In vitro trichomonocidal potency of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans snake venom

Research (Published online: 16-02-2021)

2. In vitro trichomonocidal potency of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans snake venom

Tijjani Sabiu Imam, Zainab Tukur, Aisha Abdullahi Bala, Nuraddeen Bello Ahmad and Adamu Yunusa Ugya

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 6-11

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Trichomonas vaginalis drug's limited efficacy and high toxicity, justify the need to explore other therapeutic agents, including animal toxins. In this study, the Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans snake venoms were used to assess such trichomonocidal effect.

Materials and Methods: The median lethal dose (LD50) value for both snake species was calculated by probit analysis using a statistical package for the sciences version 20.0 with an LD50 of 4.04 μg/mL for the N. nigricollis, and no mortality was observed in the B. arietans envenomed rats.

Results: The trichomonocidal potency of the snake venom on T. vaginalis was evident with a growth inhibitory concentration of 89% with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.805 μg/mL in B. arietans while 95% for N. nigricollis at an IC50 of 0.411 μg/mL.

Conclusion: The statistical analysis of one-way analysis of variance shows a significant difference (p<0.05) between the venoms and positive control group (p<0.001), and there is no significant difference between each venom and its varying concentration (p>0.05). As the least concentration can be useful, interestingly, there is no significant difference in the efficacy of N. nigricollis and B. arietans to T. vaginalis (p>0.05); as such, either of the venom can be used for the treatment of trichomoniasis.

Keywords: Bitis arietans, Naja nigricollis, Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomonocidal activities.

The influence of low-fidelity simulator training on canine peripheral venous puncture procedure

Research (Published online: 15-02-2021)

12. The influence of low-fidelity simulator training on canine peripheral venous puncture procedure

Dayane Aparecida Francisco da Silva, Aline Angela Fernandes, Ana Evellyn Ventrone, Ariane Dias, Ana Maria Siqueira Silveira, Cecilia Laposy Santarém, Gabrielle Gomes dos Santos Ribeiro and Rosa Maria Barilli Nogueira

Veterinary World, 14(2): 410-418

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Blood collection from dogs is the most commonly performed procedure in the medical clinic. However, different factors can interfere with the quality of the material collected, potentially causing complications for patients. Simulated skill training is a teaching strategy designed to provide early training to students, develop their skills and self-confidence, and increase the procedure's success while reducing complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate skill training using a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examine the training's influence on the in vivo procedure.

Materials and Methods: To assess skill training, this study used a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examines the training's effect on the in vivo procedure. In total, 100 dogs, 65 undergraduate students, 3 veterinarians, and 4 previously trained evaluators participated. The canine in vivo venipuncture procedure was evaluated both before and after the simulated skill training and the low-fidelity simulator training. Data were collected on participants' self-confidence levels.

Results: Local complications occurred during in vivo practice; however, after training, they decreased. Gloves were more frequently used during the procedure, resulting in a reduction of both harvest attempts and complications, as well as increased levels of self-confidence in post-training participants. The simulator developed had low fidelity, low cost, and was easy to create.

Conclusion: Skill training in peripheral venipuncture using a low-fidelity simulator positively influences student learning, increases their self-confidence during in vivo harvesting, and reduces the complications of the procedure, improving patient well-being.

Keywords: canine, clinical skills training, evaluation, self-confidence, veterinary simulation.

Molecular detection of feline leukemia virus in clinically ill cats in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Research (Published online: 13-02-2021)

11. Molecular detection of feline leukemia virus in clinically ill cats in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Kunambiga Mummoorthy, Abd Rahaman Yasmin, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila, Prem Anand, Liew Wuan Hoong and Kiven Kumar

Veterinary World, 14(2): 405-409

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is classified as Retroviridae gammaretrovirus. FeLV occurs worldwide, including Malaysia. Thus far, only one decade-old study on molecular characterization of Malaysian FeLV isolates exists, which resulted in a scarcity of updated information of current FeLV isolates circulating in Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the status of FeLV in clinically ill cats and to study the molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of the current isolates.

Materials and Methods: Convenience sampling was performed in 20 cats from the Gasing Veterinary Hospital in Selangor. Plasma and saliva samples were collected from 15 clinically ill cats and 5 healthy cats subjected to one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a highly conserved gene of U3-LTR-gag.

Results: Two clinically ill cats' plasma and saliva samples tested positive for FeLV RNA. Partial nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the current isolates were 94-99% homologous to the previous Malaysian and Japanese FeLV isolates.

Conclusion: Current FeLV isolates from this study displayed higher similarity with the previous Malaysian isolates, signifying that a similar FeLV strain circulated among the cat population in Selangor.

Keywords: feline leukemia virus, Malaysia, one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, phylogenetic analysis.

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

Review (Published online: 11-02-2021)

10. Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

I. Hernández-Avalos, E. Flores-Gasca, D. Mota-Rojas, A. Casas-Alvarado, A. E. Miranda-Cortés and A. Domínguez-Oliva

Veterinary World, 14(2): 393-404

ABSTRACT

The anesthetic-surgical stress response consists of metabolic, neuroendocrine, hemodynamic, immunological, and behavioral adaptations through chemical mediators such as the adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, angiotensin II, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, catecholamines, insulin, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E-2. Behavioral changes include adopting the so-called prayer posture, altered facial expressions, hyporexia or anorexia, drowsiness, sleep disorders, restriction of movement, licking or biting the injured area, and vocalizations. Overall, these changes are essential mechanisms to counteract harmful stimuli. However, if uncontrolled surgical stress persists, recovery time may be prolonged, along with increased susceptibility to infections in the post-operative period. This review discusses the neurobiology and most relevant organic responses to pain and anesthetic-surgical stress in dogs and cats. It highlights the role of stress biomarkers and their influence on autonomous and demeanor aspects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and correlating all factors to provide a more accurate assessment of pain and animal welfare in dogs and cats throughout the surgical process.

Keywords: cats, dogs, neurobiology, pain, stress, welfare.

Postpartum perineal muscle sonogram in Madura beef cow

Research (Published online: 10-02-2021)

9. Postpartum perineal muscle sonogram in Madura beef cow

Sari Yanti Hayanti, Amrozi Amrozi, Aryogi Aryogi and Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum

Veterinary World, 14(2): 380-392

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ultrasonography (USG) is useful for non-invasively identifying changes that occur in soft tissue architecture. The objective of this research was to demonstrate postpartum (PP) uterine involution through the changes of perineal muscle intensity and thickness in Madura beef cow by ultrasonography.

Materials and Methods: Madura's breed cows used in the research consist of eight non-pregnant (NP) cows and three PP cow. The transrectal and transperineal USG imaging of NP cows was performed on days 1, 33, and 65. USG imaging of PP cows was performed every day starting from day 1 (24 h after parturition) until day 21 PP. Transrectal USG of the reproductive tract was performed for the cervix, corpus uteri, and cornua uteri. USG was performed transcutaneously over the perineal area for coccygeus and levator ani muscles at the longitudinal and transverse angles. Reproductive tract diameter and perineal muscle intensity and thickness were measured with ultrasound imaging.

Results: The analysis of the sonogram of PP cows showed that the diameter of the cervix, corpus uteri, and cornua uteri decreased within 21 days PP. The transverse view of the coccygeus muscle of PP cows showed decreased muscle intensity and thickness. On the other hand, the longitudinal view showed increased coccygeus muscle intensity and thickness. The transverse view of the coccygeus muscle of NP cows showed increased muscle intensity, while muscle thickness was reduced. Sonogram analysis of the levator ani muscle of PP cows showed decreased muscle intensity with increasing muscle thickness. However, imaging of the levator ani muscle of NP cows showed a decrease in both intensity and muscle thickness. There was a significant difference in the mean value intensity of the scanning view analysis results of the levator ani muscle of the PP cow (523.6 AU increased to 672.1 AU) and the NP cow (515.9 AU decreased to 465.4 AU). Furthermore, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean value thickness of both scanning view analyses of the coccygeus and levator ani muscles of PP cows (5.8 mm increased to 6.5 mm and 3.8 mm increased to 4.8 mm, respectively) and NP cows (8.8 mm increased to 9.1 mm and 5.9 mm decreased to 4.9 mm, respectively).

Conclusion: We found that the perineal muscles, namely, the levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscle, change in size, and intensity during uterine involution as demonstrated on Madura beef cow.

Keywords: coccygeus, levator ani, Madura beef cow, postpartum, ultrasonography.

A spotlight on Raoultella ornithinolytica: A newly emerging life-threatening zoonotic pathogen

Review (Published online: 10-02-2021)

1. A spotlight on Raoultella ornithinolytica: A newly emerging life-threatening zoonotic pathogen

Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 1-5

ABSTRACT

The genus Raoultella contains Raoultella ornithinolytica (R. ornithinolytica), which was previously named as Klebsiella ornithinolytica. R. ornithinolytica is a Gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This pathogen is normally present in aquaculture, and it has been isolated from fish, insects, and wild and domestic birds. Seafood and poultry products are incriminated as sources of R. ornithinolytica infection. Community-acquired human infection with R. ornithinolytica is common. This infection is commonly associated with sepsis, bacteremia, food poisoning, purities, and urinary and respiratory tracts' infections. Rapid acquired resistance of R. ornithinolytica strains is common, and it is related to the development of resistant genes. R. ornithinolytica is considered as a newly emerging life-threatening pathogen world-wide. Hence, it is very important to determine the role of animals and birds in the epidemiological situation of this pathogen as well as the detection of antibiotic resistance genes before treatment.

Keywords: Animals, antibiotic resistance, birds, human, Raoultella, susceptibility.

A survey for potentially zoonotic parasites in backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia

Research (Published online: 09-02-2021)

8. A survey for potentially zoonotic parasites in backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia

Juan Carlos Pinilla, Elsa Morales and Angel Alberto Florez Muñoz

Veterinary World, 14(2): 372-379

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Backyard pigs farming is a rearing system associated with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions of the pig, often causing public health and food safety problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of potentially zoonotic parasites in population pig reared under backyard farming in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia.

Materials and Methods: From September to December 2019, a total of 558 fecal samples from 64 backyard pig farms were examined for the presence of enteric protozoan infection. The coprological diagnosis was done by direct examination using Lugol's iodine solution, buffered saline solution, and Kinyoun technique. In addition, blood samples were collected from 200 pigs. Serum was collected and used for the detection of Trichinella spiralis and Taenia solium cysticercosis infections, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The overall prevalence of zoonotic protozoa in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area was 65.2%, reporting 52.7% prevalence for Balantidium coli, 33.7% for Entamoeba coli, and 5.7% for Cryptosporidium spp. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p>0.05), indicating that the prevalence was similar in the region under study. Pigs >7 months of age showed to be a risk factor for B. coli infection, indicating that the prevalence increases with the age, while pigs raised at >1000 masl and access to latrines, increased infection risk for E. coli and Cryptosporidium spp. infections. In the present study, T. spiralis infection was not detected in the analyzed sera, while T. solium cysticercosis infection was found to be 40.5%.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of protozoan infections and porcine cysticercosis reported in this study could be due to poor facilities, and lack of hygiene in the facilities, and suggests the possible transmission of these parasite populations between pigs and humans, thus increasing the transmission of parasites zoonotic potential. Therefore, appropriate sanitary management practices and deworming programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of these infectious agents.

Keywords: Colombia, cysticercosis, parasite, pigs, Trichinella, zoonotic.