Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine

Research (Published online: 07-10-2022)

1. Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine

Narongsak Chaiyabutr, Suphot Wattanaphansak, Rachod Tantilerdcharoen, Surasak Akesowan, Suraseha Ouisuwan, and Darm Naraporn

Veterinary World, 15(10): 2365-2375

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, high mortality, and insect-borne disease caused by a double-stranded RNA virus from the genus Orbivirus. The study aimed to develop inactivated vaccines serotype 1 inactivated AHS vaccine (IAV) and to compare the effect of IAV on antibody responses in young naïve horses and adult horses pre-immunized with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) serotypes 1, 3, and 4 live-attenuated vaccine (LAV).

Materials and Methods: A total of 27 horses were vaccinated in two trials. Twelve AHS naïve young horses and 15 adult horses were divided into three groups of 4 and 5 horses each, respectively. Horses in control Group 1 were treated with phosphate-buffered saline. Horses in Group 2 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of formulated IAV with 10% Gel 01™ (Seppic, France) on day 0 and horses in Group 3 were subcutaneously vaccinated with 2 mL of IAV on day 0 and a booster on day 28. The IAV vaccine was prepared by isolating the AHSV serotype 1 growing on Vero cells, 10× virus titer was concentrated by ultrafiltration and chemically killed by formalin, using 10% Gel 01™ as an adjuvant. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were taken for hematology, blood biochemistry, and antibody titers using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay on 158th day post-vaccination.

Results: Vaccination with IAV serotype 1 in adult horses pretreated with LAV increased antibody titers more than in young naïve vaccinated horses. The total leukocyte count and %neutrophils significantly increased, while %lymphocytes and %eosinophils significantly decreased on day 1 after vaccination; no local reactions were observed at the site of injection in any group. All biochemical and electrolyte analyte values were within the normal range after vaccination.

Conclusion: The formulation of IAV serotype 1 using Gel 01™ as an adjuvant is safe and induces high antibody titers. This IAV formulation induced a high antibody response in horses without causing local reactions and mild systemic effects. However, AHS naïve horses still required ≥2 vaccinations and an annual booster vaccination to achieve high antibody titers.

Keywords: African horse sickness, inactivated vaccine, naïve young horse.

Effect of honey bee venom on the histological changes of testes and hormonal disturbance in diabetic mice

Research (Published online: 30-09-2022)

30. Effect of honey bee venom on the histological changes of testes and hormonal disturbance in diabetic mice

Sattar J. J. AL-Shaeli, Talal Jabal Hussen, and Ali M. Ethaeb

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2357-2364

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia associated with hyper- or hypo-insulinemia is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is firmly linked to decreased male infertility. Recently, bee venom (BV) has shown potential health prosperities, including antidiabetic; however, no study focuses on the effect of BV on male fertility in diabetic conditions. This study aimed to detect the effect of BV on histological and hormonal alteration of the testis in diabetic mice.

Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male mice were selected and assigned to four groups: Control, diabetic (150 mg/kg alloxan), BV1 (diabetic + 0.5 mg/kg BV), and BV2 (diabetic + 1 mg/kg BV). After 35 days, the serum levels of glucose, insulin, testosterone, follicular-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin were estimated. The histological structure of the testes was also evaluated.

Results: Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and decreased insulin concentrations were reversed significantly by BV. Furthermore, diabetic mice exhibited various alterations in fertility hormones, while these disturbances were improved considerably to normal concentrations by BV. Similarly, alloxan-induced changes in sperm and testis histological parameters such as motility, viability, abnormality, sperm count, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells were significantly ameliorated to the normal condition by BV. Changes in the number, size, and shape of seminiferous tubules, the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and initial degeneration and vacuolization in interstitial cells and spermatogonia and spermatocyte were seen in diabetic mice. All these changes were shifted almost to normal structure by BV.

Conclusion: The BV could be used as an alternative therapeutic agent that manages the markers related to diabetic conditions concomitant with the improved histological structure of the testes and hormone production to accelerate male fertility.

Keywords: diabetic mice, hyperglycemia, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia.

Impact of hygiene and sanitation in ruminant slaughterhouses on the bacterial contamination of meat in Central Java Province, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 30-09-2022)

29. Impact of hygiene and sanitation in ruminant slaughterhouses on the bacterial contamination of meat in Central Java Province, Indonesia

Edy Dharma, Haryono Haryono, Aldi Salman, Pangesti Rahayu, and Widagdo Sri Nugroho

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2348-2356

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ruminant slaughterhouse is one of the food-producing units to meet the protein demand of the people in Central Java. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of sanitation and hygiene in ruminant slaughterhouses in Central Java based on their veterinary control number (NKV) certification and the microbiological quality of the meat produced.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from September 2021 to December 2021. Thirty-three priority slaughterhouses, representing 33 districts/cities in Central Java Province, were assessed for their hygiene and sanitation practices according to the NKV criteria mandated by The Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 11/2020 on NKV Certification for Animal Production Unit. Sixty-six meat samples from these slaughterhouses were obtained for microbiological analysis. The total plate count (TPC), counts of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the presence of Salmonella spp. were determined. The microbiological tests followed the standard national testing procedure according to the Indonesian National Standard 2897:2008 on Method of Analysis for Microbiological Contaminants in Meat, Eggs, Milk, and its derived products.

Results: The sanitation hygiene assessment of the 33 slaughterhouses showed that seven (21.2%) met the NKV criteria level 3, while the others did not. The average TPC of the meat samples was 1.57 × 105 CFU/g (4.93 log10), the S. aureus count was 7.6 CFU/g, and the E. coli count was 9.2 most probable number/g. Only one sample (1.50%) tested positive for Salmonella spp. A comprehensive assessment comparing the NKV criteria with the level of meat contamination showed that the ruminant slaughterhouses that satisfied the NKV criteria had more meat samples (85.71%), on average, that complied with the Indonesian National Standard for microbial contamination compared with those that did not satisfy the NKV criteria (69.23%). The odds ratio was 2.67.

Conclusion: Most of the priority ruminant slaughterhouses in Central Java did not meet the NKV standards. The research only looks at the level of hygiene sanitation according to NKV standards in slaughterhouses, the level of contamination produced does not reflect the level of the consumer; therefore, the level of contamination should continue to be investigated at the post-production stage.

Keywords: bacterial contamination, hygiene sanitation, meat, slaughterhouse.

Quality control procedure for Coccidial vaccines versus different routes of immunization

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

28. Quality control procedure for Coccidial vaccines versus different routes of immunization

Arwa Elnaggar, Hala Mahmoud, and Sahar Saber

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2342-2347

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Coccidiosis is an enteric infection caused by a protozoon (Eimeria tenella). Coccidiosis is known to have a negative impact on the economy. Coccidiosis is controlled using anticoccidial drugs, antibiotics, and vaccines. Various coccidial vaccines differ in application technique, attenuation method, and the species used. Coccidial vaccines can be spray or gel-based (Form). This study aimed to compare the effect of application and approaches between spray and gel vaccines for coccidiosis.

Materials and Methods: Specific pathogen-free chicks were vaccinated with different vaccines. Fecal samples were taken on 21 days post-vaccination for vaccine take, and then a challenge test was done on day 21.

Results: Post-vaccination oocyst counts in gel vaccinated groups were more than the spray vaccinated ones as it recorded (1400 and 2200) oocyst/g, but the gel vaccines resulted in lower post vaccinal titer which was (10000 and 12500) oocyst/g. Results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction test post-vaccination were (23.72, 20.29) cycle threshold (CT) for spray vaccines and (18.75, 17.62) CT for gel vaccinated group. By challenging all the experimental groups, the microscopic and macroscopic lesion of gel vaccines resulted in score 1, while spray vaccines groups recorded score 2 and the control non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed score 4. The non-vaccinated/non-challenged group recorded a score of zero.

Conclusion: These results can help poultry producers to decide which delivery system will provide the best results for their production system. The gel vaccines showed a better protection rate and lower shedding, which means more protection of birds and public health.

Keywords: coccidia, Eimeria tenella, anticoccidial drugs and vaccinations, spray.

Effectiveness of Indonesian house dust mite allergenic extract in triggering allergic rhinitis sensitivity in a mouse model: A preliminary study

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

27. Effectiveness of Indonesian house dust mite allergenic extract in triggering allergic rhinitis sensitivity in a mouse model: A preliminary study

Yusuf Alif Pratama, Fakhriyah Dinina, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, Winda Fatma Sari, Chrismawan Ardianto, and Junaidi Khotib

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2333-2341

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease, with inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E in the nasal mucosa caused by house dust mites. Recently, allergen immunotherapy showed promising allergic healing in patients with a definite history of sensitization. Based on this finding, a product was developed using Indonesian house dust mite (IHDM). This study aimed to optimize the allergenic rhinitis mouse model that was generated using IHDM to test the in vivo sensitivity and safety of this product.

Materials and Methods: Seven groups of mice were used for effectiveness testing – normal, negative control with IHDM challenge, positive control with 0.1% histamine challenge, and AR group by both IHDM-induced sensitization at 12.5, 50, 250, or 500 μg and IHDM challenge. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of IHDM once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Thereafter, the challenge was given intranasally 5 times on alternate days. The number of nose rubbing and sneezing was noted. Eosinophil infiltration was assessed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA in the nasal mucosa was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The induction of AR with IHDM significantly increased the number of nose rubbing and sneezing in the mouse model. Eosinophil infiltration was observed in the nasal mucosa; however, no significant change occurred in the expression of IL-5 mRNA.

Conclusion: Overall, these data indicate that IHDM allergenic extract could be an effective sensitizing agent in a mouse model of AR. Although the use of IHDM is a limitation of this study because other sources of house dust mites might have different effects, this study provides a proper model for immunotherapy effectivity testing for in vivo pre-clinical studies.

Keywords: allergen immunotherapy, allergic healing, allergic rhinitis, Indonesian house dust mites, neglected disease.

Enhancement of curcumin level and hepatoprotective effect in rats through antioxidant activity following modification into nanosized particles

Research (Published online: 29-09-2022)

26. Enhancement of curcumin level and hepatoprotective effect in rats through antioxidant activity following modification into nanosized particles

Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami, Rika Sari Dewi, Sondang Khairani, and Raka Nitya Agasti Putri

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2323-2332

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Developing curcumin into nanosized particles is one of the approaches to overcome the limited use of curcumin. This study aimed to prepare curcumin into nanosized particles to increase the curcumin level in the rat's liver and hepatoprotective effect in rats.

Materials and Methods: Curcumin into nanosized particles formulated using ionic gelation method. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): Normal, negative, curcumin, and curcumin modified into nanosized particles were treated with 100 mg/ kg body weight orally for 14 days. Hepatic curcumin level was investigated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, antioxidant activity by malondialdehyde (MDA), and hepatoprotective effect by aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and histopathology.

Results: The curcumin level in the rat's liver in the curcumin group was 12.19 ng/mL, and that in those receiving modified into nanosized curcumin was 209.36 ng/mL. The MDA levels in the normal, negative, curcumin, and curcumin modified into nanosized particles groups were 1.88, 4.87, 3.38, and 1.04 nmol/L, respectively. The AST levels in these groups were 57.12, 130.00, 102.13, and 74.28 IU/L, and the ALT levels were 21.63, 61.97, 39.38, and 28.55 IU/L. The liver histopathology scoring showed that curcumin in nanosized particles was better than curcumin in degeneration of fat, lymphocyte infiltration, and necrosis.

Conclusion: There was a 17 times increase in curcumin level in the liver of rats treated with curcumin modified into nanosized particles. Curcumin modified into nanosized particles showed more significant improvement as antioxidant and hepatoprotector than curcumin.

Keywords: antioxidant, curcumin modified into nanosized particles, hepatoprotective.

Antibacterial effects of oak bark (Quercus robur) and heather herb (Calluna vulgaris L.) extracts against the causative bacteria of bovine mastitis

Research (Published online: 28-09-2022)

25. Antibacterial effects of oak bark (Quercus robur) and heather herb (Calluna vulgaris L.) extracts against the causative bacteria of bovine mastitis

Renāte Šukele, Ingus Skadiņš, Rudīte Koka, and Dace Bandere

Veterinary World, 15(9): 2315-2322

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine mastitis has a negative impact on animals, and improper antibiotic use has caused an increase in bacterial resistance. Therefore, medicinal plants could serve as an alternative treatment for this condition. Polyphenols have potential as antibiotic agents. Oak bark has long been used as a medicine and has shown antibacterial effects. Moreover, research on heather plant demonstrated that it has antibacterial properties. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial effects of oak (Quercus robur) bark and heather (Calluna vulgaris L.) herb extracts against common bovine mastitis pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Dried oak bark and heather herb were used to prepare extracts using 30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol and acetone as solvents. Their polyphenol content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Bovine mastitis-inducing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Serratia liquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, and reference cultures of S. aureus and E. coli were used for antibacterial tests. All extracts were screened through a disk diffusion test to ascertain their antibacterial effects, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the most effective extracts.

Results: Oak bark extracts had variable antibacterial effects against S. aureus and Streptococcus strains, but no statistically significant difference was observed in activity against E. coli. The disk diffusion test showed that the oak bark extracts obtained using acetone and ethanol at 30% yielded the best results. However, the 70% acetone oak extract alone affected all types of bacteria. Further antibacterial tests of 70% acetone and 30% ethanol oak extracts revealed that the lowest MIC and MBC scores were against S. aureus strains and E. coli reference cultures. Conversely, the heather herb extracts exhibited broader activity against all types of bacteria, although better results were observed against Gram-positive bacteria. There was also a negative correlation between solvent concentration and antibacterial effect (p < 0.05, r = –0.507). The highest inhibition zone scores and broadest spectrum were observed in samples prepared in 30% ethanol. There was no statistically significant correlation between the phenolic content of plants and their antibacterial effects.

Conclusion: Oak bark and heather extracts could be used as potential antibacterial agents against bovine mastitis pathogens.

Keywords: antibacterial, bovine mastitis, Escherichia coli, heather herb, in vitro, oak bark, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus.