Congenital urethral dilatation in cattle calves: Diagnosis and surgical intervention

Research (Published online: 11-02-2020)

6. Congenital urethral dilatation in cattle calves: Diagnosis and surgical intervention

Magda Mahmoud Ali, Kamal Hany Hussein, Ahmed Sadek and Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset

Veterinary World, 13(2): 261-265

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are common affections in ruminants. Dilatation of the pelvic urethra is one of these affections in which the pelvic urethra dilated than normal diameter. This study aimed to explain the diagnosis and surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-three bull calves (2-7 months old) were presented with a history of stranguria, tenesmus, and straining. Diagnosis of urethral dilatation was relied on the case history and clinical examination and was confirmed using survey and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and biochemical tests. Treatment was done by urethrostomy under the effect of local infiltration analgesia.

Results: Physical examination revealed the presence of an oval, firm, and painless swelling at the perineal region, starting just below the anus and extended to the base of the scrotum. The owners reported that the initial swelling size and severity of symptoms increased with the progress of animal age. Biochemical findings revealed non-significant changes in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Radiographic findings showed an oval radiopaque mass. However, a well-demarcated structure with acoustic enhancement was detected on ultrasonographic examination. Urethrostomy resulted in a successful outcome of all cases.

Conclusion: Depending on these findings, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic tool and urethrostomy is the intervention of choice with acceptable results for diagnosis and treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves, respectively.

Keywords: congenital anomalies, urethral dilatation, urethrostomy.

Inflammation in the lungs of mice due to methyl methacrylate exposure

Research (Published online: 11-02-2020)

5. Inflammation in the lungs of mice due to methyl methacrylate exposure

Sianiwati Goenharto, I Ketut Sudiana, Sherman Salim, Elly Rusdiana and Sri Wahjuni

Veterinary World, 13(2): 256-260

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to predict the potential inflammation in lungs caused by exposure to methyl methacrylate (MMA; in silico study) and assess inflammation in lungs in response to MMA inhalation in mice (in vivo study).

Materials and Methods: In silico and in vivo studies were performed using 24 mice divided into a control group (0 ppm MMA) and five treatment groups, which were exposed to 150 ppm MMA for 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 min, respectively. Lung tissues were harvested and examined with a light microscope at 400×.

Results: In silico studies confirmed the existence of one activation bond between MMA and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR- 4), namely, His 228, with a MolDock score of –43.677 kcal/mol. Microscopic examination of lungs confirmed that a greater number of inflammatory cells were found in the treatment group than in the control group and symptoms of inflammation were clearly observable after 120 min of exposure.

Conclusion: Thus, inflammation occurring due to MMA interaction with TLR-4 receptors can be predicted in silico and exposure to 150 ppm MMA for more than 120 min can cause lung inflammation in mice.

Keywords: inflammation, inhalation, in silico, methyl methacrylate.

Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand

Research (Published online: 10-02-2020)

4. Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand

N. Inthong, S. Kaewmongkol, N. Meekhanon, K. Sirinarumitr and T. Sirinarumitr

Veterinary World, 13(2): 245-255

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: According to the previous study, the circulating canine parvovirus (CPV) in Thailand is 2a and 2b. Nowadays, CPV mutants, including CPV-2c, have been identified in many parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of the circulating CPV in Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Eighty-five CPV-positive fecal samples were obtained from dogs with either acute hemorrhagic diarrhea or diarrhea. The complete VP2 gene of these samples was amplified using VP2 specific primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The obtained full-length VP2 sequences were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.

Results: Sixty and 25 CPV-positive fecal samples were collected in 2010 and 2018, respectively. Thirty-four samples were new CPV-2a and 31 samples were new CPV-2b due to amino acids substitution at position 297 (Ser-Ala). In 2018, 5 new CPV-2a, 19 CPV-2c, and 1 feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) were found, but no new CPV-2b was detected. Moreover, most of the CPV in this study had amino acids mutations at positions 324 and 440. The phylogenetic construction demonstrated the close relationship between the current new CPV-2a with the previous CPV-2a reported from Thailand, China, Uruguay, Vietnam, Singapore, and India. Interestingly, the current new CPV-2b in this study was not closely related to the previous CPV-2b reported in Thailand. The CPV-2c in this study was closer to Asian CPV-2c and further from either European or South America CPV-2c. Interestingly, FPV was identified in a diarrhea dog.

Conclusion: The evolution of CPV in Thailand is very dynamic. Thus, it is important to monitor for CPV mutants and especially the clinical signs relating to these mutants to conduct surveillance for the emergence of new highly pathogenic CPV in the future.

Keywords: canine parvoviruses, diversity, Thailand, VP2 gene.

Influence of interferon-based drugs on immunological indices in specific prevention

Research (Published online: 10-02-2020)

3. Influence of interferon-based drugs on immunological indices in specific prevention

Alfia Andreeva, Oksana Nikolaeva, Oleg Altynbekov, Chulpan Galieva and Kseniia Ilina

Veterinary World, 13(2): 238-244

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research aimed to study the effect of interferon (IFN)-based drugs on the behavior of immunological parameters in calves during the specific prevention of associative infections.

Materials and Methods: The object of research was 45 black motley cows and their calves from birth to 2 months of life. Serum and colostrum samples were screened for antibodies against Rotavirus, diarrhea, and coronavirus using serological methods. The testing was performed before vaccination, 40 days before calving, 20 days before calving, and before calving. Colostrum samples were taken during the first milk yield. Serum samples from calves were drawn before colostrum feeding as well as at 7, 14, and 21 days, and 1 and 2 months of age. To measure the level of immunoglobulins A, M, and G, additional serum samples were collected from calves at 25, 35, 65, and 75 days after birth.

Results: Giving pregnant cows, an IFN-based drug at a dose of 1 ml/kg 48 h before vaccination results in the development and accumulation of antibodies to Rotavirus, coronavirus, and viral diarrhea (VD) in the colostrum, with a titer of 7.6±0.3 log2, 5.8±0.34 log2, and 4.4±0.18 log2, respectively. It indicates an increase in the antigenic activity of the multivalent vaccine.

Conclusion: IFN-based drugs enhance the protective effect of vaccination against associative infections in the newborn calves. They stimulate a rise in the titer of antibodies to Rotavirus, coronavirus, VD, and mucosal disease complex as well as an increase in immunoglobulins A, M, and G.

Keywords: antibody titer, coronavirus, immunoglobulins A, M, and G, interferon, Rotavirus, vaccinations.

Blastocystis spp. subtype 10 infected beef cattle in Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 07-02-2020)

2. Blastocystis spp. subtype 10 infected beef cattle in Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia

Lucia Tri Suwanti, Yuli Susana, Poedji Hastutiek, Endang Suprihati and Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti

Veterinary World, 13(2): 231-237

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Blastocystis spp. is a gastrointestinal parasite that can infect both humans and animals and has the potential to become a zoonotic parasite. This study analyzed a subtype (ST) of Blastocystis spp. that had infected beef cattle in Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Fresh stool samples were collected from 108 beef cattle at Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia. Blastocystis spp. were detected both morphologically and genetically based on the 18S rRNA gene. The morphology of Blastocystis spp. from the stool samples and cultured samples were observed under a light microscope. Blastocystis spp. from 20 positive cultures were amplified through polymerase chain reaction, and the resultant sequences were identified by ST.

Results: One hundred and eight (100%) fecal samples from the fresh or cultured stools were positive morphologically for Blastocystis spp. Molecularly, all 20 of the samples selected for DNA analysis were found to be Blastocystis spp. ST 10.

Conclusion: Based on morphological and molecular detection, the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. infection in beef cattle within Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia, was high. About 100% were non-zoonotic parasites. This was the first report of Blastocystis spp. ST 10 found in infected beef cattle in Kamal and Socah, Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia.

Keywords: beef cattle, Blastocystis spp. subtype 10, Madura, Indonesia, zoonotic.

Epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran

Research (Published online: 06-02-2020)

4. Epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran

Abedin Saghafipour, Masoumeh Divband, Leyli Zanjirani Farahani, Hadi Hamidi Parsa and Hossein Golabchi Fard

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 17-22

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important, neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution which has been reported in different regions of Iran, including the central areas (e.g. Qom Province). The disease is caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite living in the intestine of dogs and other canids as definitive hosts. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of CE in Qom Province, Central Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, the data of patients with diagnosed CE during 2011-2018 were collected from all urban and rural areas of Qom Province. The data of the epidemiological status of CE cases were extracted from the CE surveillance system in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Qom University of Medical Sciences which is owned and run by Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In addition, the economic burden of the disease was evaluated by Azarakhsh and Roozamad financial software; the geographical distribution of CE was obtained by ArcGIS 10.3 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, USA).

Results: The results reveal that the incidence rate of CE was 6.81/100,000 people over the 8-year period of the study. More than half of the cases were females (57.95%), housewives (57.47%), and residents (89.77%). The majority of the cases were Iranian (88.77%) and the rest were from the two neighboring countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. The economic burden of the human CE in the 8 years was estimated to be 3,761,352,526 rials (75,227 $). In terms of spatial distribution, the highest incidence rate of CE was observed in Salafchegan District in the southwest of Qom Province.

Conclusion: The economic burden of human CE infection provided by governmental health-care systems or as out-of-pocket expenses is relatively high, and housewives, especially those living in Salafchegan District, are more likely to be affected. More studies are recommended on different epidemiological aspects and the definitive hosts of the parasite; besides, people at risk need to be warned and educated so that the incidence rate of the disease is reduced.

Keywords: cystic echinococcosis, hydatidosis, Iran.

Perceptions and preparedness of veterinarians to combat brucellosis through Brucellosis Control Programme in India

Research (Published online: 03-02-2020)

1. Perceptions and preparedness of veterinarians to combat brucellosis through Brucellosis Control Programme in India

R. Shome, M. Nagalingam, R. Priya, S. Sahay, T. Kalleshamurthy, A. Sharma, R. G. Bambal, H. Rahman and B. R. Shome

Veterinary World, 13(2): 222-230

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brucellosis caused by bacteria belongs to the genus Brucella is an important zoonosis and constitutes a serious public health hazard worldwide including India. The present study aimed to estimate the knowledge of veterinarians on brucellosis, its public health threat, diagnosis, and vaccination.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2013-2015 and 453 veterinarians representing 11 states/Union Territories (UT) of India (Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab) were interviewed using self-administered questionnaire.

Results: Out of 453 veterinarians, 71.74% stated handling of the animals on day-to-day basis and 28.25% were engaged in administration activities. The veterinarians ranked foot-and-mouth disease and brucellosis at the first and fourth ranks among the list of ten economic impacted diseases in the country. A significant association was observed between laboratory confirmation with those who handled brucellosis-suspected cases (p=0.000). Similarly, significant association was noted for the availability of vials/slides (p=0.114), vacutainers (p=0.008), icebox (p=0.103), and refrigerator (p=0.106) for those who preferred laboratory diagnosis. Only 20% of the veterinarians recommended vaccination against bovine brucellosis, and 17% obtained laboratory confirmation for the brucellosis-suspected cases.

Conclusion: The study highlighted the need for awareness programs, laboratory facilities, veterinary doctors, and protective measures for the veterinarians for combating brucellosis through the control program in the country.

Keywords: brucellosis, control program, India, knowledge, veterinary professionals.