Sparganosis (Spirometra spp.) in Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): A medical implications for veterinarians, breeders, and consumers

Research (Published online: 23-09-2021)

24. Sparganosis (Spirometra spp.) in Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): A medical implications for veterinarians, breeders, and consumers

Aditya Yudhana, Ratih Novita Praja and Anjani Marisa Kartikasari

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2482-2487

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The high prevalence of sparganosis has been reported globally, especially in Asian countries where the majority of individuals consume raw meat from wild-caught reptiles. In Indonesia, similar cases regarding the high prevalence of sparganosis were recorded from wild reptiles such as snakes that utilized for culinary purposes, whereas, there are no data regarding other species such as water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), which also provided as daily culinary with a high number of trades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of sparganosis in water monitor lizard (V. salvator), which is frequently utilized as culinary products in East Java Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 313 living wild-caught and captive-bred Asian water monitor lizards were collected from the reptile markets and breeders. All samples were euthanized and observed for the presence of plerocercoid. Identification of the plerocercoid as larval infective stage was made using carmine staining method.

Results: The total prevalence of sparganosis was recorded at 69.64%. A total of 393 plerocercoids were collected in which divided 280 (71.24%) infecting muscles and 113 (28.75%) located in subcutaneous tissues.

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study not only recorded as the first evidence but also confirms the role of monitor lizards as sparganosis transmitters in Asia and reveals additional routes of sparganosis transmission in Indonesian reptiles. Local conservation laws should be strengthened to effectively control or ban wildlife trade in traditional markets. Moreover, public awareness regarding sparganosis as a neglected zoonotic disease should be applied to prevent disease transmission in Indonesia.

Keywords: infectious disease, sparganosis, Spirometra, Varanus salvator.

The potential of sperm bovine protamine as a protein marker of semen production and quality at the National Artificial Insemination Center of Indonesia

Research (Published online: 23-09-2021)

23. The potential of sperm bovine protamine as a protein marker of semen production and quality at the National Artificial Insemination Center of Indonesia

Berlin Pandapotan Pardede, Tulus Maulana, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Muhammad Agil, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, Cece Sumantri and Iman Supriatna

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2473-2481

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Protamine (PRM) is the major protein in the sperm nucleus and plays an essential role in its normal function. Moreover, PRM has great potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality. This study aimed to assess the potential of sperm bovine PRM as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National Artificial Insemination (AI) Center of Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The semen production capacity of each bull was collected from frozen semen production data at the Singosari AI Center for 6 months, and was then divided into two groups (high and low). A total of 440 frozen semen straws from six Limousin (LIM), six Friesian Holstein (FH), six Peranakan Ongole (PO), and four Aceh bulls aged 4-5 years were used in the study. The frozen semen was used to measure the concentration of PRM1, PRM2, and PRM3 using the enzyme immunoassay method. The frozen semen was also used to assess the quality of the semen, including progressive motility (PM) through computer-assisted semen analysis, sperm viability through eosin–nigrosin analysis, and the DNA fragmentation index through Acridine Orange staining.

Results: PRM1 was significantly higher in all bull breeds included in the study (p<0.00), followed by PRM2 (p<0.00) and PRM3 (p<0.00). PRM1 significantly affected semen production in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05). Moreover, PRM2 significantly affected semen production only in FH and Aceh bulls (p<0.05), whereas PRM3 affected this parameter in PO and Aceh bulls exclusively (p<0.05). Consistently and significantly, PRM1 was positively correlated with the PM and viability of sperm and negatively associated with its DNA fragmentation in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05; p<0.01). The correlation analysis between PRM2 and PRM3 and semen quality parameters varied across all bull breeds; some were positively and negatively correlated (p<0.05; p<0.01), and some were not correlated at all.

Conclusion: PRM1 has excellent potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National AI Center of Indonesia.

Keywords: bull, protamine, protein marker, semen production, semen quality.

Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 22-09-2021)

22. Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh

Sajeda Sultana, Nazneen Sultana, Mahmuda Islam, Munmun Pervin, Md. Ariful Islam Khan and Mohammad Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2462-2472

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer.

Materials and Methods: Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology.

Results: Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst.

Conclusion: The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset.

Keywords: deer, enterotoxaemia, mycobacterium, pasteurella, zoonosis.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Vitamins E and C on oxidative stress induced by a Nigerian velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus (KUDU 113) in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 21-09-2021)

21. Effects of dietary supplementation of Vitamins E and C on oxidative stress induced by a Nigerian velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus (KUDU 113) in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens

Obianuju Nkiruka Okoroafor, Temitope Mofoluso Ogunniran, Nkechi Harriet Ikenna-Ezeh, Ikechukwu John Udeani, Jacinta Ngozi Omeke, Wilfred Sunday Ezema and Boniface Anene

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2452-2461

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is widely recognized as an extremely harmful and contagious disease of birds. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of oxidative stress induced by the virulent ND virus (NDV) (KUDU 113) on the plasma, brain, bursa of Fabricius, NDV antibody response, and hematology as well as the ameliorative effect of the individual or combined use of Vitamins E and C on the clinical signs of NDV-infected chickens.

Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 150 broiler chickens were included and divided into five groups: Group 1, nonsupplemented and unchallenged chickens (UCC); Group 2, nonsupplemented and challenged chickens (ICC); Group 3, Vitamin C-supplemented + challenged chickens; Group 4, Vitamin E-supplemented + challenged chickens; and Group 5, Vitamins E and C-supplemented + challenged chickens. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were supplemented with Vitamins E and C (33 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively). Virus challenge was done with 0.1 ml of KUDU 113 7 days after the start of vitamin inclusion in their diet. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were analyzed in the plasma, brain, and bursa on days 0, 3, and 7 post-infection (pi) using the biochemical method. The blood samples were randomly collected from five chickens in each group for antibody response and hematological analyses on day 0 previtamin treatment and at 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days pi (dpi).

Results: A significant increase in the concentrations of MDA and NO in the NDV-challenged chickens was observed when compared with the UCCs. Moreover, a significant decrease in GSH concentration was observed in the NDV-challenged chickens when compared with the UCCs. The activities of CAT and SOD were reduced markedly in the NDV-challenged chickens. Increases in the mean antibody titers were observed in the NDV-challenged group when compared with the UCCs from days 3 to 21 pi. The mortality rates of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0%, 30%, 3.3%, 3.3%, and 26.6%, respectively.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that KUDU 113 causes oxidative stress in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Individual supplementation with Vitamin E or C was found to be more effective in ameliorating oxidative stress, improving the immune response, and reducing mortality in KUDU 113 infections than the combined supplementation of Vitamins C and E.

Keywords: hematologic parameters, Newcastle disease, oxidative stress, Vitamin C, Vitamin E antibody titer.

Comparison among TonoVet, TonoVet Plus, Tono-Pen Avia Vet, and Kowa HA-2 portable tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs

Research (Published online: 21-09-2021)

20. Comparison among TonoVet, TonoVet Plus, Tono-Pen Avia Vet, and Kowa HA-2 portable tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs

João Victor Goulart Consoni Passareli, Felipe Franco Nascimento, Giovana José Garcia Estanho, Claudia Lizandra Ricci, Glaucia Prada Kanashiro, Rogério Giuffrida and Silvia Franco Andrade

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2444-2451

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Tonometers are an important instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the diagnosis of glaucoma or uveitis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the main types of tonometers with different IOP measurement methodologies in dogs: TonoVet and TonoVet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldmann applanation).

Materials and Methods: IOP was measured in 152 eyes of 76 dogs. A postmortem study was performed by comparing manometry and tonometry values and calculating the correlation coefficient (r2), in vivo real IOP (manometry) among the tonometers was compared, and an outpatient study was conducted with healthy eyes and eyes with signs of glaucoma and uveitis.

Results: In the postmortem study, the values of r2 in descending order were Kowa (0.989), TonoVet Plus (0.984), TonoVet (0.981), and Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.847). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Aneroid manometer (16.8±2.5.7), TonoVet (18.1±2.9), TonoVet Plus (20.6±2.3), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.1±2.5), and Kowa (16.1±1.7); in outpatient clinics: TonoVet (16.8±3.8), TonoVet Plus (19.2±2.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.2±2.4), and Kowa (15.0±1.3); glaucoma: TonoVet (30.2±3.5), TonoVet Plus (35.0±6.1), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (29.5±4.2), and Kowa (23.9±5.0); and uveitis: TonoVet (14.2±1.4), TonoVet Plus (17.6±1.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (13.7±2.1), and Kowa (12.6±1.7).

Conclusion: There was a strong correlation between IOP values and manometry in all the tonometers. The highest values were obtained with TonoVet Plus and the lowest with Kowa HA-2. All tonometers accurately measured IOP in dogs, including the latest TonoVet Plus, which showed an excellent correlation coefficient.

Keywords: applanation tonometry, direct manometry, dogs, Goldmann tonometry, rebound tonometry.

Review (Published online: 20-09-2021)

19. Coronavirus disease 2019 and future pandemics: Impacts on livestock health and production and possible mitigation measures

Md. Hakimul Haque, Md. Aminul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Subir Sarker, K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir and M. Sawkat Anwer

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2434-2443

ABSTRACT

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19, the current global health emergency, is wreaking havoc on human health systems and, to a lesser degree, on animals globally. The outbreak has continued since the first report of COVID-19 in China in December 2019, and the second and third waves of the outbreak have already begun in several countries. COVID-19 is expected to have adverse effects on crop production, food security, integrated pest control, tourism, the car industry, and other sectors of the global economy. COVID-19 induces a range of effects in livestock that is reflected economically since human health and livelihood are intertwined with animal health. We summarize the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 on livestock and possible mitigation steps in response to this global outbreak. Mitigation of the negative effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics on livestock requires the implementation of current guidelines.

Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019, impact, livestock, mitigation, poultry.

Effects of hydrolyzable tannin extract obtained from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) against bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in Thai Friesian dairy cows

Research (Published online: 20-09-2021)

18. Effects of hydrolyzable tannin extract obtained from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) against bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in Thai Friesian dairy cows

Tipwadee Prapaiwong, Wuttikorn Srakaew, Chalong Wachirapakorn and Chaiwat Jarassaeng

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2427-2433

Background and Aim: Hydrolyzable tannins are an important group of secondary plant metabolites, which are known for antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to assess the efficiency with which a hydrolyzable tannin extract from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) could inhibit mastitis-causing bacteria in vitro.

Materials and Methods: The negative control used was sterile water, and the positive controls were penicillin and gentamicin. The treatments included five concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins (63, 190, 313, 630, and 940 mg/mL). In cows with subclinical mastitis, the bacteria causing the disease were isolated and identified. Then, the antibacterial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract was assessed by the disk diffusion method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Results: Penicillin inhibited (p<0.01) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but could not inhibit (p>0.05) the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, gentamicin and hydrolyzable tannins could inhibit (p<0.01) all isolated bacteria. Increasing the concentration of hydrolyzable tannin extract resulted in a quadratic increase in the inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and S. agalactiae and a linear increase in the inhibition zone diameter of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. In addition, 630 and 940 mg/mL of hydrolyzable tannin extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae and E. coli (p<0.01), while 940 mg/mL concentration had the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae (p<0.01). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 27.3-190 mg/mL and 58.8-235 mg/mL, respectively, with the MBC: MIC ratio being 2:1.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract against subclinical mastitis bacteria was comparable to the antibiotics (positive controls) at concentrations over 630 mg/mL. Although these in vitro findings are promising, further research is needed to determine whether hydrolyzable tannins could be used to control or prevent subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords: hydrolyzable tannins, pathogen, subclinical mastitis, Thai Friesian dairy cows.