The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Research (Published online: 30-05-2021)

41. The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

N. P. Ivanov, F. A. Bakiyeva, A. M. Namet, R. S. Sattarova, B. Zh. Issakulova and N. Zh. Akmyrzayev

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1380-1388

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus Moraxella bovis was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures.

Materials and Methods: We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis.

Results: We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic.

Conclusion: Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the Moraxella genus.

Keywords: distribution, epizootology, import of livestock, moraxellosis, pathogen.

Performance of Swarnadhara breeder hens supplemented with reduced levels of different copper forms

Research (Published online: 29-05-2021)

40. Performance of Swarnadhara breeder hens supplemented with reduced levels of different copper forms

Noor Aminullah, T. M. Prabhu, Jaya Naik, B. N. Suresh and H. C. Indresh

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1371-1379

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Copper (Cu) is a vital mineral involved in various physiological and biochemical processes, growth, and productivity of animals and birds. Birds can absorb only a small fraction of Cu and most is excreted, contaminating soil and aquatic environment which is toxic for microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans. This study evaluated the possibility of use of organic and nanoparticles sources of Cu to reduce supplementation level without compromising the performance of breeder hens.

Materials and Methods: A total of 224 Swarnadhara breeder hens were divided into seven treatment groups having four replicates in each. The basal diet (control) containing 20 ppm inorganic Cu (100% of standard recommendation) and six test diets containing 20, 15, and 10 ppm (100, 75, and 50% of standard recommendation) from Cu organic source, and 15, 10, and 5 ppm (75, 50, and 25%) from Cu nanoparticles (Cu-NP), were prepared and offered to respective treatment groups for a duration of 20 weeks.

Results: The hen day egg production, hen housed egg production, feed conversion ratio egg mass, albumen index, yolk index, total fat content, and color score were not affected by the source and inclusion level of Cu. The feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) lower at 15 ppm and egg weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 10 ppm Cu-NP supplemental level, but was non-significant in other treatment groups compared to control. The body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 20 ppm organic and 15 ppm Cu-NP inclusion. The egg shape index and Haugh unit were significantly (p<0.05) lower at 10 and 15 ppm of Cu-NP inclusion level, respectively. The shell thickness was improved (p<0.05) at 20 and 15 ppm organic and 15 and 10 ppm Cu-NP inclusion level. The egg fertility rate was shown to be significantly (p<0.05) higher at 20 ppm organic Cu inclusion group, but the hatchability based on total number of eggs set improved (p<0.05) at 20 and 15 ppm organic Cu inclusion level while all treatment groups were comparable to control. The hatchability of fertilized egg and chick's quality significantly (p<0.05) improved, while embryonic and chick mortality after hatching before-sorting was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 15 ppm of Cu-NP inclusion group.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the inorganic Cu can be replaced with 50% of organic or 25% of nanoparticles form of Cu without jeopardizing the breeder hens' productivity, egg quality characteristics, hatchability, and progeny.

Keywords: egg production, hatchability, nanoparticles, organic copper, poultry.

Genital lesions in cows naturally infected with trypanosomes in Abuja, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 29-05-2021)

39. Genital lesions in cows naturally infected with trypanosomes in Abuja, Nigeria

Kenneth Owoicho Abah, David Ogwu, Lushaikyaa Allam, Christopher Ese Obudu, Joy Iyojo Itodo and Nuhu Abdulazeez Sani

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1363-1370

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Different species of trypanosomes have been reported to cause varying degrees of reproductive disorders in pregnant and non-pregnant animals under experimental infections. Information on reproductive disorders and losses in animals naturally infected with trypanosome species are few. This study was carried out to assess the abnormalities in the genital organs (ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina) of female cattle naturally infected with trypanosomes in and around Abuja, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Cows showing signs such as emaciation, weakness, or anemia were selected and examined at Gwagwalada and Karu abattoirs, respectively. Venous blood samples were taken from 108 of such animals and screened using standard trypanosome detection methods. The genital organs were also collected and inspected for gross and histopathological lesions in the laboratory.

Results: Six (5.55%) out of the 108 animals were positive for trypanosomes; 4 (66.7%) were infected with Trypanosoma vivax and 2 (33.3%) were infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The mean packed cell volume of the infected animals was 22.83%. Grossly, congestion and ecchymotic hemorrhages were observed in the endometrium, myometrium, and cervical submucosa. Mucometra, hydrometra, and pyometra were also seen in the uterus. Histologically, necrosis of the epithelium and endometrial glands accompanied by mononuclear cellular infiltration was observed in the uterus. There was also sloughing of the endometrial epithelium, vascular congestion, and hypertrophy of serosa of the uterus. There was atropy of the granulosa cells, increased numbers of degenerating tertiary follicles, and absence of corpora lutea in the ovary. No gross or histopathological lesions were observed in the fallopian tube and vagina.

Conclusion: The lesions observed were restricted to the uterus and ovary of the animals and were less severe when compared to lesions observed under experimental conditions as reported by previous authors.

Keywords: Abuja, cow, genital organs, lesions, trypanosomosis.

Biochemical and histopathological changes related to the topical application of Aloe vera ointment for canine pyoderma

Research (Published online: 28-05-2021)

38. Biochemical and histopathological changes related to the topical application of Aloe vera ointment for canine pyoderma

Ali Arbaga, Amanallah El-Bahrawy, Ahmed Elsify, Hadeer Khaled, Hany Youssef Hassan and Ahmed Kamr

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1354-1362

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pyoderma is common in dogs, and its treatment requires a novel medication rather than antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to determine the biochemical and histopathological changes associated with the topical application of Aloe vera 20% and 40% ointments, compared with gentamicin 0.1% ointment, in dogs suffering from Staphylococcus aureus pyoderma.

Materials and Methods: Serum and skin samples were collected from a negative control group before inducing pyoderma and from other subdivided groups on the 3rd, 7th, 10th, and 14th days post-inoculation for biochemical and histopathology examination.

Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine concentrations were higher in the positive control dogs on the 3rd day without treatment (DWT) compared with the negative control dogs (p<0.05). Compared with the healthy control dogs, serum zinc concentrations were lower in the positive control group on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th DWT and in dogs treated with A. vera 20% and gentamicin 0.1% ointments on the 3rd and 7th days post-treatment (p<0.05). Grossly, skin had erythema, pruritus, and pus-filled pustules of the untreated group. Microscopically, skin showed epidermal necrosis and edema, dermal collagen necrosis, and severe neutrophilic infiltration.

Conclusion: Compared with A. vera 20% and gentamicin 0.1% ointments, the topical application of A. vera 40% ointmentinduced quicker skin healing and decreased the inflammatory changes caused by S. aureus inoculation, based on biochemical and histopathological changes reflective of its curative efficiency. A. vera 40% ointment may be a suitable alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs.

Keywords: Aloe vera biochemical and histopathology examination, gentamicin, pyoderma, Staphylococcus aureus.

Genetic evolution of Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry farms

Research (Published online: 28-05-2021)

37. Genetic evolution of Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry farms

Nahed Yehia, Hemat S. El-Sayed, Sabry E. Omar, Ahmed Erfan and Fatma Amer

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1342-1353

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a neoplastic disease causing serious economic losses in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate MDV occurrence in poultry flocks in the Lower Egypt during the 2020 breakout and genetically characterized Meq, gL, and ICP4 genes in field strains of MDV.

Materials and Methods: Forty samples were collected from different breeds from eight Egyptian governorates in 2020. All flocks had received a bivalent vaccine (herpesvirus of turkey FC-126 + Rispens CVI988). However, weight loss, emaciation, reduced egg production, paralysis, and rough/raised feather follicles occurred. Samples were collected from feather follicles, liver, spleen, and nerve tissue for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. MDV genetic characterization was then performed by sequencing the Meq, gL, and ICP4 genes of five positive samples representing different governorates and breeds.

Results: A total of 28 samples were positive for MDV field strains, while two were related to MDV vaccinal strains. All samples tested negative for ALV (A, B, C, D, and J) and REV. Phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene of sequenced samples revealed that all MDVs were related to the highly virulent European viruses (Gallid herpesvirus 2 ATE and PC12/30) with high amino acid (A.A.) identity 99.2-100%. Alternatively, there was low A.A. identity with the vaccine strains CVI988 and 3004 (up to 82.5%). These results indicate that further investigation of the efficacy of current Egyptian vaccines is required. The Egyptian strains also harbor a specific mutation, allowing clustering into two subgroups (A and B). By mutation analysis of the Meq gene, the Egyptian viruses in our study had R101K, P217A, and E263D mutations present in all Egyptian viruses. Furthermore, R176A and T180A mutations specific to our strains contributed to the high virulence of highly virulent strains. There were no mutations of the gL or ICP4 genes.

Conclusion: Further studies should evaluate the protection contributed by current vaccines used in Egypt.

Keywords: genetic characterization, gL, ICP4, marek's disease virus, Meq.

Antibacterial activity of grapefruit peel extracts and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles

Research (Published online: 27-05-2021)

36. Antibacterial activity of grapefruit peel extracts and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles

Mbarga M. J. Arsène, I. V. Podoprigora, Anyutoulou K. L. Davares, Marouf Razan, M. S. Das and A. N. Senyagin

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1330-1341

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The gradual loss of efficacy of conventional antibiotics is a global issue. Plant material extracts and green-synthesized nanoparticles are among the most promising options to address this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial properties of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of grapefruit peels as well as their inclusion in green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).

Materials and Methods: Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts (80% v/v) were prepared, and the volume and mass yields were determined. The synthesis of AgNPs was done in an eco-friendly manner using AgNO3 as a precursor. The nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet–vis spectrometry and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested on three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, clinical Enterococcus faecalis, and S. aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (two clinical Escherichia coli) using various concentrations of extracts (100, 50, 25, 12, and 5 mg/mL and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide as negative control). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the microdilution method. Modulation of cefazoline and ampicillin on resistant E. coli and S. aureus strains was added to the mixture design response surface methodology with extreme vertices design, with the diameters of inhibition and the fractional inhibitory concentration index as responses and factors, respectively. The antibiotic, the ethanolic extract, and water varied from 0.1 MIC to 0.9 MIC for the first two and from 0 to 0.8 in proportion for the third. Validating the models was done by calculating the absolute average deviation, bias factor, and accuracy factor.

Results: The volume yield of the EE and aqueous extract (AE) was 96.2% and 93.8% (v/v), respectively, whereas their mass yields were 7.84% and 9.41% (m/m), respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were very uniform and homogeneous, and their size was dependent on the concentration of AgNO3. The antibacterial activity of the two extracts was dose-dependent, and the largest inhibition diameter was observed for the Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 6538; AE, 12; EE, 16), whereas AgNPs had a greater effect on Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 3.125 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 12.5 (E. coli 1 and E. coli 2), whereas the MICs of the EEs varied from 1.5625 (S. aureus 1, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and E. faecalis) to 6.25 (E. coli 1). There was a significant difference between the MICs of AEs and EEs (p=0.014). The MBCs (mg/mL) of the AEs varied from 12.5 (S. aureus ATCC 6538) to 50 (S. aureus 1), whereas those of the EEs varied from 6.25 (S. aureus 1) to 25 (E. coli 1 and E. faecalis). Ethanolic grapefruit extracts demonstrated an ability to modulate cefazolin on E. coli and S. aureus but were completely indifferent to ampicillin on E. coli.

Conclusion: Grapefruit peel extracts and their AgNPs exhibit antibacterial properties that can be exploited for the synthesis of new antimicrobials and their EEs may be efficiently used synergistically with other antibiotics against bacteria with intermediate susceptibility.

Keywords: antimicrobials, grapefruit peel, green synthesis, plant extract, silver nanoparticles.

Molecular epidemiology of helminth diseases of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, as a pattern for mapping fish diseases in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 27-05-2021)

35. Molecular epidemiology of helminth diseases of the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, as a pattern for mapping fish diseases in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Sri Subekti, Muhammad Kholiqul Amiin, Hervina Benazir Ardiyanti, Muhammad Aiman Yudarana, Ivan Achmadi and Rizhar Eman Karunia Akbar

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1324-1329

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Neobenedenia girellae and Haliotrema epinepheli are important but neglected helminth parasites of marine fish. The humpback grouper, the most relevant definitive host, harbors several Neobenedenia and Haliotrema spp. simultaneously on body surfaces and gills. These species can be distinguished morphologically This study aimed to identify Neobenedenia and Haliotrema spp. infestations in monogenean humpback grouper by multiplex polymerase chain reaction method, which seems to be widely distributed in the study area. Data can be used as a basis for mapping disease patterns in Strait waters.

Materials and Methods: Eighty humpback groupers (Cromileptes altivelis) were collected from eight different areas in the Sunda Strait and examined using scrapings from body surfaces and gill lamellae followed by multiplex PCR for identification.

Results: Parasites on body surfaces were recovered from 49 fish (61.2%) and were found on gill lamellae in 72 fish (90%) by microscopic examination. Endoparasites were absent. Ectoparasites identified included, N. girellae, Neobenedenia melleni eggs, Neobenedenia pasifica, Neobenedenia longiprostata, Haliotrema eukurodai, H. kurodai, Haliotrema leporinus, Haliotrema dongshaense, Haliotrema angelopterum, Haliotrema aurigae, Haliotrema scyphovagina, and H. epinepheli.

Conclusion: The distribution of trematode disease in humpback grouper in Sunda Strait waters was revealed. All parasites were from genera, Neobenedenia and Haliotrema. Risks associated with these parasites should not be overlooked. Prevention and control programs need to be extended to other marine fish. Humpback grouper should be dewormed more frequently.

Keywords: humpback grouper, multiplex polymerize chain reaction, worm disease.