Expressions of heat shock protein 90, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the skin of diabetic rats

Research (Published online: 13-07-2021)

11. Expressions of heat shock protein 90, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the skin of diabetic rats

Khaled Z. Alawneh, Liqaa A. Raffee, Musa A. Alshehabat and Ahed Jumah Alkhatib

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1804-1807

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Chronic skin ulceration is a common and painful condition that affects about 15% of patients with diabetes worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expressions of heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the skin of diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: A total of 20 rats were divided randomly into two equal groups. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in the rats of Group 2, whereas the rats in Group 1 were kept healthy and served as control. DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate at 120 mg/kg. Rats were considered diabetic if the blood glucose level was above 200 mg/dL. After induction of DM, the rats were monitored daily for 28 days. On day 28, the rats were humanely euthanized, and full-thickness skin punch biopsy was obtained from the dorsal side of the thoracolumbar region. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining was used to evaluate the expressions of HSP 90, iNOS, and VEGF in the skin tissue specimens.

Results: The expressions of HSP 90, iNOS, and VEGF in the skin were significantly higher in diabetic rats than in the control rats. On day 28 in diabetic rats, a positive correlation (r=0.65, p=0.01) was detected between mean blood glucose level and the expression levels of HSP 90, iNOS, and VEGF.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that DM upregulated the expressions of HSP 90, iNOS, and VEGF in the skin tissues of diabetic rats and may impact the healing of skin wounds. However, this study was preliminary and further studies to investigate this relationship are warranted.

Keywords: diabetic foot, endocrine system, vascular injury, wound healing.

Evaluation of the solubility of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and its histological effect on the diabetic mice liver using a novel technique

Research (Published online: 12-07-2021)

10. Evaluation of the solubility of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and its histological effect on the diabetic mice liver using a novel technique

Issa Al Amri, Fazal Mabood, Isam T. Kadim, Abdulaziz Alkindi, A. Al-Harrasi, Sulaiman Al-Hashmi, Ghulam Abbas, Ahmed Hamaed, Basant Ahmed, Jawaher Al-Shuhaimi, Samera Khalaf and Jamaluddin Shaikh

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1797-1803

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The literature is scant on the effect of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) on the liver of diabetes-induced mice. This study was designed to develop a rapid, sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive detection technique for evaluating the solubility of KBA obtained from the gum resin of Omani frankincense (Boswellia sacra) in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopy coupled with principal components analysis (PCA). It also aimed to investigate the effect of KBA on histological changes in the hepatocytes of diabetic mice.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen mice were assigned to the healthy control group, the diabetic control group, or the KBA-treated diabetic group. Liver tissue samples from all groups were scanned using an FTIR reflectance spectrophotometer in reflection mode. FTIR reflectance spectra were collected in the wavenumber range of 400-4000 cm-1 using an attenuated total reflectance apparatus.

Results: FTIR reflectance spectra were analyzed using PCA. The PCA score plot, which is an exploratory multivariate data set, revealed complete segregation among the three groups' liver samples based on changes in the variation of wavenumber position in the FTIR reflectance spectra, which indicated a clear effect of KBA solubility on treatments. Histological analysis showed an improvement in the liver tissues, with normal structures of hepatocytes exhibiting mild vacuolation in their cytoplasm.

Conclusion: KBA improved the morphology of liver tissues in the diabetic mice and led to complete recovery of the damage observed in the diabetic control group. FTIR reflectance spectroscopy coupled with PCA could be deployed as a rapid, low-cost, and non-destructive detection method for evaluating treatment effects in diseased liver tissue based on the solubility of KBA.

Keywords: 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, Fourier transform infrared reflectance, histology, liver, mice, principle component analysis.

Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 expression, granulosa cell apoptosis, and folliculogenesis repair in endometriosis mouse models

Research (Published online: 10-07-2021)

9. Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 expression, granulosa cell apoptosis, and folliculogenesis repair in endometriosis mouse models

Sri Ratna Dwiningsih, Soehartono Darmosoekarto, Hendy Hendarto, Erry Gumilar Dachlan, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Sunarjo Sunarjo, I. W. Arsana Wiyasa and Widjiati Widjiati

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1788-1796

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Endometriosis affects the ovaries and causes a decrease in the oocyte quality during endometrial receptivity. During the development of ovarian follicles, paracrine communication occurs between granulosa cells and oocytes. This study was conducted to determine the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression, granulosa cell apoptosis, and folliculogenesis in endometriosis mouse models.

Materials and Methods: This study involved 42 female mice, which were divided into three groups: Healthy mice (T0), endometriosis mice without transplantation (T1), and endometriosis mice with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (T2). The mice were injected intraperitoneally with endometrial fragments (200 μL) to become endometriosis models. On day 15, the endometriosis models received mesenchymal stem cells. Sample collection was performed on day 29. Granulosa cell apoptosis and TNFR1 expression were examined using immunohistochemical staining, and folliculogenesis was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining of ovary samples. The data obtained from both examinations were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results: The results showed that TNFR1 expression is significantly decreased in T2 (p<0.004). The apoptosis of granulosa cells was lower in T2 (p<0.000). The primary, secondary, and graafian follicle counts in T2 were significantly increased.

Conclusion: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in endometriosis mouse models can reduce TNFR1 expression and granulosa cell apoptosis and improve folliculogenesis.

Keywords: apoptosis, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, endometriosis, folliculogenesis, granulosa cells, tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1.

A comparative study on the effects of boiling and ultrasonication on radical scavenging activity, casein particle size, and whiteness of milk

Research (Published online: 09-07-2021)

8. A comparative study on the effects of boiling and ultrasonication on radical scavenging activity, casein particle size, and whiteness of milk

Tanmay Hazra, Rohit Sindhav, Ch. V. K. Sudheendra, Mitul Bumbadiya, Radhika Govani and Vimal Ramani

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1784-1787

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Different processing treatments affect the functional properties of milk. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of boiling and ultrasonication on radical scavenging activity, micellar casein particle size, and the whiteness of milk.

Materials and Methods: Milk was subjected to boiling and ultrasonication treatments. Then, the micellar casein size and the whiteness of the milk were evaluated using L-Value- intensity of whiteness and the radical scavenging capacity of the milk was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method.

Results: The radical scavenging activity of the milk was found to be reduced during the different processing treatments, but this decrease was non-significant for the ultrasonication treatment (p>0.05). However, a significant reduction in radical scavenging activity (p<0.05) was observed for the boiled milk. Micellar casein size reduction was observed after both treatments, and boiling had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the micellar casein particle size. We found that the whiteness of skim milk was significantly decreased after boiling treatment, but was not significantly decreased after ultrasonication. Ultrasonication had a non-significant effect on the whiteness of ultrasonicated milk which was observed.

Conclusion: Ultrasonicated milk had a very non-significant effect on the antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity) of milk, whereas the effect of boiling was significant. Ultrasonication treatment increases the shelf-life of milk while retaining its bioactive properties.

Keywords: antioxidant, radical scavenging activity, skim milk, ultrasonication.

Development of rat metabolic syndrome models: A review

Review (Published online: 07-07-2021)

7. Development of rat metabolic syndrome models: A review

Shirly Gunawan, Ahmad Aulia and Vivian Soetikno

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1774-1783

ABSTRACT

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global problem. With the increasing prevalence of MetS worldwide, understanding its pathogenesis and treatment modalities are essential. Animal models should allow an appropriate representation of the clinical manifestations of human conditions. Rats are the most commonly used experimental animals for the study. The development of a proper MetS model using rats will contribute to the successful application of research findings to the clinical setting. Various intervention methods are used to induce MetS through diet induction with various compositions, chemicals, or a combination of both. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of several studies on the development of rat MetS models, along with the characteristics of the clinical manifestations resulting from each study.

Keywords: high-fat diet, high-fructose diet, high-sucrose diet, metabolic syndrome, rat models.

Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia

Research (Published online: 07-07-2021)

6. Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia

María Paula Herrera-Sánchez, Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas, Luz Clemencia Fandiño-de-Rubio, Roy Rodríguez-Hernández and Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1767-1773

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of which is increasing. The aim of this study was to phenotypically and genotypically characterize the fluoroquinolone resistance of Salmonella isolates from broiler and humans in two regions of Colombia.

Materials and Methods: Salmonella strains (n=49) were evaluated. The phenotype of antibiotic resistance was assessed by an automated method and agar diffusion method, as well as the presence of the quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib as determined by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (75%), levofloxacin (57.1%), and enrofloxacin (38.8%). Molecular identification showed that 24 out of 49 strains possessed the qnrB gene (48.9%), while only one isolate from the Santander region possessed the aac(6')-Ib gene. Regarding Class 1 integron, it was present in 11 out of the 49 strains (22.44%).

Conclusion: This study reports the presence of the gene qnrB as well the presence of Class 1 integrons in broiler Salmonella isolates, which may contribute to the resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, broiler, resistance genes, Salmonella.

Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Research (Published online: 06-07-2021)

5. Etiopathological and hematobiochemical profiles in goats with gastrointestinal disorders

Sunena Nayak, Prasana Kumar Rath, Susen Kumar Panda, Bidyut Prava Mishra, Rajshree Mishra and Shuvranshu Sekhar Biswal

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1760-1766

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in small ruminants limit production efficiency and productivity growth in the livestock sector, thereby directly preventing farmers from augmenting their income. This study aimed to provide detailed insight into the etiology, hematobiochemical parameters, and epidemiological risk factors of GI disorders in goats and to determine the pathology associated with the disorders.

Materials and Methods: Over the period of 2018-2019, 500 goats in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, were screened for GI disorders based on clinical signs. Blood samples from the control (n=10) and treatment (n=25) groups were collected for both hematological and serum biochemical alterations. Fecal examinations (n=220) were conducted for parasitic, bacterial, and virological assessments. Detailed necropsy and histopathological evaluations were conducted on 27 goats.

Results: The GI disorder prevalence rate and mortality rate among the 500 goats analyzed were 44.4% and 12.27%, respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly higher occurrence of GI disorders among the goats that were between 6 months and 1.5 years old (58.72%), were of the Ganjam breed (45.49%), had a poor body condition (71.11%), and were housed with an earthen floor (55.22%). The most common etiological risk factor observed was parasitic infection (65.45%), followed by bacterial (18.18%) and mixed infection (9.54%). Blood analysis showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia in infected goats, in addition to anemia; significant decreases in total protein, globulin, albumin, and glucose levels; and significant increases in aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The major histopathological findings were infiltration of mononuclear cells and desquamation of the intestinal and ruminal mucosa.

Conclusion: Stakeholders should focus not only on parasitic infections and other important etiological risk factors for GI disorders in goats but also on proper farming management practices to help enhance the income of farmers. The hematobiochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes reported in this study can be used by field veterinarians as guidelines for clinical evaluation and disease severity assessment.

Keywords: diarrhea, goat, gastrointestinal disorders, hematobiochemical.