterinary hospitals of United States suggest increase in cases of canine diabetes and decrease in case fatality rate over time. Increase in cases of canine diabetes worldwide is attributed to awareness amongst pet owners, better veterinary health facilities, breed preferences by dog owners, increase dependence on commercial feeds, obesity, etc. Diabetes in most dogs is immune mediated and insulin dependent. Breed predisposition in canine is attributed to dog leukocyte antigen gene pool encoding form major histocompatibility complex-II molecules, however research is still underway. Diagnosis of diabetes still relies on blood sugar evaluation for screening of canine population, though many other diagnostic methods have shown promising benefits including measurement of fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin. Management of diabetes in dog is based on insulin therapy, diet modification and exercise. Use of oral anti-diabetics drugs in canine is limited though experimental studies have shown promising results. Alternative therapies have been explored, but only a few approaches have shown promise for clinical application.

Keywords: canine, diabetes mellitus, emergence, fructosamine, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, streptozotocin.

Effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season

Research (Published online: 14-11-2014)

9. Effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season - Shashi Kant, Nazim Ali, Gulab Chandra and Riyaz Ahmad Siddique

Veterinary World, 7(10): 948-951

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.948-951

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Abstract

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Aim: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of shatavari and vitamin E on hemato-biochemical profile of broilers during the winter season.

Materials and Methods: For this 120 day old chicks, randomly distributed into six groups were reared up to 6 weeks on standard managemental conditions. The powder of shatavari and vitamin E was added to the basal diet@ 0% and 0 mg/kg feed, 1% and 0 mg/kg feed, 1.5% and 0 mg/kg feed, 0% and 200 mg/kg feed, 1% and 200 mg/kg feed, 1.5% and 200 mg/kg feed in T1 to T6 respectively.

Results: The significant (p<0.05) increase in hematological parameters like total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb and mean corpuscular Hb concentration in shatavari and vitamin E treated groups than control group. Whereas biochemical parameters like total serum protein, albumin, globin were significantly (p<0.05) higher and cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly (p<0.05) lower in shatavari and vitamin E treated groups than control group.

Conclusions: Supplementation of shatavari and vitamin E supplementation removes cold stress and improves immuno status of broilers.

Keywords: broilers, shatavari, vitamin E.

Assessment of innate immunity by phagocytic activity in non-descript and Sahiwal cattle in Chhattisgarh

Research (Published online: 13-11-2014)

8. Assessment of innate immunity by phagocytic activity in non-descript and Sahiwal cattle in Chhattisgarh - Govina Dewangan, S. D. Hirpurkar, Devesh Kumar Giri and Deepak Kumar Kashyap

Veterinary World, 7(10): 943-947

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.943-947

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Abstract

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Aim: The objective of the research was to assess the innate immunity status of non-descript (ND) cattle in comparison to Sahiwal cattle in Chattisgarh by the determination of the phagocytosis activity (PA) and opsonocytophagic index (OI).

Materials and Methods: In-vitro phagocytic activity of neutrophil was studied in ND and Sahiwal (S) cattle after dividing them in groupsviz. ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II. Neutrophils were separated from the blood and activated with Staphylococcus aureus. PA and OI were observed under high power of a microscope at ×1000  magnification.

Results: PA (percent) in groups ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II was 73.00±1.03, 82.25±1.51, 80.75±1.36 and 82.37±1.27, respectively which vary significantly (p<0.01), with respect to age. The observations regarding the OI (bacteria per neutrophil) in groups ND-I, ND-II, S-I and S-II was 7.17±0.04, 7.76±0.09, 7.02±0.04 and 7.79±0.06, respectively. Age difference was evident, i.e., OI increases as age increases.

Conclusion: Innate immunity plays a vital role in host defense against diseases. Neutrophil kills the invading pathogen by phagocytic action. PA and OI is an important tool for the assessing innate immune status. After coincubation of neutrophil with bacterial cells, PA was significantly lower (p<0.01) in ND-I, calves group then other groups. Further, the result of OI clearly indicates that OI has increased as age increases in both breeds. The study will, therefore, generate first hand information on ND cattle along with their relative statistical differences, if any, when compared with Sahiwal.

Keywords: innate immunity, non-descript cattle, opsonocytophagic index, phagocytosis activity.

Effect of dietary supplementation of herbal seeds on carcass traits of turkey poults

Research (Published online: 12-11-2014)

7. Effect of dietary supplementation of herbal seeds on carcass traits of turkey poults - Darshana B. Bhaisare, D. Thyagarajan, R. Richard Churchil and N. Punniamurthy

Veterinary World, 7(10): 938-942

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.938-942

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was conducted to find the effect of four herbal seeds on carcass traits of turkey poults.

Materials and Methods: A biological study using Nandanam turkey poults (Meleagris gallapavo) for 8 weeks duration was carried out to evaluate the effect of phytobiotics-containing four herbal seeds influence on production performances like biweekly body weight and on carcass traits. 150 poults were randomly subjected to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with basal diet (T1), 0.5% (5 g/kg) level of each seeds thyme (Thymus vulgaris) (T2), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) (T3), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (T4) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) (T5). Carcass traits like blood loss, feather loss, dressed weight, New York dressed weight, ready to cook yield and cut-up parts yield were studied.

Results: The body weight at 8th week was higher (p<0.05) in poults fed with thyme; whereas at 6th week, fennel and cumin fed birds had better (p<0.05) body weight. Inclusion of herbal seeds did not affect the blood loss, dressed weight and ready to cook yield but it significantly (p<0.05) affected the feathered loss, New York dressed weight and giblet percentages. Feeding of fenugreek has improved New York dressed weight of poults. Feeding of fennel had depressive (p<0.05) effect on liver and gizzard weights. All the four phytobiotic seeds in feed had significant (p<0.05) reduction in breast weight with a compensatory improvement in drumstick and neck weights.

Conclusion: The present study revealed that supplementation of phytobiotic herbal seeds has resulted in numerical improvement of body weight of poults throughout the study period whereas these seeds had negative effect on the yield of breast, with increased proportion of drumstick and neck.

Keywords: carcass traits, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, phytobiotics, thyme, turkey.

Evaluation of efficiency of sire model and animal model in Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle considering first lactation production and fertility traits

Research (Published online: 09-11-2014)

6. Evaluation of efficiency of sire model and animal model in Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle considering first lactation production and fertility traits - Shakti Kant Dash, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Avtar Singh, Atish Kumar Chakravarty, Manoj Madhusoodanan, Jamuna Valsalan, Pushp Raj Shivahre and Altaf Hussain

Veterinary World, 7(10): 933-937

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.933-937

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Abstract

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Aim: The present investigation was conducted for evaluating the efficacy of estimating breeding values (BVs) using univariate animal model in comparison to sire model. The various parameters considered for evaluating the efficiency of both linear models were coefficient of determination (R2), coefficient of variation (CV), within sire variance or error variance and spearman’s rank correlation estimates.

Materials and Methods: Data for the present investigation were spread over a period of 34 years from 1978 to 2012 and consisted of a total of 1988 lactation records of Holstein Friesian crossbred cows sired by 186 crossbred bulls.

Results: The percentage of sires having BV (estimated by animal model) more than the average BV for the traits viz. age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation 305 day milk yield (F305MY), first lactation total milk yield (FTMY), milk yield per day of first lactation length (MY/FLL) and milk yield per day of first calving interval (MY/FCI) were 48.05, 49.39, 55.07, 49.21, 50.00, 51.39, 48.67, 50.39%, respectively. The animal model had higher R2, lower CV and error variance for most of the fertility and production traits. The spearman’s rank correlation estimates indicated similarity of rankings by both the linear models as the animal model is an improvement of sire model.

Conclusion: Animal model had a wider range of BVs indicating the greater differentiating ability of the model. Based on R2, CV and error variance animal model was found to be superior in comparison to sire model.

Keywords: animal model, breeding value, efficiency, sire model.

Polymerase chain reaction based epidemiological investigation of canine parvoviral disease in dogs at Bareilly region

Research (Published online: 08-11-2014)

5. Polymerase chain reaction based epidemiological investigation of canine parvoviral disease in dogs at Bareilly region - Jobin Thomas, Mithilesh Singh, T. K. Goswami, Suman Verma and Surendra Kumar Badasara

Veterinary World, 7(10): 929-932

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.929-932

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to screen the suspected samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and epidemiological analysis of positive cases of canine parvovirus type2.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from dogs suspected for canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and viral DNA was extracted. Primers were designed, and PCR was done with all extracted DNA samples. Age, sex and breed wise distribution of positive cases were analyzed.

Results: Out of a total 44 collected fecal samples, 23 were found to be positive for CPV-2 by developed PCR. The disease was found to be more common in Labrador male pups of 3-6 months of age. The percentage of positive cases in vaccinated dogs was found to be around 17.4%.

Conclusion: Almost half (52.3%) of total collected samples were found to be positive by PCR. However, number of field samples are needed to further validate this test and additionally sequence analysis needs to be done to ensure the prevalent field strain of CPV-2.

Keywords: Canine parvovirus type 2, fecal sample, polymerase chain reaction.

Tracing the antibody mediated acquired immunity by Foot and Mouth disease and Rift Valley Fever combined vaccine in pregnant ewes and their lambs

Research (Published online: 07-11-2014)

4. Tracing the antibody mediated acquired immunity by Foot and Mouth disease and Rift Valley Fever combined vaccine in pregnant ewes and their lambs - Wael Mossad Gamal, Eman Mahmoud Mohamed Soliman and Mona Ali El-Manzalawy

Veterinary World, 7(10): 922-928

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.922-928

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to provide adequate protection to ewes and their lambs against Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and Rift Valley Fever (RVF).

Materials and Methods: A combined inactivated oil vaccine was prepared successfully. Such vaccine was found to be free from foreign contaminants, safe and potent as determined by quality control tests such as challenge protection percentage for FMD and mice ED50 for RVF. Vaccination of pregnant ewes with the prepared combined vaccine and determination of the antibody level via serum neutralization test (SNT) and Enzyme Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) in the vaccinated pregnant ewes and their lambs.

Results: Vaccination of pregnant ewes revealed that these ewes exhibited high levels of specific antibodies against the included vaccine antigens (Foot and Mouth disease virus type A Iran O5, O PanAsia and SAT2/EGY/2012 and RVFV-ZH501). FMD antibodies recorded their peaks by the 10th week while those of RVF recorded their peaks by the 12th week post vaccination then all antibodies began to decrease gradually to reach their lowest protective titers for FMD by the 32nd week post vaccination and those for RVF by the 34th week post vaccination. Potency test of the prepared combined vaccine expressed as protection percentage of vaccinated sheep against target virulent FMD virus serotypes reflected a protection percentage of 80% against type O and SAT2 and 100% against A while for RVF, the mice ED50 was found to be 0.009 indicating the potency of the prepared vaccine. The antibody titer in serum and colostrum of vaccinated pregnant ewes at day of parturition (10-12 week post vaccination) recorded a high titer against FMD serotype (O), serotype (A), serotype (SAT2) and against RVF. It was noticed that the colostrum antibody titers were slightly higher than those in the sera of vaccinated ewes at time of parturition. The newly born lambs from vaccinated ewes, exhibited good levels of maternal immunity against the included antigens through suckling their mother colostrum by the 24 hrs. post parturition. The newly born lambs recorded their highest level by 1 week of birth and lasted within a protective level up to 11-12 week of birth.

Conclusion: Using of FMD/RVF combined vaccine provided a sufficient immune status for pregnant ewes as well as for their lambs. Vaccination of newly born lambs should be carried out by the 4th month of birth.

Keywords: FMD, RVF, combined vaccine, pregnant ewes, new born lambs, SNT, ELISA.