The One Health concept for the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to marine ecosystems

Review (Published online: 23-06-2022)

6. The One Health concept for the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to marine ecosystems

Khawla K. Bukha, Ehab A. Sharif and Ibrahim M. Eldaghayes

International Journal of One Health, 8(1): 48-57

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health threat. This virus is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pandemic prevention is best addressed through an integrated One Health (OH) approach. Understanding zoonotic pathogen fatality and spillover from wildlife to humans are effective for controlling and preventing zoonotic outbreaks. The OH concept depends on the interface of humans, animals, and their environment. Collaboration among veterinary medicine, public health workers and clinicians, and veterinary public health is necessary for rapid response to emerging zoonotic pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 affects aquatic environments, primarily through untreated sewage. Patients with COVID-19 discharge the virus in urine and feces into residential wastewater. Thus, marine organisms may be infected with SARS-CoV-2 by the subsequent discharge of partially treated or untreated wastewater to marine waters. Viral loads can be monitored in sewage and surface waters. Furthermore, shellfish are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Filter-feeding organisms might be monitored to protect consumers. Finally, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 to various environmental factors aids in viral studies. This article highlights the presence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the marine environment and its potential to enter marine ecosystems through wastewater. Furthermore, the OH approach is discussed for improving readiness for successive outbreaks. This review analyzes information from public health and epidemiological monitoring tools to control COVID-19 transmission.

Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019, marine environment, One Health, sewage, shellfish, zoonosis.

Effects of common litter types and their physicochemical properties on the welfare of broilers

Research (Published online: 20-06-2022)

15. Effects of common litter types and their physicochemical properties on the welfare of broilers

Tarek Boussaada, Kaouthar Lakhdari, Salha Amira Benatallah and Samira Meradi

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1523-1529

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In broiler production, the poor quality litter not only may lead to a deterioration of the welfare status but also negatively affect carcass quality, overall health and growth performance, which may result in economic losses. The effects of litter types on the welfare of broilers are known but the effects of their characteristics have been little studied. This study aimed to evaluate correlations between welfare parameters of broilers and physicochemical characteristics of five common litter types.

Materials and Methods: Over 42 days, 600 (Cobb 700) male broiler chicks were placed within 30 pens (each 2 m2) at a density of 10 birds/m2. The experiment included five treatments with six replicates per treatment. The following litter (or bedding) materials were examined: Standard quality straw, low-quality straw, wood shavings (WS), sawdust, and crop residues. Footpad condition, hock burns, and plumage cleanliness, as well as litter condition, were scored according to previously developed point scale systems. Litter quality was evaluated according to pH level, moisture, water-holding capacity, and ammonia content.

Results: No significant differences were found among litter types in terms of pH, moisture content, or ammonia levels. WS had a significant positive effect on footpad health and plumage cleanliness. However, hock burn was not affected by different bedding types. The severity of pododermatitis was negatively correlated with litter type (r = –0.78; p < 0.001) and positively correlated with the litter scores (r = 0.67; p < 0.001). However, contact dermatitis observed (pododermatitis and hock burn) was not correlated with any of the physicochemical parameters we studied. Meanwhile, we observed a correlation between footpad lesions and hock burn (r = 0.45; p < 0.05), and between footpad lesions and plumage cleanliness (r = 0.59; p < 0.01).

Conclusion: For all litter types examined, contact dermatitis was not correlated with any of the physicochemical components we studied. There were, however, significant correlations between litter type and footpad lesions, as well as between footpad dermatitis and hock burns.

Keywords: broiler, litter quality, litter types, physicochemical characteristics of litter, welfare indicators.

Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 18-06-2022)

14. Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens

Esraa Razzaq Hassan, Abdullah O. Alhatami, Husam Muhsen Abdulwahab and Bradly S. Schneider

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1515-1522

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is a public health concern. Fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum beta-lactams are widely used for the treatment of Salmonella infections. This study focused on the detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica isolated from broilers.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 non-typhoidal S. enterica isolates were collected from 28 broiler chicken farms in four Iraqi Governorates. These isolates were examined for their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents by disk-diffusion method followed by polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of PMQR determinants and ESBLs genes.

Results: Salmonella strains revealed high levels of resistance to the following antibiotics: Nalidixic acid 100%, levofloxacin (LEV) 97.5%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 95.0%, tetracycline 92.5%, and nitrofurantoin 80.0%. Otherwise, all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. All isolates were MDR, with 15 different profiles observed. Among 38 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates, 20 (52.6%) had the blaTEM gene, while blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaOXA genes were not detected. Only 5 (12.8%) out of 39 LEV-resistant isolates were positive for qnrB, three of which had blaTEM. No qnrC or qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qunA, and oqxAB genes were found in any of the tested isolates.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that broiler chickens may be considered a potential source for spreading MDR non-typhoidal Salmonella and ESBL traits in poultry production. Therefore, it is important to continuously monitor ESBL and PMQR genes to avoid the spread of resistant strains in the food chain and impact public health.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, food-borne pathogen, multidrug-resistant, poultry, qnr, Salmonella.

Effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) as a feed additive for starter and finisher broiler chicken to increase immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin Y expression and to prevent intestinal injury due to Salmonella enteritidis infection

Research (Published online: 18-06-2022)

13. Effect of red ginger powder (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) as a feed additive for starter and finisher broiler chicken to increase immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin Y expression and to prevent intestinal injury due to Salmonella enteritidis infection

Herawati Herawati, Agri Kaltaria Anisa, Kurnianto Dwi Widiatmoko, Setiawan Surya Paku Alam, Islah Asyraf Diari, Zhella Happy Naprila, Rr. Lintan Ayu Kisya, Analita Puspabela and Fajar Shodiq Permata

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1506-1514

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that often occurs in chickens and is caused by Salmonella enteritidis. The use of antibiotics to prevent this disease can result in the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, in addition to the presence of antibiotic residues in consumed carcasses. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has active compounds that potentially act as immunomodulators which increase specific and non-specific immune responses through the induction of cytokine production. This study was conducted to determine the effects of red ginger powder mixed in feed for starter and finisher broiler chickens, based on the evaluation of the expression of immunoglobulin A (IgA), histopathologic description of the ileum and cecum, IgA, and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) expression in the spleen, and the isolation count of S. enteritidis in fresh fecal samples.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 starter and 100 finisher Cobb broiler chickens were divided into four groups, designated as T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively: Group T0 was fed commercial feed with no added 2% red ginger powder or S. enteritidis induction, and served as a negative control; Group T1 was inoculated with a 0.25 mL S. enteritidis oral induction (1 × 107 colony-forming unit [CFU] [0.5 McFarland standard]), and served as a positive control; Group T2 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder; while Group T3 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder and was orally inoculated with S. enteritidis with a dose similar to T1. The normal feed was given on the 1st–7th days. The mixture of 2% red ginger powder was given on the 7th–15th days. The S. enteritidis was induced on the 15th day (1 × 107 CFU). Necropsy was performed on the 16th day and tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test, Tukey's analysis, and the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric statistical analysis test.

Results: The 2% red ginger powder was found to significantly (p < 0.05) increase IgA expression and additionally decrease tissue damage in the cecum and ileum. It also increased IgA and IgY expression in the spleen. In addition, a decrease was observed in the S. enteritidis number isolated from finisher fresh feces, but none was found in the isolated starter fresh feces.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that the addition of red ginger powder to chicken feed is a potential natural immunomodulator against S. enteritidis infection.

Keywords: bacterial isolation, fresh feces, natural immunomodulator, red ginger powder, Salmonella enteritidis.

Isolation, identification, and antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli from ready-to-eat foods in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 15-06-2022)

12. Isolation, identification, and antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli from ready-to-eat foods in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Fateha Akther Ema, Rifat Noor Shanta, Md. Zaminur Rahman, Md. Ariful Islam and Mst. Minara Khatun

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1497-1505

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are widely used at home, restaurants, and during festivals in Bangladesh. So it is very important to investigate possible microbial contamination in RTE foods. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the total coliform count (TCC), isolate, identify, and characterize the Escherichia coli in RTE foods. The antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli obtained from RTE foods was also performed using 12 commonly used antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 RTE food samples were collected aseptically and comprised of ten samples each: Burger, pizza, sandwich, chicken roll, chicken meat loaf, chicken fry, salad vegetable, ice-cream, yogurt, and milkshake sold in Mymensingh city. Samples were inoculated onto Eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Isolation and identification of bacteria were performed based on cultural, staining, and biochemical properties, followed by a polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The TCC in Chicken meat loaf, burger, pizza, sandwich, salad vegetable ice-cream, and yogurt samples were 3.57 ± 0.96, 3.69 ± 0.08, 3.50 ± 0.60, 2.60 ± 0.20, 4.09 ± 0.29, 4.44 ± 0.25, and 3.14 ± 0.30 mean log colony-forming units ± standard deviation/mL, respectively. The study found a higher prevalence of E. coli in RTE salad vegetable products than in RTE meat and milk products. Forty percent of the mixed vegetable salad samples showed positive results for E. coli. Whereas E. coli prevalence in RTE meat and milk products was 20% and 16.7%, respectively. All the 21 isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against 12 different antibiotics. It was observed that 46.1% were susceptible, 16.6% were intermediate, 46.1% were resistant, and 47.6% were multidrug-resistant (MDR) among seven different antibiotic classes. E. coli isolates were resistant to cephalexin, ceftazidime, oxytetracycline, and ampicillin and sensitive to gentamycin, followed by kanamycin, ceftriaxone, colistin, and enrofloxacin..

Conclusion: The study revealed that RTE foods are a serious issue from a public health point of view. To achieve a safer level of E. coli in RTE foods sold for human consumption, public food outlets must improve hygienic and good production procedures. Moreover, MDR E. coli in these foods pose serious public health threats.

Keywords: antibiogram profile, Escherichia coli, prevalence, ready-to-eat foods.

Genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild carnivorous animals in Kazakhstan

Research (Published online: 15-06-2022)

11. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild carnivorous animals in Kazakhstan

Rabiga Uakhit, Ainura Smagulova, Alfiya Syzdykova, Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov and Vladimir Kiyan

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1489-1496

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The study of Echinococcus infection among farm animals in Kazakhstan was carried out to monitor the invasion among livestock and map the data obtained. Unfortunately, there are only partial data on the study of echinococcosis among wild carnivores in Kazakhstan, which makes it difficult to conduct a comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation among wild animals. The present study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. (Leuckart, 1863) in Kazakhstan based on sequence analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) of worms isolated from wild carnivorous animals wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and corsac (Vulpes corsac).

Materials and Methods: DNA from parasite tissue was used as a template for the amplification of the two mitochondrial genes cox1 and nad1. Sequencing was performed according to the manual for the Seq Studio Genetic Analyzer. The multiple alignments of obtained sequences were performed using the ClustalW algorithm in Mega (v.11) software. Alignments were exported as a Nexus extension and used as input for TCS v1.21 for the identification of haplotypes. The phylogenetic analysis was constructed according to the neighbor-joining method using Mega (v.11) software.

Results: Analysis of the extensiveness of echinococcosis invasion showed that 6.3% were wolves, 18.2% were corsacs, and 85% were foxes. In total, 159 adults of Echinococcus spp. from the three species of animals in different parts of Kazakhstan were analyzed, and 17 individual biological samples were successfully sequenced. Sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes revealed two types of echinococcosis – Echinococcus granulosus in red foxes and wolves, and Echinococcus multilocularis in corsacs. Sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial genome made it possible to determine seven haplotypes of the pathogen in the studied samples of E. granulosus. Molecular analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes of E. multilocularis revealed three new haplotypes, which have significant variability compared with other studied Asian haplotypes.

Conclusion: This study made it possible to fill the gaps in understanding the localization of the foci of the spread of the echinococcosis pathogen among the main wild carnivores and to determine the species reservoir of the pathogen in the greater territory of Kazakhstan.

Keywords: Asian haplotype, corsac, echinococcosis, phylogenetics, red foxes, wolf.

First study of in vitro protective effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on frozen–thawed bovine spermatozoa

Research (Published online: 14-06-2022)

10. First study of in vitro protective effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on frozen–thawed bovine spermatozoa

Johanna Leiva-Revilla, Miriam Rolón, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Maria de Lourdes Pereira and Veeranoot Nissapatorn

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1481-1488

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lepidium meyenii Walp (Maca) is an herbaceous plant that grows in the Peruvian Andes and it has been widely used as a nutritional supplement and fertility enhancer and has been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as rheumatism, respiratory disorders, and anemia. The most notable feature of Maca is its potent antioxidant capacity, which helps in the scavenging of free radicals and protection of cells from oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of Maca extract on thawed sperm cells from bulls.

Materials and Methods: Three dilutions of 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL of Maca extract were incubated with frozen–thawed bovine semen and analyzed at 1, 3, and 24 h of exposure time, evaluating the activity of the extract on the DNA, motility, morphology, viability, integrity of the membrane and acrosome of spermatozoa.

Results: The Maca extract improved the studied sperm parameters of motility, acrosome integrity, vitality, and DNA integrity of sperm cells at a concentration of 10 –g/mL, and at 1 –g/mL, an improvement was observed in the morphology and integrity of the membrane. However, the best activity of the Maca extract was observed on the DNA integrity of the sperm, which was effective at the three concentrations evaluated after 24 h of incubation.

Conclusion: The results indicate that L. meyenii can help in maintaining spermatozoa cellular integrity after the frozen–thaw process, especially in the protection against DNA fragmentation. Therefore, Maca would be a feasible supplementation to protect sperm to maintain their fertile ability after thawing.

Keywords: Aberdeenangus, antioxidant, bull, frozen-thawed semen, Lepidium meyenii (Maca), reproductive health.