Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Research (Published online: 30-07-2021)

35. Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Ujang Suryadi, Erfan Kustiawan, Anang Febri Prasetyo and Shokhirul Imam

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1971-1976

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The open house cage is mainly influenced by the environmental heat from the sun and the heat released by the chicken. Heat stress can affect physiological conditions so that it has an impact on decreasing productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of agarwood leaf extract in feed on the physiological condition and production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress and to generate prediction equations for the optimal level of the extract in feed.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 22-day-old broilers (Cobb 500™) underwent four treatments with five replications each, namely, feed without agarwood leaf extract (control) (T0), and feed with 250 (T1), 300 (T2), and 350 mg of agarwood leaf extract/kg body weight (T3). The parameters observed include physiological condition (heart rate, respiratory frequency, and body temperature) as well as production performance (feed consumption, body weight gain [BWG], and feed conversion).

Results: The administration of agarwood leaf extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased heart rate and respiratory frequency. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in body temperature, glucose levels, hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as production performance which include weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio. Meanwhile, broilers treated with agarwood leaf extract had a significantly lower heart rate and respiratory frequency (p<0.05) compared to the control. However, broilers given agarwood leaf extract showed better body weight, consumption, and ration conversion compared to the control.

Conclusion: Agarwood leaf extract in feed reduces heart rate and respiratory frequency but has no significant effect on body temperature and hematological parameters (glucose levels, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte concentrations) as well as production performance (feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion). These results indicate that the administration of 350 mg/kg body weight agarwood leaf extract is most effective to reduce feed consumption and increase BWG.

Keywords: agarwood leaf extract, broiler, hematological parameters, heat stress, product performance.

Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

34. Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Widiyanto Widiyanto, Mulyono Mulyono, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Eko Pangestu, Marry Christiyanto, Surahmanto Surahmanto, Vitus Dwi Yunianto and Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1966-1970

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Healthy goat meat is an essential aspect in increasing consumer acceptance for this livestock product. The research aimed to examine the effect of goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on the performance and blood lipid status of white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and Methods: Thirty 2-month-old male white rats (R. norvegicus) weighing 195-230 g were randomly divided into three groups, with each group consisting of 10 rats. Group I was treated with a control feed (T0; BR I concentrate). Group II (T1) was treated with a mixed feed containing 50% control feed and 50% goat meat. Group III (T2) was treated with a mixed feed comprising 50% control feed and 50% goat meat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids. Each treatment was given ad libitum for 30 days. The variables measured were dry matter and organic matter consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and atherogenic index (AI). The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design.

Results: The total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels at T0, T1, and T2 were as follows: 99.97, 35.97, and 50.43 mg/dL (total cholesterol); 108.35, 33.92, and 58.17 mg/dL (HDL cholesterol); and 101.43, 38.09, and 48.65 mg/dL (LDL cholesterol). The highest HDL and the lowest LDL cholesterol levels (p<0.05) were observed in the T2 treatment group, which had the lowest AI (1.69 vs. 1.77 and 2.19).

Conclusion: The consumption of goat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids reduces the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, raises the HDL cholesterol levels, and decreases the AI.

Keywords: atherogenic index, blood lipid status, cholesterol, goat meat, omega-6 fatty acids, white rat.

Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

33. Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Turke Shawaf, S. Al Bulushi, M. A. Al-Ali, A. M. A. Meligy, M. Salouci and Jamal Hussen

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1960-1965

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters is widely used in assessing animal health status. Limited information is available on trace element levels and their association with hematological and biochemical parameters in Omani goats suffering from emaciation. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the levels of some trace elements in emaciated Omani goats and their relationship with hematological and biochemical parameters.

Materials and Methods: Goats suffering from emaciation and muscular dystrophy (n=18) were compared with healthy goats (n=12). Venous blood samples for the hematological, biochemical, and trace element analysis were collected from the jugular vein.

Results: Emaciated goats showed significantly lower white blood cell, lymphocyte, and red blood cell counts than the healthy goats. In contrast, the percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were higher in emaciated goats than in healthy ones. In addition, emaciated goats showed higher levels of biochemical parameters alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total bilirubin but lower levels of albumin than the healthy goats. The results of trace element analysis revealed lower concentrations of zinc, iron, and selenium in serum from emaciated goats than in serum from healthy goats.

Conclusion: This study identified significant differences in the serum levels of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters between healthy and emaciated Omani goats. The identified differences represent valuable diagnostic biomarkers for the evaluation of the health status of Omani goats.

Keywords: chemistry, emaciated, hematology, Omani goats, serum, trace elements.

Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

32. Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Erwin Edyansyah

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1954-1959

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brugia malayi is known to be zoonotically important because it can be transmitted from animals (mammals and primates) to humans or from humans to humans through mosquito vectors. This study was conducted to explore the fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Sedang village, Suak Tapeh District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design with an observational and analytical approach was applied in this study, and it was conducted in May 2018. Mosquitoes were collected twice using human bait both inside and outside the house from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. The presence of competitors, predators, and reservoir hosts in the areas of five breeding habitats of Mansonia spp. was observed. The presence of microfilaria was confirmed under a microscope in night blood samples of inhabitants and cats. The presence of infective larvae (L3) of B. malayi was identified microscopically and based on the polymerase chain reaction method in female Mansonia mosquitoes.

Results: A total of 12 mosquito species were found, among which Mansonia uniformis was the dominant mosquito, and the predominant competitor was Mansonia annulifera. Dragonflies, as predators were found in two breeding habitats and fish were found in one breeding habitat. The L3 of B. malayi were not identified in the mosquitoes, and the microfilariae of B. malayi were not found in the blood samples of inhabitants and cats.

Conclusion: Although Mansonia mosquito population was abundant in Banyuasin Regency, the mosquito was not confirmed as an intermediate host of B. malayi, and the cat was not confirmed as a reservoir of B. malayi in the location.

Keywords: Brugia malayi, lymphatic filariasis, Mansonia uniformis, South Sumatera, subperiodic nocturnal.

Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

31. Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Eric Putra Ernanda, Faisal Fikri, Agus Purnomo, Shafia Khairani and Shekhar Chhetri

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1946-1953

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In an era of increasing concerns about food availability globally, poultry meat is being increasingly consumed rather than red meat given its quality in terms of pH, color, and tenderness, conferring consumer satisfaction. The choice of feed is a crucial factor in poultry production. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 day-old quail were used in this study and assigned equally into four treatment groups: Group C fed a basal diet and three treatment groups fed a basal diet supplemented with 2.5% (T1), 5% (T2), or 10% (T3) breadfruit leaf powder. The concentrations of breadfruit leaf powder were 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg in the basal diet. Quail body weight and feed intake (FI) were evaluated at 1, 21, and 35 days of age at 7 a.m. Pectoral muscle was collected to determine pH, meat color, drip loss, cooking loss, water-holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, and antioxidant levels. All variables were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan's post hoc test (significance set at p<0.05).

Results: T3 showed increased body weight gain of quails at 1-21 and 21-35 days (p<0.05). Feeding in the T3 group improved the feed conversion ratio compared with those in the C and T1 groups at the starter phase (p<0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect FI (p>0.05). In the present study, meat redness and WHC were improved in the T3 group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, and meat tenderness were improved in the T2 group (p<0.05). The pH45 min, pH24 h, lightness, and yellowness were not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde decreased in the T3 group (p<0.05), while no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase level (p>0.05) was identified.

Conclusion: Ten grams/kilogram of breadfruit leaf powder, as administered in the T3 group, can be applied as a dietary supplement for Japanese quail to improve growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity during the starter and grower periods.

Keywords: antioxidative activity, breadfruit leaf powder, food availability, growth performance, Japanese quail, meat quality.

Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

30. Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Eduardo Diaz, Anahi Hidalgo, Carla Villamarin, Gustavo Donoso and Veronica Barragan

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1935-1945

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ecuador is a hugely diverse country, but information on infectious diseases in local wild animals is scarce. The aim of this study was to screen the presence of blood parasites in free-ranging wild animals admitted to the Wildlife Hospital at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, from April 2012 to January 2019.

Materials and Methods: We identified blood parasites by microscopic observation of blood smears from free-ranging wildlife species that attended the Wildlife Hospital of Universidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador) from April 2012 to January 2019.

Results: The microscopic evaluations of animals as potential reservoirs for vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites revealed the presence of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., microfilaria, Mycoplasma spp., and Trypanosoma spp. in previously unreported wildlife species. In addition, we performed a systematic review to understand the current knowledge gaps in the context of these findings.

Conclusion: Our data contribute to the knowledge of blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador. Furthermore, the potential transmission of these parasites to humans and domestic animals, current anthropogenic environmental changes in the region, and the lack of information on this suggest the importance of our results and warrant further investigations on infectious diseases in animals and humans and their relationship with environmental health as key domains of the One Health concept.

Keywords: amazon basin, blood parasites, Ecuador, free-ranging wildlife, hemoparasites, one health, systematic review, vector-borne zoonotic.

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

29. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Sofiane Tamendjari, Farida Afri Bouzebda, Lina Chaib, Hebib Aggad, Mohammed Ramdani and Zoubir Bouzebda

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1929-1934

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infection in both humans and animals. Most livestock strains have shown antibiotic resistance to the many molecules used in veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to assess the resistance patterns of these bacteria, we carried out our study in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria.

Materials and Methods: We collected 116 samples of bovine and goat milk to detect S. aureus. We used a selective media to isolate the strains, followed by biochemically identifying the isolates. We determined the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic molecules using the disk diffusion method and confirmed the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Results: Our results showed that 26.72% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and we recovered 31 isolates from the positive samples. We ascribed a high resistance profile to penicillin G (96.77%), fusidic acid (67.74%), and tobramycin (45.16%) and isolated 4MRSA strains.

Conclusion: The presence of S. aureus, including MRSA strains in raw milk, can present a public health hazard, because these strains can cause widespread food poisoning . This finding will be useful to the veterinarians to choose an adequate treatment and to sensitize livestock breeders and milk producers to ensure the health of consumers.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cow and goat raw milk, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.