The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt

Research (Published online: 20-05-2022)

10. The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt

Abdelfattah Selim, Kotb A. Attia, Roua A. Alsubki, Fatima Albohairy, Itoh Kimiko and Mourad Ben Said

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1221-1227

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ovine anaplasmosis is a rickettsial disease caused by Anaplasma spp. These Gram-negative intracellular bacteria are mainly transmitted by ticks and infected blood cells of caprine, ovine, and wild small ruminants. At present, epidemiological data on anaplasmosis in cattle, dogs, and camels in Egypt are available, but the data about Anaplasma spp. in sheep and goat are scarce. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assess the associated risk factors.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in 300 sheep and 300 goats from four governorates in North Egypt using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit, and the associated risk factors for the infection were evaluated.

Results: Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-Anaplasma antibodies was 18.3% and 21.3% in sheep and goats, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between risk factors and Anaplasma spp. infection.

Conclusion: Age, animal husbandry, acaricide use, tick infestation, and contact with cattle were the primary risk factors for Anaplasma seropositivity. This study confirms the presence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants from Egypt. This is the first study to assess the associated risk factors for Anaplasma infection in small ruminants from Egypt. Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the associated disease factors, facilitating the development of new procedures for control of anaplasmosis in livestock.

Keywords: Anaplasma spp., competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Egypt, risk factors, small ruminants.

Antibiotic resistance and associated resistance determinants in different Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from pigs in Argentina

Research (Published online: 20-05-2022)

9. Antibiotic resistance and associated resistance determinants in different Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from pigs in Argentina

Julián Parada, Marcelo Galas, Diego Faccone, Pablo Tamiozzo and Alicia Carranza

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1215-1220

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases in the world, and the increasing antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica recovered from food animals constitutes an important risk from a One Health approach. This study aimed to characterize antibiotic resistance and some of its associated resistance determinants in different S. enterica serovars isolated from pigs in Argentina.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on Salmonella strains isolated between 2011 and 2015 from pigs in the Pampean region of Argentina. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to 21 antimicrobials and some antibiotic resistance determinants were characterized in 55 Salmonella isolates, representing 58 farms.

Results: We identified 56% (n=30) of the strains as multidrug-resistant, where resistance to tetracycline (62%, n=34), ampicillin (53%, n=29), nalidixic acid (53%, n=29), chloramphenicol (33%, n=18), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (31%, n=17) was most common. The wide range of resistance to ampicillin correlates with the presence of TEM type β-lactamases in the strains. However, high susceptibility was found in the new generation of β-lactams. Fluoroquinolone resistance is a major concern. Most strains with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin showed gyrA mutations and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrB.

Conclusion: Here, we identified broad resistance to some antibiotics frequently used in human therapeutics and several easily transferable resistance mechanisms that could endanger public health.

Keywords: environment, health, livestock, salmonellosis.

Prevalence of major nematodes and human factors that affect infection in the zebra dove in a closed cage system

Research (Published online: 19-05-2022)

8. Prevalence of major nematodes and human factors that affect infection in the zebra dove in a closed cage system

Watcharapol Suyapoh, Domechai Kaewnoi, Pornphutthachat Sota, Wichaya Thongtako and Sutas Suttiprapa

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1208-1214

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Roundworms cause infections in the avian population that lead to illness and poor production. The singing zebra dove is an economically important animal in the Indo-Malay region. The prevalence of these parasitic groups in zebra doves is unknown. This study estimated the prevalence and associated human risk factors of gastrointestinal nematode infections in zebra dove farming.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to April 2021. The study was conducted on 184 doves in three zebra dove farms. Fecal samples were collected from pooled zebra dove droppings. Major proportions and infection intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes were morphologically identified and morphometrically investigated. Associated human factors were assessed through the interview surveys among farmers.

Results: Results showed that 36.96% of the zebra doves were infected. The primary nematodes were Ascaridia galli (34.78%), Heterakis gallinarum (6.52%), Trichostrongylus tenuis (2.17%), Syngamus spp. (4.35%), and Amidostomum spp. (2.17%). The primary human factors that contribute to parasitic infection were poor hygiene, food contamination with parasites, and inappropriate deworming.

Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in the zebra dove in the close cage system. Human factors played key roles as risk factors, and improves farming management will help reduce parasitic infections. However, these nematodes may contribute to poor health status and poor productivity of zebra doves. Further extensive studies on clinical signs and pathological changes should be conducted.

Keywords: Ascaridia galli, gastrointestinal nematodes, Geopelia striata, human factors, Syngamus spp., zebra dove.

Potential use of Indonesian basil (Ocimum basilicum) maceration to increase estradiol and progesterone synthesis and secretion to improve prenatal growth of offspring using female albino rats as an animal model

Research (Published online: 18-05-2022)

7. Potential use of Indonesian basil (Ocimum basilicum) maceration to increase estradiol and progesterone synthesis and secretion to improve prenatal growth of offspring using female albino rats as an animal model

Andriyanto Andriyanto, Leliana Nugrahaning Widi, Mawar Subangkit, Elpita Tarigan, Yusa Irarang, Rindy Fazni Nengsih and Wasmen Manalu

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1197-1207

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Basil is well known as a medicinal plant that contains high essential oils and antioxidant compounds that have the potential to improve ovarian development. Thus, basil may have the potential to improve the growth and development of the uterus and placenta for optimal prenatal growth of offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Indonesian basil maceration on gonad development of mature female albino rats.

Materials and Methods: Fifteen 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, at the diestrus stage of the estrus cycle, were divided into three different treatment groups: Control group (mineral water), bas-low group (1% of basil maceration), and bas-high group (5% of basil maceration). Basil maceration was dissolved and administered in mineral drinking water, and the treatments were given for 20 days (4 estrus cycles). At the end of the treatment period, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone (Pg) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative weight of the ovary and uterus; diameter and length of uterine cornual; vascularization of uterus; the diameter of uterine glands; the number of primary, secondary, and tertiary de Graaf follicles; the number of corpora luteum; as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ovary were determined.

Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the serum FSH level of rats treated with basil maceration drinking water doses of 1% and 5% compared to the control group. However, serum estradiol and Pg concentrations in the 1% and 5% basil maceration groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control group. Furthermore, 1% and 5% basil maceration significantly increased the uterus's relative weight, diameter, and vascularization. Serum estradiol concentrations contributed to the elevated expression of VEGF compared to Pg.

Conclusion: Administration of basil maceration for 20 days before mating could improve follicle growth and development, eventually increasing estradiol synthesis and secretion, thus improving the uterus's preparation for implantation. This makes basil maceration an attractive candidate in clinical research to enhance the growth and development of the uterus and placenta, which will better support the optimum prenatal growth and development of embryos and fetuses, resulting in superior offspring.

Keywords: Indonesian basil, rat, reproductive system.

Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh produce farms in different governorates of Egypt

Research (Published online: 18-05-2022)

6. Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh produce farms in different governorates of Egypt

Esraa A. Elshafiee, Mona Kadry, Sara Mohamed Nader and Zeinab S. Ahmed

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1191-1196

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fresh produce farms represents a major source of concern since they are becoming increasingly antibiotic resistant. This study aimed to investigate t he occurrence of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBL) - producing genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh produce farms in Egypt, irrigation water, and people working in these fields.

Materials and Methods: One hundred tomatoes from typical farms were collected in plastic bags. The study also included 20 surface-water samples from different irrigation watersheds in fresh produce farms, as well as 50 feces samples from farmworkers. Suspected K. pneumoniae was grown on Eosin Methylene Blue agar for 24 h before being biochemically identified using the RapID ONE test. PCR was used to detect carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM) and ESBL (blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX) expressing genes on isolates.

Results: K. pneumoniae was identified in 30% of water and 10% of worker samples, while only one isolate was found in tomato samples. One of the six irrigation water isolates tested positive for carbapenem-resistant NDM. In contrast, two isolates tested positive for ESBL determinants, one of which was blaSHV and the other having both blaSHV and blaTEM genes. Two of the five K. pneumoniae isolates from farmworkers were positive for blaNDM, with one isolate also testing positive for blaSHV and blaTEM. The blaOXA-48 gene was also discovered in the carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae tomato isolate used in this study.

Conclusion: Carbapenemase- and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were found in fresh produce farms, implying that these resistance genes were being passed down to Egyptian consumers.

Keywords: carbapenemase, extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases, fresh produce, humans, irrigation water, Klebsiella pneumonia.

Occurrence and antibiogram of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from dairy products in Libya

Research (Published online: 17-05-2022)

5. Occurrence and antibiogram of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from dairy products in Libya

Aboubaker M. Garbaj, Tahani B. Ben Gawella, Jihan A. Sherif, Hesham T. Naas, Hanan L. Eshamah, Salah M. Azwai, Fatim T. Gammoudi, Said K. Abolghait, Ashraf A. Moawad, Ilaria Barbieri and Ibrahim M. Eldaghayes

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1185-1190

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Foodborne illnesses are a serious challenge to human health and the economic sector. For example, salmonellosis remains a burden in developed and developing nations. Rapid and reliable molecular methods to identify Salmonella strains are essential for minimizing human infection. This study aimed to identify Salmonella spp. in raw milk and dairy products using conventional and molecular techniques and to test the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-one milk and dairy product samples were randomly collected from different localities in Libya. Samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella by conventional culture techniques, including cultivation in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and streaking on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification also used polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Twenty-four antibiotics were used for the examination of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates with the agar disk diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer technique). Multi-antibiotic resistance index and antibiotic resistance index (ARI)for Salmonella enterica isolates were calculated.

Results: Twenty-one of 131 samples (16%) were positive for Salmonella spp. recovered from 9 (16%), 2 (11%), 4 (22.2%), and 6 (46%) samples of raw cow milk, fermented raw milk, and fresh locally made soft cheeses, Maasora and Ricotta), respectively. Samples of ice cream, milk powder, and infant formula showed no Salmonella spp. contamination. Only 9 of 21 (42.8%) isolates were confirmed as S. enterica by partial sequence 16S rDNA analysis. All isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, bacitracin, penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and cloxacillin with an ARI of 0.042. In contrast, all tested strains were sensitive to levofloxacin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. In addition, all of the tested isolates (100%) were resistant to more than one antibiotic.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the applicability of molecular techniques, compared with conventional methods, as preferable for the identification of Salmonella in milk and dairy products and thus reduction of milk-borne transmission to the consumers. From the view of public health, isolation and identification of Salmonella multidrug-resistant strains from raw cow's milk and locally prepared dairy products sold in the Libyan markets indicate the need to improve the handling and processing of milk and dairy products to minimize the prevalence of Salmonella, one of the most important foodborne microorganisms that cause food poisoning.

Keywords: 16S rDNA partial sequence, antibiotic resistance, dairy products, Libya, milk, Salmonella spp.

Anti-cancer activity of an ethanolic extract of red okra pods (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in rats induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

Research (Published online: 12-05-2022)

4. Anti-cancer activity of an ethanolic extract of red okra pods (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in rats induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

Manikya Pramudya, Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi, Richard W. Wong, Devinta Wahyu Anggraini, Dwi Winarni and Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih

Veterinary World, 15(5): 1177-1184

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women. The consumption of phytochemical components from plants may play an essential role in preventing and treating this cancer. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of an ethanolic extract of red okra pods (EEROP) in rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).

Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into six groups (n=5/group), namely, KN (normal control, without any treatment), K– (negative control, exposed to MNU without EEROP), K+ (positive control, exposed to MNU and Methotrexate), and the treatment Groups P1, P2, and P3 (exposed to MNU and EEROP at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight [BW], respectively). Intraperitoneal delivery of MNU and EEROP oral administration was carried out for 8 weeks. After the end of treatment, the parameters of cytokines, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and mammary gland histology were measured.

Results: The results showed that EEROP at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW significantly downregulated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, IL-10, and tumor growth factor-β (p<0.05). In addition, doses of 200 mg/kg BW significantly increased the activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, prevented the proliferation of mammary gland epithelial cells, and yielded a significantly thinner epithelium of the mammary gland (p<0.05).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that EEROP was an effective anti-cancer agent by modulating the immune response. Further studies using a nanoparticle system are warranted to achieve optimal working conditions for these bioactive compounds.

Keywords: cancer, cytokines, histology of mammary gland, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, red okra pods.