First assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health actors in Togo and Ivory Coast in regard to antibiotic resistance

Research (Published online: 07-11-2022)

5. First assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health actors in Togo and Ivory Coast in regard to antibiotic resistance

Andre Pouwedeou Bedekelabou, Délé Wilfried Oyetola, Zanan Lassina Coulibaly, Olouwamouyiwa Akinsola, and Rianatou Bada-Alambedji

International Journal of One Health, 8(2): 108-123

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has now become a threat to global public health. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health actors in relation to antibiotic resistance (ABR) in two African countries.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive questionnaire study was conducted in Ivory Coast and Togo from August 2020 to July 2021. Actors were interviewed both in person 63% (n = 141) and remotely due to COVID-19 restrictions. Qualitative variables were described by frequencies and quantitative variables by the mean and associated standard deviation. The bivariate analysis was conducted through the Chi-square test and exact Fisher test with an acceptable risk of 5%.

Results: The results showed that 88% and 50% of the actors from Togo and Ivory Coast, respectively, had a good knowledge of ABR even if most of the stakeholders had limited knowledge of antibiotics that are banned or of critical importance in human and animal medicine. More than 75% of the actors had good perceptions in regard to ABR and these were significantly related to their profession. As for the factors leading to an increase in ABR, the interviewees perceived self-medication in humans as the main contributing factor. Approximately 70% of the actors admitted to following inadequate practices in terms of the use and/or distribution of antibiotics, and 58% and 46% of them used preventive antibiotic therapy in Togo and Ivory Coast, respectively. Similarly, in the two countries, 39% and 69% of the actors, respectively, claimed that they do not systematically use the antibiogram, and 69% and 61% of drug distributors, also respectively, admitted to occasionally selling antibiotics without a prescription. Finally, more than 80% thought that the authorities in their country did not communicate sufficiently about ABR. Among the actions that could help to combat ABR, actors considered the strengthening of controls on the distribution of antibiotics and the education of nonprofessionals on the importance of antibiotic preservation as priorities.

Conclusion: Although this first study had some limitations, that is, the low number of surveyed actors and non-standardized questionnaire used, it revealed that health actors in Togo and Ivory Coast have a good knowledge and perception in regard to antibiotics and ABR, but also follow inadequate practices.

Keywords: antibiogram, antibiotics, Ivory Coast, public health.

Prevalence and molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from eggshells in the local markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 07-11-2022)

4. Prevalence and molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from eggshells in the local markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Talal Hossain, Md. Abu Sayem Khan, Md. Firoz Ahmed, and Sabita Rezwana Rahman

International Journal of One Health, 8(2): 101-107

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are frequently associated with various parts of the egg, including the shell, and cause foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. pose serious threats to human and animal health; therefore, preventive measures against these pathogens are important. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from eggshell samples from different local markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: Salmonella spp. were recovered from eggshells by enrichment culture and biochemical tests and characterized through molecular amplification of Salmonella-specific genes. Antibiotic sensitivity testing and molecular detection of isolates were performed by disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The invA, fliC, and sdfI genes were used in PCR to identify the genus Salmonella, and the species Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively.

Results: The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was recorded as 40%, in which S. Typhimurium was the predominant serotype. PCR analysis revealed that 100%, 59%, and 13.6% of these isolates possessed the invA, fliC, and sdfI genes, respectively. The isolates exhibited multidrug resistance phenotypes, with resistance (95.5%) toward tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin and sensitivity (86.3%) toward chloramphenicol.

Conclusion: The findings of this study reflect the potential of eggs as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.; therefore, we recommend the careful handling of eggs to avoid contamination from farm to market.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, eggs, health hazards, poultry industry, Salmonella.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Etiological analysis, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and a novel therapeutic era of phage

Review (Published online: 05-11-2022)

3. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Etiological analysis, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and a novel therapeutic era of phage

Asif Shahriar, Mohd. Faijanur - Rob Siddiquee, Hossain Ahmed, Aar Rafi Mahmud, Tasnia Ahmed, Md. Rayhan Mahmud, and Mrityunjoy Acharjee

International Journal of One Health, 8(2): 86-100

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogens has put global public health at its utmost risk, especially in developing countries where people are unaware of personal hygiene and proper medication. In general, the infection frequently occurs in the urethra, bladder, and kidney, as reported by the physician. Moreover, many UTI patients whose acquired disorder from the hospital or health-care center has been addressed previously have been referred to as catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI). Meanwhile, the bacterial biofilm triggering UTI is another critical issue, mostly by catheter insertion. In most cases, the biofilm inhibits the action of antibiotics against the UTI-causing bacteria. Therefore, new therapeutic tools should be implemented to eliminate the widespread multidrug resistance (MDR) UTI-causing bacteria. Based on the facts, the present review emphasized the current status of CAUTI, its causative agent, clinical manifestation, and treatment complications. This review also delineated a model of phage therapy as a new therapeutic means against bacterial biofilm-originated UTI. The model illustrated the entire mechanism of destroying the extracellular plyometric substances of UTI-causing bacteria with several enzymatic actions produced by phage particles. This review will provide a complete outline of CAUTI for the general reader and create a positive vibe for the researchers to sort out alternative remedies against the CAUTI-causing MDR microbial agents.

Keywords: biofilm, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, multidrug resistance, phage therapy, uropathogens.

Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis on postmortem carcasses during routine meat inspection in Benin: GeneXpert® testing to improve diagnostic scheme

Research (Published online: 31-10-2022)

17. Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis on postmortem carcasses during routine meat inspection in Benin: GeneXpert® testing to improve diagnostic scheme

Cyrille K. Boko, Ange-Régis Zoclanclounon, Camus M. Adoligbe, Hebert Dedehouanou, Marguéritte M'Po, Samuel Mantip, and Souaïbou Farougou

Veterinary World, 15(10): 2506-2510

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease of major public health importance, particularly in African countries, where control measures are limited or largely not applied. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the currently used bovine TB diagnostic method at slaughterhouses in Benin; this is to contribute to the betterment and improvement in the epidemiological surveillance of the disease in the country.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 tissue samples were collected from meat/viscera (lung, liver, heart, kidney, and the gastro-intestinal tract tissues) at Cotonou slaughterhouses from ruminants suspected to be infected with bovine TB during routine meat inspection. The collected samples were analyzed using GeneXpert testing technique as a reference method.

Results: Twenty-six samples tested positive out of the 40 suspected tissue samples collected by GeneXpert diagnostic technique; this shows the limitation of the routine meat inspection in detecting bovine TB as currently performed in Benin.

Conclusion: The outcome of the use of the molecular technique, therefore, supports the importance of the use of a molecular tool alongside the routine meat inspection for a better understanding of the epidemiology of bovine TB in Benin. However, more robust technical and policy efforts are needed for a sustainable implementation of such a strategy.

Keywords: genomic amplification, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, one health, polymerase chain reaction accuracy, zoonotic tuberculosis.

Antibiotic resistance profiles and activity of clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated of canine otitis

Research (Published online: 30-10-2022)

16. Antibiotic resistance profiles and activity of clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated of canine otitis

Larissa Vieira Costa, Janaina Marcela Assunção Rosa Moreira, Isabela de Godoy Menezes, Valéria Dutra, and Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida

Veterinary World, 15(10): 2499-2505

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often isolated from acute and chronic otitis and deep pyoderma in dogs. The increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics induced the need for alternative therapies to treat infections, with an emphasis on essential oils (EOs). This study aimed to investigate clove oil's in vitro bactericidal action as a therapeutic alternative against strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis.

Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of clove oil was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution technique in 96-well plates. Serial concentrations of 10–0.31% of the oil were used, equivalent to 104.5–3.26 mg/mL. The susceptibility of isolates to different classes of antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion technique using 20 antibiotics belonging to eight classes. Isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic of three different classes were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR).

Results: A high occurrence of resistance was observed for three antibiotics belonging to the cephalosporin classes (cefadroxil, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone), namely, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprime, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin. The lowest resistance rates were observed for meropenem (4.88%), amikacin (12.20%), and tobramycin (12.2%). All isolates were susceptible to clove oil with an equivalent MIC and MBC from 3.26 to 6.53 mg/mL. Eugenol was the major component of the oil.

Conclusion: Clove EO was effective against MDR strains of P. aeruginosa, indicating an alternative for developing an efficient and low-cost antimicrobial agent to treat canine otitis.

Keywords: essential oil, multidrug resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, susceptibility.

Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of coinfecting DNA viruses in Vietnamese pigs in 2017 and 2021

Research (Published online: 29-10-2022)

15. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of coinfecting DNA viruses in Vietnamese pigs in 2017 and 2021

Van Giap Nguyen, Huu Anh Dang, Thanh Trung Nguyen, Thi My Le Huynh, Ba Hien Nguyen, Le Anh Minh Pham, and Huynh Thanh Phuong Le

Veterinary World, 15(10): 2491-2498

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Many studies have reported on the phenomenon of co-infections involving two or more pathogens (bacteria or viruses) over the past few years. However, very few studies on this issue were conducted in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the circulation of single and multiple porcine parvovirus (PPV) (e.g., PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4), porcine bocavirus (PBoV), and torque teno virus (TTV) (TTV1 and TTV2) infections in Vietnamese pigs.

Materials and Methods: A total of 174 porcine circovirus 2-positive samples from pigs (n = 86 for 2017 and n = 88 for 2021), including from the sera and internal organs, across 11 provinces were examined by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: This study demonstrated the wide distribution of DNA viruses among pig farms in Vietnam in 2021, with the detection rate for PPV ranging from 3.4% to 27.3% among PPV1-PPV4. Moreover, the detection rates of TTV genotypes were confirmed to be 14.8% (TTV1) and 63.6% (TTV2), respectively, and the positive rate of PBoV was 65.9%. The most frequent combinations were double and triple infections. Double infection was found in 16/86 (18.6%) in 2017 and 26/88 (29.5%) in 2021, while triple infection was found at 19/86 (22.1%) in 2017 and 26/88 (29.5%) in 2021. The incidence of simultaneous detection of more than three viruses was low.

Conclusion: These results provide at least partial information about the occurrence of three viruses, including PPV (including PPV1 to 4), PBoV, and TTV (TTV1 and TTV2), in pigs. Determination of particular viruses in pigs will help to prevent the porcine respiratory disease complex caused by DNA viruses in Vietnamese pigs in the future.

Keywords: co-infection, porcine bocavirus, porcine parvovirus, torque teno virus, Vietnamese pigs.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody labeled-polyethylene glycol-coated nanoparticles: A mesenchymal stem cells-based drug delivery system in the rat model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Research (Published online: 29-10-2022)

14. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody labeled-polyethylene glycol-coated nanoparticles: A mesenchymal stem cells-based drug delivery system in the rat model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza, Saleh M. Albarrak, Abdel-Kader A. Zaki, and Shaymaa E. El-Shafey

Veterinary World, 15(10): 2475-2490

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: A delivery system consisting of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) loaded with polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) was constructed to treat a rat model of cisplatin (Cis)-induced nephrotoxicity with 1/10 of the common dose of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibodies (infliximab).

Materials and Methods: Morphology, size, crystallinity, molecular structure, and magnetic properties of uncoated and PEG-coated SPIONs were analyzed. A delivery system consisting of MSCs containing infliximab-labeled PEG-coated SPIONs (Infliximab-PEG-SPIONs-MSCs) was generated and optimized before treatment. Fifty female Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups: Group 1: Untreated control; Group 2 (Cis): Rats were administered Cis through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (8 mg/kg) once a week for 4 weeks; Group 3 (Infliximab): Rats were injected once with infliximab (5 mg/kg), i.p. 3 days before Cis administration; Group 4 (Cis + MSCs): Rats were injected with Cis followed by an injection of 2 × 106 MSCs into the tail vein twice at a 1-week interval; and Group 5 (Cis + Infliximab (500 μg/kg)-PEG-SPIONs-MSCs): Rats were injected with the delivery system into the tail vein twice at a 1-week interval. Besides histological examination of the kidney, the Doppler ultrasound scanner was used to scan the kidney with the Gray-color-spectral mode.

Results: In vivo, intra-renal iron uptake indicates the traffic of the delivery system from venous blood to renal tissues. Cis-induced nephrotoxicity resulted in a significant increase in TNF-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05), bilirubin, creatinine, and uric acid (p < 0.01) levels compared with the untreated control group. The different treatments used in this study resulted in the amelioration of some renal parameters. However, TNF-α levels significantly decreased in Cis + Infliximab and Cis + MSCs (p < 0.05) groups. The serum levels of MDA significantly decreased in Cis + Infliximab (p < 0.05), Cis + MSCs (p < 0.05), and Cis + Infliximab-PEG-SPIONs-MSCs (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the serum activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly elevated in the Cis + MSCs and Cis + Infliximab-PEG-SPIONs-MSCs groups (p < 0.05) compared to the Cis-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

Conclusion: With the support of the constructed MSCs-SPIONs infliximab delivery system, it will be possible to track and monitor cell homing after therapeutic application. This infliximab-loading system may help overcome some challenges regarding drug delivery to the target organ, optimize therapeutics' efficacy, and reduce the dose. The outcomes of the current study provide a better understanding of the potential of combining MSCs and antibodies-linked nanoparticles for the treatment of nephrotoxicity. However, further investigation is recommended using different types of other drugs. For new approaches development, we should evaluate whether existing toxicity analysis and risk evaluation strategies are reliable and enough for the variety and complexity of nanoparticles.

Keywords: cisplatin, drug delivery system, infliximab, mesenchymal stem cells, nephrotoxicity, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.