Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus argenteus from wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

Research (Published online: 26-11-2022)

21. Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus argenteus from wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

Natapol Pumipuntu, Thanyaphorn Chamnandee, Kittisak Saengthong, Suvit Pathomthanasarn, Tawatchai Tanee, Pensri Kyes, Penkhae Thamsenanupap, Apichat Karaket, Marilyn C. Roberts, and Randall C. Kyes

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2693-2698

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In the past, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in both humans and animals has increased across Thailand. Staphylococcus argenteus has been associated with infections among humans, exotic pets, and livestock. Both species have been identified in non-human primate species from geographically diverse locations but not from non-human primates in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the presence of MRSA/ methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and S. argenteus isolates collected from buccal swab samples in Macaca fascicularis at Kosumpee Forest Park (KFP), Maha Sarakham, Northeast Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Aseptic buccal swab samples were collected from 30 free-ranging macaques in November 2018. All isolates were tested using multiple biochemical tests and S. aureus latex slide agglutination test. Presumptive S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The isolates were phenotypically determined to be resistant to a β-lactam antibiotic using the disk diffusion method with a 30 μg cefoxitin disk. The isolates were analyzed by PCR for the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene to distinguish S. argenteus from S. aureus.

Results: Fifteen macaques (50%) were colonized with S. aureus and 21 isolates were characterized. Three of the macaques carried both the MRSA and MSSA isolate. One animal carried both MRSA and S. argenteus isolate, and one animal carried only S. argenteus. The NRPS gene analysis confirmed that 2 isolates (9.52%) were S. argenteus and 19 isolates (90.48%) were S. aureus [five MSSA and 14 MRSA].

Conclusion: This study is the first to identify MRSA/MSSA and S. argenteus in wild free-ranging M. fascicularis from Thailand at the KFP in Maha Sarakham. This study is also the first report on the occurrence of S. argenteus carriage in M. fascicularis from Thailand.

Keywords: Macaca fascicularis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene, Staphylococcus argenteus.

Efficacy, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response of inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b propagated in chicken embryo liver cells using bioreactor in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 26-11-2022)

20. Efficacy, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response of inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b propagated in chicken embryo liver cells using bioreactor in broiler chickens

Chidozie Clifford Ugwu, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Mat Isa Nurulfiza, Abdul Rahman Omar, and Aini Ideris

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2681-2692

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b causes inclusion body hepatitis, resulting in major economic losses globally among chickens. The objectives were to inactivate FAdV 8b isolate propagated in chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells using a stirred tank bioreactor (UPM08136P5B1) and determine the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, efficacy, and virus shedding in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: The FAdV 8b isolate UPM08136P5B1 was inactivated using binary ethyleneimine, adjuvanted with Montanide 71VG, inoculated into day-old broiler chickens in a booster group (BG) and non-booster group (NBG), and challenged with a pathogenic FAdV 8b strain. Clinical signs, gross lesions, body weight (BW), liver: body weight ratio, FAdV antibody titer using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and histopathological changes were recorded. The CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte profiles of the liver, spleen, and thymus using flow cytometry, and viral load in liver and cloacal shedding using quantitative polymerase chain reaction were evaluated.

Results: Chickens in the challenged control group (CCG) exhibited mild clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathological changes, which were absent in the inoculated groups, and had lower BW and higher liver BW ratio than chickens in the unchallenged control group (UCG); BG and NBG on 35- and 42-days post-inoculation (DPI). Chickens in NBG and BG had higher antibodies than UCG on 7, 21, 35, and 42 DPI. The challenged BG and NBG produced higher antibodies than the CCG on 35 DPI. T-lymphocytes were higher among the inoculated groups than UCG in the liver, spleen, and thymus. Inoculated challenged groups recorded higher CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes on 35 and 42 DPI than CCG. The challenged control group had a significantly higher viral load in the liver than challenged that in BG on 35 DPI and BG and NBG on 42 DPI. The challenged control group had significantly higher challenge FAdV shedding than challenged inoculated groups on 35 and NBG on 42 DPI.

Conclusion: UPM08136P5B1 was successfully inactivated and mixed with Montanide 71VG. The inactivated vaccine candidate that induced humoral and cellular immunity was effective, reduced FAdV load in the liver, and shedding in the cloaca, and could be useful against FAdV 8b infections in chickens.

Keywords: bioreactor, broiler chickens, efficacy, fowl adenovirus serotype 8b, humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

A review of some medicinal plants with the potential to defeat antimicrobial resistance: Cases of Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde

Review (Published online: 25-11-2022)

6. A review of some medicinal plants with the potential to defeat antimicrobial resistance: Cases of Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cape Verde

Victorien Dougnon, Boris Brice Legba, Bertin Gbaguidi, Eric Agbodjento, Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe, Diara Rocha, Irene Ayi, Simon Azonbakin, Aboudoulatif Diallo, Isidore Juste Bonkoungou, Jean Robert Klotoe, Clément Agbangla, and Guy Alain Alitonou

International Journal of One Health, 8(2): 124-160

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem. In the alternatives being explored for developing new antimicrobials, medicinal plants occupy an important place, particularly in Africa, where they are widely used. This review aims to analyze the potential of medicinal plants from Benin, Togo, Ghana, Burkina-Faso, and Cape Verde in the fight against AMR. A bibliographic search was conducted to explore scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. During this search, particular attention was given to epidemiological data related to AMR in these countries, medicinal plants traditionally used to treat microbial infections and medicinal plants that have been shown to be active on multidrug-resistant microbial strains. In total, 94 manuscripts were investigated. Epidemiological data showed that the problem of AMR is worsening in each target country. In addition, several medicinal plants have been demonstrated to be effective against microbial strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. A total of 532 medicinal plants were identified according to their ethnomedical uses for the treatment of microbial infections. Scientific evidence was collected on the antimicrobial potential of 91 plants. This study showed the potential of medicinal plants in the fight against AMR. Their documented traditional use, coupled with the evidence of efficacy provided, make them interesting sources for developing new antimicrobials.

Keywords: Africa, antimicrobial, drug resistance, medicinal plants.

Characterizing the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli found in sport animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment

Research (Published online: 25-11-2022)

19. Characterizing the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli found in sport animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment

Tuempong Wongtawan, Ruethai Narinthorn, Narin Sontigun, Chalutwan Sansamur, Yotsapat Petcharat, Punpichaya Fungwithaya, Phirabhat Saengsawang, Patrick J. Blackall, and Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2673-2680

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to global health and development. Inappropriate antimicrobial drug use in animals cause AMR, and most studies focus on livestock because of the widespread use of antimicrobial medicines. There is a lack of studies on sports animals and AMR issues. This study aimed to characterize the AMR profile of E. coli found in sports animals (fighting cocks, fighting bulls, and sport horses) and soils from their environment.

Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted to identify E. coli isolates recovered from fresh feces that were obtained from fighting cocks (n = 32), fighting bulls (n = 57), sport horses (n = 33), and soils from those farms (n = 32) at Nakhon Si Thammarat. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using 15 tested antimicrobial agents - ampicillin (AM), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin (CN), cefalotin (CF), cefoperazone, ceftiofur, cefquinome, gentamicin, neomycin, flumequine (UB), enrofloxacin, marbofloaxacin, polymyxin B, tetracycline (TE), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT). The virulence genes, AMR genes, and phylogenetic groups were also examined. Five virulence genes, iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, and iutA, are genes determining the phylogenetic groups, chuA, cjaA, and tspE4C2, were identified. The AMR genes selected for detection were blaTEM and blaSHV for the beta-lactamase group; cml-A for phenicol; dhfrV for trimethoprim; sul1 and sul2 for sulfonamides; tetA, tetB, and tetC for TEs; and qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS for quinolones.

Results: The E. coli derived from sports animals were resistant at different levels to AM, CF, CN, UB, SXT, and TE. The AMR rate was overall higher in fighting cocks than in other animals, with significantly higher resistance to AM, CF, and TE. The highest AMR was found in fighting cocks, where 62.5% of their isolates were AM resistant. In addition, multidrug resistance was highest in fighting cocks (12.5%). One extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli isolate was found in the soils, but none from animal feces. The phylogenetic analysis showed that most E. coli isolates were in Group B1. The E. coli isolates from fighting cocks had more virulence and AMR genes than other sources. The AMR genes found in 20% or more of the isolates were blaTEM (71.9%), qnrB (25%), qnrS (46.9%), and tetA (56.25%), whereas in the E. coli isolates collected from soils, the only resistance genes found in 20% or more of the isolates were blaTEM (30.8%), and tetA (23.1%).

Conclusion: Escherichia coli from fighting cock feces had significantly higher resistance to AM, CF, and TE than isolates from other sporting animals. Hence, fighting cocks may be a reservoir of resistant E. coli that can transfer to the environment and other animals and humans in direct contact with the birds or the birds' habitat. Programs for antimicrobial monitoring should also target sports animals and their environment.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, beta-lactamase, bulls, Escherichia coli, trimethoprim.

Application of multivariate discriminant analysis for differentiation between Saudi sheep (Ovis aries) breeds based on physical and histochemical meat characteristics

Research (Published online: 22-11-2022)

18. Application of multivariate discriminant analysis for differentiation between Saudi sheep (Ovis aries) breeds based on physical and histochemical meat characteristics

Gamaleldin M. Suliman, Raed Mahmoud Al-Atiyat, Khaled H. Abu-Alruz, Amer M. Mamkagh, Firas A. Al-Zyoud, Abdullah N. Al-Owaimer, and Faisal A. Alshamiry

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2665-2672

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The multivariate discriminant (MVD) analysis was a successful statistical tool with a discriminatory capacity for tracing sheep breeds based on meat characteristics. Thus, this study aimed to identify three Saudi sheep breeds based on the physical and histochemical aspects of meat using MVD analysis.

Materials and Methods: Eight male lambs from each breed, Najdi, Neami, and Harri, were selected randomly at 90 days of age and allocated into three groups for breeding in a completely randomized design. The feeding and rearing management were similar for an experimental period of 90 days. The experimental diet consisted of a concentrated mixture with identical amounts of calories and nitrogen. Fifty-one meat characteristics were measured in the preliminary MVD, representing hot and cold carcass weight, meat cuts and quality measures, body component weights, fat deposit weights, and histochemical characteristics.

Results: Out of the total meat characteristics measured, only 19 characteristics had significant discriminant power. The most powerful characteristics were temperature, empty intestinal weight, pH24, external carcass length, heart weight, and L1, based on partial R-square and Wilks' lambda values. The phenotypic associations between the characteristics had strong associations. The obtained principal components efficiently classified the eight individuals of each breed into distinct groups using robust discriminant characteristics.

Conclusion: This method allowed us to determine the breed of sheep carcasses and cuts by considering the physical characteristics of the meat. Therefore, butchers and consumers should use scientific techniques for assigning carcasses and meat to their sheep breed after slaughtering.

Keywords: discriminant, histochemical, multivariate, sheep meat, traceability.

Preparation and evaluation of a lateral flow immunochromatographic nanogold diagnostic kit for brucellosis in sheep

Research (Published online: 21-11-2022)

17. Preparation and evaluation of a lateral flow immunochromatographic nanogold diagnostic kit for brucellosis in sheep

Zainab Mohammed Aboelqassem, Hazem Mohammed Ibrahim, Rafik Hamed Sayed, Hassan Mohamed Sobhy, and Sahar Hussein Abdalla Hekal

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2658-2664

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. It has a serious impact on the health of humans and animals, along with a negative impact on the economy. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate the diagnostic performance of a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (LFIT) nanogold diagnostic kit for detecting brucellosis in sheep.

Materials and Methods: A rapidly developed LFIT, in which lipopolysaccharide conjugates with nanogold molecules, was placed on the conjugate pad. One hundred ovine serum samples were tested to detect Brucella antibodies (Ab) using the prepared lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFA) kit and Rose Bengal test. The evaluation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for LFIT and Rose Bengal plate test was conducted using the P04310-10 IDEXX brucellosis ovine/ caprine Ab enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (gold standard).

Results: The lower amount of Brucella Ab in the ovine serum samples was detected and was 1.58 S/P ratio ELISA titer/100 μL using LFIT and with Rose Bengal to detect 1.86 S/P ratio ELISA. The results showed that the developed LFIT had high specificity with no cross-reactivity with other tested bacteria. The calculated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of LFIT and Rose Bengal test using the P04310-10 IDEXX brucellosis ovine/caprine Ab ELISA test (gold standard) were 74% and 89%, 81% and 59%, and 76.9% and 66%, respectively.

Conclusion: The present results showed interesting results implying that the LFIA strip test could be used as a substantial diagnostic tool for field screening ovine Brucella as an essential step in the control of brucellosis. However, further studies for the validation of the present findings are necessary.

Keywords: brucellosis, diagnosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lateral flow assay, lateral flow immunochromatographic test, Rose Bengal plate test.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in veterinary medicine: Recent advances (2019–present)

Review (Published online: 21-11-2022)

16. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in veterinary medicine: Recent advances (2019–present)

Jonathan E. Thompson

Veterinary World, 15(11): 2623-2657

ABSTRACT

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a valuable laboratory tool for rapid diagnostics, research, and exploration in veterinary medicine. While instrument acquisition costs are high for the technology, cost per sample is very low, the method requires minimal sample preparation, and analysis is easily conducted by end-users requiring minimal training. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS has found widespread application for the rapid identification of microorganisms, diagnosis of dermatophytes and parasites, protein/lipid profiling, molecular diagnostics, and the technique demonstrates significant promise for 2D chemical mapping of tissue sections collected postmortem. In this review, an overview of the MALDI-TOF technique will be reported and manuscripts outlining current uses of the technology for veterinary science since 2019 will be summarized. The article concludes by discussing gaps in knowledge and areas of future growth.

Keywords: biotyping, imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight, microorganism identification, proteomics, veterinary diagnostics.