mRNA expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the lung tissue of Wistar rats according to age

Research (Published online: 24-02-2022)

25. mRNA expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the lung tissue of Wistar rats according to age

Hazem Almhanna, Nabeel Abd Murad Al-Mamoori and Hassan Hachim Naser

Veterinary World, 15(2): 427-434

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed and plays functional and physiological roles in different tissues of the body. This study aimed to distinguish the levels of expression of ACE2 in the lung tissue at different ages of rats.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 18 male rats were used and divided into three groups according to age. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to determine the levels of the quantification of eosinophil cationic protein mRNA transcript. In addition, tissue specimens of the lung were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin stains.

Results: This study confirmed that RT-qPCR amplification plots of ACE2 gene exhibited clearly expression of the lung tissue of rats in the different groups and there are strong different threshold cycles numbers according to the age at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6-8 months. Consequently, the expression of ACE2 was completely different between groups depending on the age of the rats. The RT-qPCR results showed that the older animal group (age of 6-8 months) had a significantly higher expression of ACE2 than the other animal groups (ages of 2 weeks and 2 months). In the same way, the second group (age of 2 months) had a significantly higher expression of ACE2 than the first group (age of 2 weeks). This study confirmed that the ACE2 expression is influenced by the age of rats.

Conclusion: This study concluded that the expression of the ACE2 receptor of coronavirus disease 2019 would be different according to the age of rats, and this result suggested that expression of ACE2 in lung tissue could determine infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 during different ages of rats or some individual differences.

Keywords: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, expression, rats, real-time polymerase chain reactions, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on chicken sperm quality: A meta-analysis

Research (Published online: 24-02-2022)

24. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on chicken sperm quality: A meta-analysis

Sari Yanti Hayanti, Cecep Hidayat, Anuraga Jayanegara, Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin, Supardi Rusdiana, Yeni Widyaningrum, Masito Masito, Yenni Yusriani, Novia Qomariyah and Yenny Nur Anggraeny

Veterinary World, 15(2): 419-426

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Among several factors, the sperm quality of poultry is affected by the rooster's body size and the availability of antioxidants like vitamin E. This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on rooster sperm quality through a meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods: After verification and evaluation, a total of 19 articles were included in this study. Data, including dietary vitamin E, semen volume, concentration, total sperm cells, pH, motility, viability, percentage of dead and abnormal sperm, vitamin E sperm content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and testosterone levels, were tabulated in a database; these were subsequently analyzed using mixed modeling with vitamin E dose as a fixed effect and study identity as a random effect.

Results: Dietary supplementation level of vitamin E significantly (p<0.001) affected sperm concentration, significantly affected motility (p<0.001), significantly affected sperm vitamin E (p<0.001), significantly affected viability (p<0.001), and significantly affected chicken sperm fertility (p=0.001). Vitamin E administration also significantly reduced the number of sperm cell deaths (p<0.001); however, increased dietary levels of vitamin E did not affect semen volume (p=0.853), pH (p=0.951), MDA (p=0.542), the percentage of abnormal sperm cells (p=0.343), nor testosterone levels (p=0.063).

Conclusion: Dietary vitamin E supplementation is recommended for male chickens since it generally enhances the quality of their sperm.

Keywords: meta-analysis, rooster, sperm, vitamin E.

Parasitofauna and current status of anthelmintic resistance in Latvian sheep farms

Research (Published online: 23-02-2022)

23. Parasitofauna and current status of anthelmintic resistance in Latvian sheep farms

Dace Keidāne, Alīna Kļaviņa, Marta Barbara Bergmane and Līga Kovaļčuka

Veterinary World, 15(2): 414-418

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Parasitic invasions, especially gastrointestinal nematodes, are widespread and are one of the main problems in sheep farms. For this reason, sheep are dewormed more often than other livestock species, often several times a year. Concerns about antiparasitic resistance from the farmers and veterinarians have arisen because, on some farms, antiparasitic drugs are used routinely for very long periods. There are no data available on anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep in Latvia. Our work aimed to determine the most common endoparasites in sheep and the degree of anthelmintic resistance on sheep farms in Latvia.

Materials and Methods: All sheep (577) underwent a coprological examination before the start of the study, and only sheep diagnosed with more than 200 McMaster eggs per gram of feces were included in the study. A fecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was performed on 20 sheep flocks in Latvia.

Results: In Latvia, sheep were most commonly infected with Eimeria spp. 97% (confidence interval [CI] 95% 96-98). The second most commonly diagnosed species were Trichostrongylidae 91% (CI 95% 89-93) and Strongyloides spp. 76% (CI 95%, 72-79). The ivermectin (IVM) FECR was 0.74% (0.73-0.74), showing resistance in all sheep farms included in this study. Albendazole (ABZ) FECR 0.89% (0.88-0.89) was effective.

Conclusion: This study showed that the most popular deworming drugs (ivermectin, albendazole) in Latvia are ineffective in sheep. Additional studies on the use of IVM+ABZ combinations for deworming sheep should be performed.

Keywords: anthelmintic resistance, gastrointestinal parasites, sheep.

The urgency of wider adoption of one health approach for the prevention of a future pandemic

Review (Published online: 23-02-2022)

3. The urgency of wider adoption of one health approach for the prevention of a future pandemic

M. Nazmul Hoque, Golam Mahbub Faisal, Farhan Rahman Chowdhury, Amlan Haque and Tofazzal Islam

International Journal of One Health, 8(1): 20-33

ABSTRACT

Recurring outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses serve as a reminder that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected. Therefore, multisectoral, transdisciplinary, and collaborative approaches are required at local, regional, and global levels to tackle the ever-increasing zoonotic threat. The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 zoonosis has been posing tremendous threats to global human health and economies. The devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic teaches us to adopt a "One Health Approach (OHA)" to tackle a possible future pandemic through a concerted effort of the global scientific community, human health professionals, public health experts, veterinarians and policymakers through open science and open data sharing practices. The OHA is an integrated, holistic, collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach to tackle potential pandemic zoonotic diseases. It includes expanding scientific inquiry into zoonotic infections; monitoring, and regulating traditional food markets, transforming existing food systems, and incentivizing animal husbandry and legal wildlife trade to adopt effective zoonotic control measures. To adopt an OHA globally, research and academic institutions, governments and non-government sectors at the local, regional, and international levels must work together. This review aimed to provide an overview of the major pandemics in human history including the COVID-19, anthropogenic drivers of zoonoses, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse zoonoses, the concept of OHA and how an OHA could be utilized to prevent future pandemic threats to the human-animal-ecosystem interfaces. In addition, this review article discusses the strategic framework of OHA and possible challenges to implement OHA in practice to prevent any future pandemics. The practices of open data sharing, open science, and international collaboration should be included in the OHA to prevent and/or rapidly tackle any health emergencies in the future.

Keywords: COVID-19, future pandemic, one health approach, prevention.

Attitudes and preferences of traditional farmers toward reproductive biotechnology application for improved indigenous pig production in Zambia

Research (Published online: 22-02-2022)

22. Attitudes and preferences of traditional farmers toward reproductive biotechnology application for improved indigenous pig production in Zambia

Rubaijaniza Abigaba, Pharaoh C. Sianangama, Progress H. Nyanga, Wilson N. M. M. Mwenya and Edwell S. Mwaanga

Veterinary World, 15(2): 403-413

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pig production remains crucial to the livelihood of farmers in Zambia. However, low production continues to undermine efforts to reduce animal protein deficit; hence, the need emerges to improve production through biotechnology. To contribute to the prediction of their acceptance, this study assessed the attitudes and preferences of traditional farmers toward reproductive biotechnologies by exploring the socio-demographic characteristics of farmers.

Materials and Methods: The study conducted a cross-sectional descriptive survey that employed a mixed-methods design with a qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation. Quantitative data were obtained from 622 respondents using a questionnaire, whereas seven focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to obtain qualitative data. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.

Results: The majority (65.1%) of the respondents were low-income earners who mainly (64.8%) attained primary education. In addition, pig farming was dominated by middle-aged (43.7%) and elderly (40.7%) individuals. Moreover, most of the respondents owned (51.3% and 78.0%) more than 2 acres and six pigs, respectively. Furthermore, the respondents expressed a positive attitude (3.84±0.42) toward reproductive biotechnology application. However, despite supportive opinions (4.17±0.54) and favorable behavioral intentions (4.09±0.51), their feelings were generally neutral (3.10±0.89). In addition, the study observed various contrasting attitudes across socio-demographic factors. The respondents mainly preferred artificial insemination (AI; 66.2%). The results of the FGDs supported the survey findings. Nevertheless, the lack of information, knowledge and practical exposure, absence of peer influence, perceived beliefs and risks, poverty situations, and gender issues were pinpointed as the identified barriers to the biotechnology acceptance of the participants.

Conclusion: The respondents generally supported reproductive biotechnology application and its contribution to improved production. However, further promotion of the favorable attitudes of the farmers will be required. In this case, interventions sensitive to their socio-demographic characteristics, perceived barriers, and identified contributing factors to favorable attitudes will be crucial. In addition, despite the overwhelming preference for AI, efforts to promote AI-supporting reproductive technologies are required because they contribute to AI success rate.

Keywords: attitudes, indigenous pig production, reproductive biotechnology, survey, traditional farmers.

In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya

Research (Published online: 22-02-2022)

21. In vitro anticoccidial activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats in Kenya

Ahmota Romain Daiba, John Maina Kagira, Maina Ngotho, James Kimotho and Naomi Maina

Veterinary World, 15(2): 397-402

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria spp. calls for the development of novel anticoccidial drugs. Plant extracts provide a possible natural source for such drugs. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anticoccidial activity of encapsulated bromelain (EB) in chitosan nanocarriers on Eimeria spp. oocysts isolated from goats kept by farmers in Kenya.

Materials and Methods: Bromelain was extracted from the peel of ripe pineapples using standard methods. Eimeria spp. oocysts were isolated from the feces of goats using a flotation method. The inhibition of sporulation was assayed after exposing the oocysts to solutions of EB, non-EB (NEB), and diclazuril (positive control) at concentrations between 4 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL for 48 h. The oocysts were examined under a microscope (40x) to determine the effects of the drugs on the sporulation process. The percentage of sporulation inhibition was calculated after 48 h and the inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) was determined by probit analysis.

Results: Bromelain manifested anticoccidial activity through the inhibition of the sporulation of coccidia oocysts. EB achieved inhibition with a lower dose compared with NEB. The IC50 values of diclazuril, EB, and NEB were 0.078 mg/mL, 0.225 mg/mL, and 0.575 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) between the IC50 of EB and NEB compared with the standard treatment drug.

Conclusion: This preliminary study showed that EB has anticoccidial activity supporting further evaluation at an in vivo level to develop a novel drug for the management of coccidiosis in goats.

Keywords: anticoccidial activity, bromelain, chitosan, coccidia, goat, nanoencapsulation.

The status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines: The need for an integrated approach to address a multidimensional problem

Review (Published online: 21-02-2022)

2. The status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines: The need for an integrated approach to address a multidimensional problem

Vicente Y. Belizario, Jr., Aleyla E. de Cadiz, Rohani C. Navarro, Mary Jane C. Flores, Victorio B. Molina, Soledad Natalia M. Dalisay, John Robert C. Medina and Carlo R. Lumangaya

International Journal of One Health, 8(1): 8-19

ABSTRACT

Schistosomiasis japonica remains a public health concern in many areas of the Philippines. Adequate and updated information is essential to enhance policy and service delivery toward control and elimination. Despite the efforts on schistosomiasis control in the Philippines, some challenges remain in these dimensions. An integrated surveillance system is recommended to determine the prevalence of infection in humans, animal reservoirs, and snail intermediate hosts, allowing the identification of high-priority areas for targeted interventions. This will entail the enhancement of laboratory diagnosis capacity through the use of more sensitive techniques, complemented by capacity building of concerned human and animal health professionals. Given the zoonotic nature of schistosomiasis japonica, adopting the One Health approach is essential to influence policies and interventions that may accelerate control and elimination. This can be achieved through the attainment of mass drug administration coverage targets and intensified case finding and management, robust implementation and integration of veterinary public health activities, the conduct of snail control measures, provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene services, and health promotion and education into the national schistosomiasis control and elimination program. This review aimed to describe the status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines in the context of human health, animal health, vector ecology and management, environmental health, and sociocultural dimensions.

Keywords: neglected tropical diseases, One Health, schistosomiasis japonica, The Philippines.