Monday 29 September 2014

International Journal of One Health - Call for papers

International Journal of One Health (www.onehealthjournal.org)

Topic includes agro-bio terrorism, animal science, antimicrobial resistance, bacteriology, biosecurity, bioterrorism, climate change, comparative medicine, disaster management, ecology, entomology, environmental health, epidemiology, food science, food security, global trade and commerce, health communication, human health, immunology, infectious disease, nutrition, occupational health, parasitology, pathology, physiology, public health and public policy, toxicology, veterinary science, virology, wildlife protection, zoonoses etc.
 Please send pre-submission queries to

Submit your manuscript online at http://my.ejmanager.com/ijoh/
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What is One Health?


One Health is the integrative effort of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. Because of their expertise, veterinarians play critical roles in the health of animals, humans, and even the environment, but these roles are often overlooked or unrecognized. Nonetheless, veterinary medicine is the only profession that routinely operates at the interface of these three components of One Health.
The concept behind One Health has existed for centuries – from Hippocrates' "On Airs, Waters, and Places" (estimated 400 BC) to the AVMA's webpage you're reading today. Some of the greats who have contributed to One Health include individuals such as Giovanni Lancisi, Louis-Rene Villerme, Rudolf Virchow,William Osler, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Rachel Carson, former Assistant Surgeon General James Steele, and Calvin Schwabe, just to name a few. Dr. Schwabe captured the term "One Medicine" in his book, Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, and it was in honor of him that the AVMA's One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) dedicated its final report.
As the human population continues to increase and expand across our world, the interconnection of people, animals, and our environment becomes more significant and impactful. The importance of One Health is highlighted by many factors in our world today:
  • The world's total population exceeded 7 billion people in 2011, and it continues to climb.
  • As our population expands geographically, the contact between human and wild animal habitats increases, introducing the risk of exposure to new viruses, bacteria and other disease-causing pathogens.
  • Advancing technologies and science-based evidence is increasing the awareness, knowledge, and understanding of the interdependency of the health of humans, animals, and the environment.
  • The human-animal bond continues to grow throughout societies.
  • It is estimated that at least 75% of emerging and re-emerging diseases are either zoonotic (spread between humans and animals) or vector-borne (carried from infected animals to others through insects).
  • Vigilant protection of our food and feed supplies from food-borne diseases, contamination, and acts of terrorism is critical for human and animal health.
  • Contamination by personal care products and pharmaceuticals has been detected in our waters.
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Friday 26 September 2014

Antibiotic residues in broiler and layer meat in Chittagong district of Bangladesh

21. Antibiotic residues in broiler and layer meat in Chittagong district of Bangladesh - Sarmina Sattar, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, S. K. M. Azizul Islam, Mahabub Alam, Md. Shohel Al Faruk,Suchayan Chowdhury and A. K. M. Saifuddin
Veterinary World, 7(9): 738-743


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.738-743


Sarmina Sattar: Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; atiq124@gmail.com
Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan:  Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; miladhasan@yahoo.com
S. K. M. Azizul Islam: Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; anwarvet@yahoo.co.uk
Mahabub Alam: Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; mahabub38@yahoo.com
Md. Shohel Al Faruk: Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Livestock Services, Upazilla Livestock Office, Rangamati Sadar, Rangamati Hill Tracts, Bangladesh; shoheldvm03@gmail.com
Suchayan Chowdhury:  Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; suchayan_chy@yahoo.com
A. K. M. Saifuddin: Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh; saifuddincvu@yahoo.com

Received: 14-06-2014, Revised: 22-08-2014, Accepted: 28-08-2014, Published online: 27-09-2014

Corresponding author: Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, e-mail: miladhasan@yahoo.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study was described thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method for the detection of antibacterial substances in poultry muscle (breast and thigh), kidney, and liver.
Materials and Methods: TLC method was used for screening detection of tetracycline, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin residues in poultry tissues. The samples were extracted with trichloroacetic acid (30%), diethyl ether, followed by detection in pre-coated TLC paper on ultraviolet detector. The UHPLC method was used for the quantification of antimicrobial residues in poultry tissues.
Results: The residues of tetracycline were 48% in livers, 24% in kidneys, 20% in thigh muscles, and 24% in breast muscles. Ciprofloxacin residues were found 44% in liver, 42% in kidneys, 34% in thigh muscles and 30% in breast muscles. Enrofloxacin residues were found 40% in liver, 34% in kidneys, 22% in thigh muscles, and 18% in breast muscles. Amoxicillin residues were found 42% in liver, 30% in kidneys, 26% in thigh muscles and 22% in breast muscles. Most of the cases highest residues were found in liver such as tetracycline (48%), ciprofloxacin (44%), enrofloxacin (40%) and amoxicillin (42%) and almost lowest in breast muscles. In addition, nine positive samples from broiler were selected for amoxicillin residue quantification by UHPLC. It was observed that the concentration of amoxicillin residue in liver was ranging from 16.92 μg/kg to 152.62 μg/kg and in breast muscle was 45.38 μg/kg to 60.55 μg/kg, respectively. The maximum and minimum peak time was 4.7-5.2 min. Among the poultry tissues, liver had the highest level of antibiotic residues in comparison to other samples but the variation was not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Evidence suggests that more judicious use of antimicrobials in food animals will reduce the selection of resistant bacteria and help to preserve these valuable drugs for both human and veterinary medicine. The method described in this study is a simple, easy inexpensive which can be readily adopted by any laboratory for the detection of antibiotic residues in tissues of food-producing animals.
Keywords: antibiotic residues, broiler, layer, thin layer chromatography, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Genetic architecture and bottleneck analyses of Salem Black goat breed based on microsatellite markers

20. Genetic architecture and bottleneck analyses of Salem Black goat breed based on microsatellite markers - A. K. Thiruvenkadan,
V. Jayakumar, P. Kathiravan and R. Saravanan
Veterinary World, 7(9): 733-737


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.733-737


A. K. Thiruvenkadan: Department of Animal Husbandry Statistics and Computer Applications, Veterinary College and Research Institute,
Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India; drthirusiva@gmail.com
V. Jayakumar: Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Namakkal - 637 001, Tamil Nadu, India; drjaikumar007@gmail.com
P. Kathiravan: Livestock Geneticist, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria; kathirvet@yahoo.co.in
R. Saravanan: Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India;mrsagb@gmail.com

Received: 05-05-2014, Revised: 12-08-2014, Accepted: 19-08-2014, Published online: 27-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. K. Thiruvenkadan, e-mail: drthirusiva@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken in Salem Black goat population for genetic analysis at molecular level to exploit the breed for planning sustainable improvement, conservation and utilization, which subsequently can improve the livelihood of its stakeholders.
Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 50 unrelated Salem Black goats with typical phenotypic features in several villages in the breeding tract and the genetic characterization and bottleneck analysis in Salem Black goat was done using 25 microsatellite markers as recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy. The basic measures of genetic variation were computed using bioinformatic software. To evaluate the Salem Black goats for mutation drift equilibrium, three tests were performed under three different mutation models, viz., infinite allele model (IAM), stepwise mutation model (SMM) and two-phase model (TPM) and the observed gene diversity (He) and expected equilibrium gene diversity (Heq) were estimated under different models of microsatellite evolution.
Results: The study revealed that the observed number of alleles ranged from 4 (ETH10, ILSTS008) to 17 (BM64444) with a total of 213 alleles and mean of 10.14±0.83 alleles across loci. The overall observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, inbreeding estimate and polymorphism information content values were 0.631±0.041, 0.820±0.024, 0.233±0.044 and 0.786±0.023 respectively indicating high genetic diversity. The average observed gene diversities (He) pooled over different markers was 0.829±0.024 and the average expected gene diversities under IAM, TPM and SMM models were 0.769±0.026, 0.808±0.024 and 0.837±0.020 respectively. The number of loci found to exhibit gene diversity excess under IAM, TPM and SMM models were 18, 17 and 12 respectively.
Conclusion: All the three statistical tests, viz., sign test, standardized differences test and Wilcoxon sign rank test, revealed significant deviation of Salem Black goats from mutation-drift equilibrium under IAM and TPM models, however, nonsignificant deviation under SMM model. The qualitative test of mode shift analysis supported the results under SMM indicating the absence of the genetic bottleneck in the recent past in Salem Black goats.

Keywords: bottleneck, genetic diversity, microsatellites, Salem Black.
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Influence of controlled breeding techniques on fertility and plasma progesterone, protein and cholesterol profile in true anestrus and repeat breeding buffaloes

19. Influence of controlled breeding techniques on fertility and plasma progesterone, protein and cholesterol profile in true anestrus and repeat breeding buffaloes - K. K. Savalia, A. J. Dhami, K. K. Hadiya, K. R. Patel and N. P. Sarvaiya
Veterinary World, 7(9): 727-732


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.727-732


K. K. Savalia: Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India; ketan89862@gmail.com
A. J. Dhami: Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India; ajdhami@aau.in
K. K. Hadiya: Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India; kamleshhadiya@yahoo.co.in
K. R. Patel: Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India; ketanfriend007@gmail.com
N. P. Sarvaiya: Reproductive Biology Research Unit, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India; npsarvaiya@aau.in

Received: 13-05-2014, Revised: 05-08-2014, Accepted: 11-08-2014, Published online: 27-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. J. Dhami, e-mail: ajdhami@aau.in
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to evaluate the estrus response, conception rate and plasma profile of progesterone, protein and cholesterol following use of different hormonal protocols in anestrus and repeat breeding buffaloes.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 20 true anestrus, 20 repeat breeders, and 10 normal cyclic buffaloes. Ten anestrus buffaloes each were treated with standard controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) i/vg device and Ovsynch (GPG) protocols with fix timed artificial insemination (FTAI), and blood samples were obtained on day 0, 7, 9/10 (AI) of treatment and day 21 post-AI. Ten repeat breeding buffaloes with mature mid-cycle palpable corpus luteum (CL) were treated with i/m injection of 25 mg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) with FTAI twice at 72 and 96 h later, whereas other ten repeat breeding buffaloes in standing estrus were inseminated with simultaneous i/m injection of buserelin acetate-gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) 20 μg. 10 buffaloes exhibiting first estrus within 90 days postpartum and inseminated without any treatment served as normal cyclic control. Blood samples were obtained on day of PG injection, day of AI and day 21 post-AI for estimation of plasma progesterone, protein, and cholesterol.
Results: CIDR and Ovsynch protocols resulted in 100 and 80% induction of estrus with conception rates of 40 and 30% at induced estrus, respectively, in anestrus buffaloes. Mid-cycle PGF2α treatment resulted in 90% estrus induction and 40% conception rate at induced estrus, while Buserelin acetate-GnRH 20 μg injection at AI resulted in 30% conception rate in repeat breeders. In normal cyclic control group also, the first service conception rate was 30%. The mean plasma progesterone concentrations on day 0, 7, 9/10 (AI) of treatment and on day 21 post-AI were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different in both CIDR and Ovsynch protocols, being higher on day 7 (day of PG injection) and on day 21 post-AI than on day 0 and 9/10 (FTAI), which were near basal levels. The mean plasma progesterone level was significantly (p<0.01) higher on the day of initiation of mid-cycle PGF2α treatment (3.81±0.67 ng/ml) in a repeat breeding buffaloes suggesting luteal phase. The mean plasma P4 levels on day 21 post-AI were significantly (p<0.01) higher than on the day of estrus in both repeat breeders and in normal cyclic controls. The plasma P4 value on day 21 post-AI was significantly (p<0.01) higher in conceived than non-conceived buffaloes in all five groups. The mean plasma total cholesterol and total protein concentrations in anestrus and repeat breeding buffaloes under different treatments did not vary significantly between sampling days. However the cholesterol content was significantly (p<0.05) lower (79.96±2.17 vs. 92.27±6.04 mg/dl) and protein higher (8.14±0.73 vs. 7.69±0.59 g/dl) in conceived than non-conceived animals. In both anestrus and repeat breeding buffaloes, the values of cholesterol and protein were significantly lower than in normal cyclic control group (138.04±11.98 mg/dl and 7.82±0.11 g/dl, respectively).
Conclusion: The results showed that CIDR was better than Ovsynch protocol in inducing fertile estrus in anestrus buffaloes, while mid-cycle PG treatment was superior over AI + GnRH in repeat breeders, and all four treatment protocols significantly influenced plasma P4 profile, but not the protein or cholesterol.

Keywords: anestrus, biochemical profile, buffalo, conception rates, plasma progesterone, repeat breeder, synchronization protocols.
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Prevalence, population dynamics and host preferences of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of livestock in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State

18. Prevalence, population dynamics and host preferences of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of livestock in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State - B. W. Narladkar and P. R. Shivpuje
Veterinary World, 7(9): 717-726


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.717-726


B. W. Narladkar: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery
Sciences University, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India; babanar47@gmail.com
P. R. Shivpuje: Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India; pralhadshivpuje@rediffmail.com

Received: 24-05-2014, Revised: 31-07-2014, Accepted: 04-08-2014, Published online: 27-09-2014

Corresponding author: B. W. Narladkar, e-mail: babanar47@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study is a part of a research project on integrated pest management of livestock pests with reference to Culicoides spp. Study of prevalence, population dynamics and host preferences are the important benchmarks essential for chalking out the strategies of integrated pest management of Culicoides, thus the study was aimed.
Materials and Methods: Light trap collections of Culicoides midges and other tiny flies from animal shed from seventeen centers representing entire Maharashtra state were conducted. Similarly, year round collections from host sheds were envisaged to work out host preferences and population dynamics of Culicoides spp. locally prevalent. Multiple regression analysis was employed to define the environmental predictors responsible for ups and downs during different seasons occurring in the geographic region of the present study.
Results: Study revealed the prevalence of Culicoides spp., Phlebotomus spp. and Simulium spp. Simultaneous study undertaken by the aid of hand net, collections of fly species from Marathwada region of Maharashtra state yielded additionally, Tabanus spp., Pangonia spp., mosquitoes and other cyclorrhaphan flies. Some of the species are vectors of livestock diseases hence map of the distribution of these pest species is for to reckon risk areas. Population dynamics study on Culicoides spp. in Marathwada region indicated that, (a) Culicoidespopulation were persistent throughout the year; (b) Two peaks of population, one in the monsoon (August-September) and another minor peak occurred during post monsoon/beginning of winter (November) of the year. Drastic reduction in the population occurred during the month of May, which is the hottest month in the year. Culicoides collections from the sheds of different host species indicated the preferences for feeding in the ascending order of preference as cattle, sheep, buffaloes and then goats.
Conclusion: Prevalence of Culicoides schultzei, Culicoides peregrinus and Culicoides actoni was occurred in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra along with other haematophagus flies. Seasonal population dynamic studies depicted two peaks in the Culicoides population, and peak population observed during the monsoon season. Study on the parameters is essential for the preparation of prediction models and forecasting.

Keywords: Culicoides spp., host preferences, livestock, Marathwada, population dynamics.
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Thursday 25 September 2014

Cloning and sequencing of protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry

17. Cloning and sequencing of protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry - S. K. Dixit, D. P. Hota, M. Kumawat, T. K. Goswami and M. Mahawar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 712-716


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.712-716


S. K. Dixit: Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;
sunildixit1987@gmail.com
D. P. Hota: Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; durgaprasad.hota04@gmail.com
M. Kumawat: Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; 0711mworld@gmail.com
T. K. Goswami: Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; goswami.tapas@gmail.com
M. Mahawar: Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; manishbiochemistry@gmail.com

Received: 16-05-2014, Revised: 28-07-2014, Accepted: 04-08-2014, Published online: 25-09-2014

Corresponding author: S. K. Dixit, e-mail: sunildixit1987@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: To clone the Salmonella Typhimurium protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase (PIMT) enzyme and to analyze the sequence withPIMT gene of other pathogenic serovars of Salmonella.
Materials and Methods: Salmonella Typhimurium strain E-2375 was procured from the National Salmonella Center, IVRI. The genomic DNA was isolated from Salmonella Typhimurium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to amplify PIMT gene using the designed primers. The PCR product was cloned into pET28c plasmid vector and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α cells. The plasmid was isolated from E. coli and was sequenced. The sequence was analyzed and submitted in Genbank.
Results: The PCR product revealed a distinct amplicon of 627 bp. The clone was confirmed by PCR. Sequencing data revealed 100% homology between PIMT sequences from Salmonella Typhimurium strain E-2375 (used in the current study) and PIMT sequences of standard reported strain (Salmonella Typhimurium str. LT2) in NCBI data base. This submitted sequence in Genbank having accession no. KJ575536.
Conclusions: PIMT gene of Salmonella is highly conserved in most of the pathogenic Salmonella serovars. The PIMT clone can be used to isolate PIMT protein. This PIMT protein will be helpful to identify isoaspartate containing proteins thus can help in study Salmonella virulence.

Keywords: cloning, sequencing, Salmonella Typhimurium protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase, virulence.
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