Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Review (Published online: 25-01-2021)

27. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Md. Zahangir Hosain, S. M. Lutful Kabir and Md. Mostofa Kamal

Veterinary World, 14(1): 210-221

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial is an indispensable part of veterinary medicine used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production. Frequent use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices may lead to the residue in animal originated products and creates some potential problems for human health. The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal originated foods may induce serious health problems such as allergic reaction, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in the human body. The misuse or abuse of antibiotics in human medicine is thought to be a principal cause of AMR but some antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their resistant genes originating from animals are also responsible for developing AMR. However, the residual effect of antimicrobials in feed and food products of animal origin is undeniable. In developing countries, the community is unaware of this residual effect due to lack of proper information about antibiotic usage, AMR surveillance, and residue monitoring system. It is imperative to reveal the current situation of antimicrobial use in livestock production and its impacts on public health. Moreover, the safety levels of animal feeds and food products of animal origin must be strictly monitored and public awareness should be developed against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial in animal production. Therefore, the current review summarizes the literature on antimicrobial use in livestock production and its hazardous residual impacts on the human body in developing countries.

Keywords: antimicrobials, human health, livestock production, residue.

Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from postpartum uterine infection in dairy cattle in India

Research (Published online: 23-01-2021)

26. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from postpartum uterine infection in dairy cattle in India

Samiksha Agrawal, Ajay Pratap Singh, Rashmi Singh, Raktim Saikia, Soumen Choudhury, Amit Shukla, Shyama N. Prabhu and Jitendra Agrawal

Veterinary World, 14(1): 200-209

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Selection and dissemination of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from dairy cattle with a uterine infection.

Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolates (n=62) were characterized by biochemical test for genus and species determination. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method using panel of antibiotics for initial screening of ESBL organism. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL-suspected strains was done by combination disk method and double-disk method. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for phylogrouping of Escherichia coli isolates as well as for genotyping ESBL genes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR method was used for genotypic characterization of isolates.

Results: Antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli (n=40) isolates showed high rates of resistance for ampicillin (95.0%), cefpodoxime (97.5%), cefotaxime (87.5%), and ceftriaxone (70%). However, low rates of resistance were observed for cefoxitin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%), ceftazidime (17.5%), gentamicin (10%), and ertapenem (7.5%). A total of 39/40 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL with Epsilometer test as well as the genotypic method and 28 (70%) of them were multidrug-resistant. Genotype blaCTX-M was observed as a predominant beta-lactamase type with the preponderance of CTX-M Group 1. The following combinations were observed: blaTEM + blaCTX-M in 15 (36.2%) isolates, blaTEM / blaSHV in 8 (5.2%) isolates, and blaCTX-M / blaSHV in 6 (5.2%) isolates. The phylogenetic grouping of E. coli strains revealed the highest prevalence for B1 (22.0%) followed by A (20%).

Conclusion: This report shows a high frequency of ESBL E. coli from cattle with postpartum uterine infections. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to common antibiotics used for the treatment of uterine infections greater affecting the therapeutic outcome.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cattle, endometritis, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, microbiology.

The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects

Review (Published online: 23-01-2021)

25. The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects

Karima A. Al-Salihi and Jenan Mahmood Khalaf

Veterinary World, 14(1): 190-199

ABSTRACT

Zoonotic coronavirus disease (COVID) has emerged in the past two decades and caused a pandemic that has produced a significant universal health alarm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and 2012, respectively, provoking severe lower respiratory infection and deadly pneumonia. COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the new strain of novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2). The zoonotic aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are highlighted in this article. COVID-19 has rapidly become a pandemic and has spread and infected millions of people worldwide. As of November 19, 2020, the date of submitting this review, the total CoV cases, deaths, and recovered patients are 56,828,218, 1,359,320, and 39,548,923, respectively. In conclusion, COVID-19 has particularly altered the opinion of the significance of zoonotic diseases and their animal origins and the intermediate reservoirs, which may be unknown wild animals. Genetically, the SARS-CoV-2 is related to the SARS-like bat CoVs and shares 85% identity with the SARS-CoV that is derived from the SARS-like bat CoVs. However, the virus is related to a lesser extent to the MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor-binding domain receptor of the SARS-CoV – the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; conversely, DPP4 (CD26). It has not been proved that the MERS-CoVs primary receptor is the receptor of the SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: Bats, coronavirus disease-19, pneumonia, RNA viruses, zoonotic.

Indicators and risk factors of infectious laryngotracheitis in layer hen flocks in Algeria

Research (Published online: 22-01-2021)

24. Indicators and risk factors of infectious laryngotracheitis in layer hen flocks in Algeria

Omar Salhi, Chafik Redha Messaï, Nassim Ouchene, Iman Boussaadi, Hassiba Kentouche, Rachid Kaidi and Djamel Khelef

Veterinary World, 14(1): 182-189

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Since 2017, there have been epidemics with respiratory disorders in the laying hen farms in Algeria, as signs and lesions, respiratory difficulties, and hemorrhagic tracheitis, which closely like laryngotracheitis. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, serological, and clinical indicators, as well as the risk factors, of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in layer hen flocks in Algeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1728 layer hens were sampled randomly from 48 poultry houses. Blood samples were collected from each hen at the wing vein area, and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done using an IDvet® kit.

Results: The flocks showed 56.25% seroprevalence. Clinical signs and gross lesions of ILT suspect cases included respiratory signs characterized by hemorrhagic tracheitis and sinusitis; conjunctivitis; egg drop; and a low mortality rate varying from 5% to 20%. Statistical analyses showed the effect of risk factors on the seropositivity for ILT in 48 layer flocks. When the vaccination was not applied, flocks were significantly more seropositive by 54% (odds ratio OR=1.54, p=0.01) compared to vaccinated flocks. Furthermore, flocks with poor hygiene were more seropositive by 68% (OR=1.68, p=0.002) compared to those with good hygiene. Finally, flocks with decreased egg production between 10% and 30% were significantly more seropositive by 42% (OR=1.42, p=0.04) than those with egg production >30%.

Conclusion: The serological survey revealed anti-ILT virus antibodies, signifying the circulation of this virus in layer hen farms in Algeria. Correct vaccination protocol, strict biosecurity measures, rapid diagnosis, and detection of latent carriers are necessary to control and eradicate the disease from layer farms.

Keywords: Algeria, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, infectious laryngotracheitis, layer hens, vaccine.

Red ginger-extract nanoemulsion modulates high blood pressure in rats by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme production

Research (Published online: 21-01-2021)

23. Red ginger-extract nanoemulsion modulates high blood pressure in rats by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme production

Nada Hanifah, Yusuf Farid Achmad, Aida Humaira and Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia

Veterinary World, 14(1): 176-181

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Red ginger (RG) has reportedly been used in folk medicine for the management and prevention of hypertension. One of the hypertension study models in experimental animals is the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). This study aimed at evaluating the effect of RG-extract (RGE) nanoemulsion on UUO-induced hypertension and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) production in rats.

Materials and Methods: RG was extracted using ethanol, combined with virgin coconut oil, polysorbate 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 to form the oil phase. The particle sizes of RGE nanoemulsions were analyzed using a particle size analyzer. The UUO method was used to induce chronic kidney disease in rats (504 mg/200 g and 360 mg/200 g b/w per oral for 7 days). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was determined non-invasively in conscious state by tail plethysmography using an automated blood pressure monitor. ACE in serum was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The RGE nanoemulsions exhibited a particle size of 32.8 nm and a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.268, indicating a homogenous nanoemulsion. UUO rats treated with RGE nanoemulsion (360 mg/200 g b/w) experienced a significant decrease in both their systolic blood pressure (p<0.05) from 142±1 mmHg to 107±6 mmHg and their diastolic blood pressure from 106±1 mmHg to 84±4 mmHg. Furthermore, treatment with RGE resulted in a 10.80% decrease in the level of ACE.

Conclusion: The size and the PI of the RGE used in this study suggest a stable and effective distribution of the particle size in the emulsions. RGE nanoemulsions at the dose of 360 mg/200 g bw can be used as potential ACE inhibitors because they were found to decrease the blood pressure of hypertensive UUO rats.

Keywords: angiotensin-converting enzyme, blood pressure, nanoemulsion, red ginger, unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Effects of tissue-specific biomolecules on piglets after-weaning period

Research (Published online: 21-01-2021)

22. Effects of tissue-specific biomolecules on piglets after-weaning period

Ekaterina Romanovna Vasilevskaya, Liliya Vyacheslavovna Fedulova, Irina Mikhailovna Chernukha, Elena Alexandrovna Kotenkova and Angelina Igorevna Fokina

Veterinary World, 14(1): 168-175

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Now-a-days antibiotics are the main tool for correcting the pathological conditions of pigs; unfortunately, antibiotics are a potential threat to the environment, as they lead to the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections. This study aimed to study the immunomodulatory encapsulated biomolecules on piglets in the post-weaning period.

Materials and Methods: An immunomodulator based on biomolecules obtained from animal raw materials included in alginate capsules to improve absorption has been developed. The study presents the results of a study on 25 weaned piglets (25-30 days old) which received biomolecules at a dose of 200 mg/piglet for 14 days, followed by 400 mg/piglet from days 15 to 28. Blood was taken from animals for analysis (biochemical, hematological, cytometric, and enzyme immunoassay) and the integral index of blood serum antimicrobial activity was determined.

Results: Experimental animals, whose initial weight was 1.6 times less than that of the control animals, were able to bridge this gap and, on the 28th day, there were no differences in weight. Stimulation of the production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 was observed and the antimicrobial resistance of blood serum to Escherichia coli also increased. A positive effect on the metabolism of piglets was noted, which helped them adapt to a change in diet (from colostrum to solid food).

Conclusion: The results show that the immunomodulation at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight has a great potential for improving weaned pigs.

Keywords: biomolecules, health, immune system, pig, sustainable pork production.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor activity of peptides derived from Kacang goat skin collagen through thermolysin hydrolysis

Research (Published online: 21-01-2021)

21. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor activity of peptides derived from Kacang goat skin collagen through thermolysin hydrolysis

Arby'in Pratiwi, Thoyib R. Hakim, Mohammad Z. Abidin, Nanung A. Fitriyanto, Jamhari Jamhari, Rusman Rusman and Yuny Erwanto

Veterinary World, 14(1): 161-167

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the inhibitory enzymes isolated from animals for the treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) peptides can be obtained by hydrolyzing proteins from various animal tissues, including muscle and connective tissues. However, the study on ACE-I activity from collagen of Kacang goat skin has not been conducted. This study explores the potency of collagen from Kacang goat skin as a source of an antihypertensive agent through ACE inhibition. Thermolysin will hydrolyze collagen and produce the peptide classified antihypertensive bioactive peptides. This study aimed to determine the potential of thermolysin to hydrolyze collagen of Kacang goat skin for ACE-I peptide production and to identify the production of ACE-I peptides.

Materials and Methods: Collagen from Kacang goat skin was hydrolyzed with thermolysin and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Molecular weight (MW) evaluation was performed by SDS PAGE; fractionation peptides at <5 kDa, 3-5 kDa, and <3 kDa were performed by ultrafiltration and ACE-I activity determined by IC50 measurement.

Results: Collagen was hydrolyzed by thermolysin, resulting in protein with MW of 117.50-14.60 kDa. The protein content of fractionation at >5 kDa was 3.93±0.72 mg/mL, content of 3-5 kDa was 3.81±0.68 mg/mL, and that of <3 kDa was 2.33±0.38 mg/mL. Fractionation was performed 3 times and one of the results was selected for the ACE-I test. The selected fraction was tested by IC50 measurement with three repetitions and it showed an average enzyme activity at 0.83 μg/mL or 82.94 mg/mL.

Conclusion: Thermolysin hydrolysis of collagen from Kacang goat skin showed the potential to produce bioactive peptides, such as ACE-I.

Keywords: angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitor, bioactive peptides, collagen, hydrolysis, thermolysin.