Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice

Research (Published online: 28-11-2020)

35. Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice

J. El-Jakee, Mahmoud D. El-Hariri, Mona A. El-Shabrawy, Afaf A. Khedr, Riham H. Hedia, Eman A. Khairy, E. S. Gaber and Eman Ragab

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2546-2554

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen with a broad range of hosts and endemic in nearly all bird species as well as many mammalian species. Outbreaks contribute to economic losses, especially due to infection of pet birds, poultry, and livestock. Worse, the organism has a zoonotic effect, and transmission to humans results in severe illness. Therefore, proper control measures need to be applied. We conducted a trial for the preparation and evaluation of inactivated vaccine against C. psittaci.

Materials and Methods: Three C. psittaci strains (accession nos.: KP942827, KP942828, and KP942829) were grown in embryonated chicken eggs and then propagated for purification in Vero cells. The immunization experiment was experimentally performed in mice, which then were challenged with a virulent C. psittaci strain.

Results: The immunization trial revealed nearly 100% protection after the challenge. The histopathological and immunofluorescence examinations of internal organs revealed that the prepared killed vaccines can effectively reduce chlamydial infection and shedding in animals with the proper level of protection.

Conclusion: Our vaccine can be used to control economic and financial losses resulting from avian chlamydiosis, especially those in poultry industries. The zoonotic transmission risk highlights the need for proper control measures.

Keywords: Chlamydia psittaci, human, immunofluorescence, inactivated vaccine, poultry, Vero cell.

Coagulation testing: Comparison of portable (CoaguChek® XS) and automated coagulation analyzer in healthy cats

Research (Published online: 27-11-2020)

34. Coagulation testing: Comparison of portable (CoaguChek® XS) and automated coagulation analyzer in healthy cats

Sireeporn Tonthong and Jetsada Rungpupradit

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2541-2545

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The CoaguChek® XS (CCX) is a portable coagulation analyzer that is widely used to monitor prothrombin time (PT) in human patients taking oral anticoagulants. It can also be reliably used for screening dogs when PT is in the normal range. Efficacy of the portable CCX coagulation analyzer was evaluated for testing PT in healthy cats and the normal range was established.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 82 cats were collected from the jugular vein and PT was measured using both the CCX and an automated coagulation analyzer (ACA). Spearman's correlation was used to measure the strength and direction of association between the two analyzers, while limits of agreement were assessed utilizing Bland-Altman analysis.

Results: Range of PT using the CCX was 10.1-14.1 s. Correlation between the two analyzers was moderate but significant (r=0.3465, p=0.0014). Mean difference between CCX-PT and ACA-PT was 1.624 s and standard deviation was 0.890 with 95.1% of the samples falling within the limits of agreement.

Conclusion: The CCX is a portable, easy to use coagulation analyzer that requires a small volume of blood and gives results within 1 min. Results showed moderate correlation and good agreement with a standard automated laboratory analyzer. The CCX can be used for screening coagulation testing when PT is in the normal range for cats. However, testing accuracy of the CCX in abnormal PT cats should be further investigated before diagnostic coagulopathy applications.

Keywords: cats, CoaguChek® XS, coagulation testing, point-of-care testing, prothrombin time.

Black soybean tempeh and purple sweet potato improve sperm quality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Research (Published online: 27-11-2020)

33. Black soybean tempeh and purple sweet potato improve sperm quality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abdul Gofur, Agung Witjoro, Siti Nur Arifah, Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah, Yuslinda Annisa and Sri Rahayu Lestari

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2534-2540

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia increases advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, and the activity of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in testis, which leads to testicular histopathological damage and infertility. This research investigated the effect of black soybean tempeh (BST), purple sweet potato (PSP), and its combination on AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: The rats were given high-fat diets for 5 weeks, then were injected intraperitoneally with multiple low doses of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were divided into seven groups: DM, DM+glibenclamide, DM+BST, DM+PSP, and DM+combination of BST and PSP in ratio 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 as C1, C2, and C3, respectively. The rats were treated for 30 days. Testicular AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality were measured.

Results: The combination of BST and PSP significantly decreased AGE and RAGE expression in testicular organs and improved spermatozoa quality compared to the normal group.

Conclusion: The combination of BST and PSP can be used as future alternatives to improve spermatozoa quality in DM patients.

Keywords: antioxidant, black soybean tempeh, purple sweet potato, spermatozoa.

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

32. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Munsanda Susan Kapena, John Bwalya Muma, Charles Miyanda Mubita and Musso Munyeme

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2528-2533

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has risen as a serious cross-cutting global public health emergency. At the center of this emergency, foods of animal origin have particularly been singled out as possible drivers despite the paucity of information. This study has been formulated to provide answers to the identified critical gaps in the food safety industry and the public health sphere. In particular, this study was undertaken to investigate the AMR of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia.

Materials and Methods: Accordingly, a cross-sectional study to determine antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella from raw retail table eggs was undertaken. Standard bacteriological methods involving culture and phenotypic characterization were applied. A total of 1080 raw table eggs pooled into composite samples (five eggs per composite sample) translating into 216 distinct and independently identifiable compounded sample units were collected from randomly selected supermarkets and open markets over 4 months (August 2018-November 2018). The eggs were screened for the presence of E. coli and Salmonella within 24 h of sample collection by standard microbiological methods. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a panel of nine different antibiotics.

Results: A total of 216 pooled egg samples were analyzed at two levels of contamination, (i) eggshell and (ii) egg content. From the eggshell, five compounded samples were positive for Salmonella spp. representing 2.31% (5/216), while 34.26% (74/216) were positive for E. coli. On the other hand, samples from egg contents were negative for Salmonella and E. coli. Eggshells were more likely to be contaminated by E. coli compared to the egg content (χ2=20.95, p<0.0001). Imipenem was 100% effective against E. coli isolates. With Salmonella, high resistance was seen in 80% against tetracycline (TE) and 60% to ampicillin (AMP). E. coli showed 94.6% resistance to colistin sulfate, 83.8% resistance to TE, and 59.5% resistance to AMP.

Conclusion: Overall, this study has been able to demonstrate the presence of E. coli and Salmonella outside and inside table eggs in Zambia. It has also shown the resistance of identified isolates which poses a serious public health concern given the consumption patterns of these table eggs.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, eggs, Escherichia coli, retail markets, Salmonella.

The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

31. The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Paulus Klau Tahuk, Oktovianus R. Nahak and Gerson F. Bira

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2515-2527

ABSTRACT

Aim: This research aimed to know the effect of the use of complete feed on Bali cattle fattening performance seen from the carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The cattle employed in this research were 12 male Bali cattle aged between 2 and 2.5 years old based on the teeth estimation. The average initial body weight of the cattle during the research was 181.50±16.51 kg. The complete feed contained Gliricidia sepium, natural grass, ground corn, bran pollard, and rice bran which have been compiled into three types of ration of T1, T2, and T3. The T1 ration contained standard crude protein (CP) and high energy (11% CP; 72% total digestible nutrient [TDN]), and T2 contained medium protein and high energy (13% CP; 72% TDN), while T3 ration contained high protein and high energy (%15 CP; 72% TDN).

Results: The meat percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same, but higher than T1 (p<0.05). The bone percentage and meat: A bone ratio of T2 was higher than T1; in contrast, and T3 was relatively the same with T2 and T1 (p<0.05). The weight of slaughter, carcass percentage, and weight of meat, bone, and fat were relatively the same among the treatments.

Conclusion: The application of complete feed with protein source from G. sepium with CP and TDN of 13 and 72%, respectively, can improve carcass percentage and meat: A bone ratio of male Bali cattle fattening. The treatments have not had a positive effect on slaughter weight (kg), hot and cool carcass weight (kg), meat and fat weight (kg), fat percentage, and non-carcass (kg).

Keywords: Bali cattle fattened, carcass characteristics, complete feed, Gliricidia sepium, meat quality.

The wound healing action of a cream latex formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. in a pre-clinical model

Research (Published online: 25-11-2020)

30. The wound healing action of a cream latex formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. in a pre-clinical model

Floribeth León, Vianey Hernandez-Zapata, Manuel Chan Bacab, Guadalupe Maldonado, Juan Arana Lezama and Victor Monteon

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2508-2514

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. is commonly used to treat mouth blisters and skin rashes, its latex has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity on buccal ulcer. This study aimed to demonstrate the wound healing activity of a cream formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. latex in a murine model, provide a histological assessment of its scarring effects, and identify the family of phytochemicals involved in these effects.

Materials and Methods: Latex was obtained from the cut stalk leaves and young stems of J. gaumeri and stored in sterile tubes with protection from light. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the latex were obtained. Fifty male Balb/c mice aged 10-12 weeks were divided into 10 groups of five mice: Group 1 corresponded to healthy mice with wounds; Group 2 corresponded to mice with wounds and treated with A-Derma®; and from Group 3 to group 10 corresponded to mice treated with a different latex fraction. A circular skin wound of about 1 cm was made on the paravertebral region of each mouse under anesthetized and aseptic conditions. The wounds were topically treated every 24 h with the respective extracts for 22 days, after which skin tissue specimens were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The efficiency of healing was measured by quantifying the tensile strength of the scars. The phytochemicals in the latex were elucidated using thin chromatography.

Results: The aqueous latex fraction produced the best wound healing activity and was superior to the positive control. Reepithelialization at the histological level resulted in tissue that resembled healthy skin in terms of the appearance of collagen, the regeneration of hair follicles, and cellularity of the dermis, which showed organized epithelialization. A wound healing efficacy of 97% was observed, and it seems that alkaloids were the phytochemicals mostly likely responsible for these effects.

Conclusion: J. gaumeri latex exhibited wound healing activity, possibly mediated by phytochemicals such as alkaloids in the aqueous fraction.

Keywords: alkaloids, Jatropha gaumeri latex, wound healing.

Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Research (Published online: 24-11-2020)

29. Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Gael Darren Maganga, Larson Boundenga, Emmanuella Jacqueline Ologui-Minkue-Edzo, Linda Bohou Kombila, Telstar Ghestin Ndong Mebaley, Brice Kumulungui and Jacques François Mavoungou

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2502-2507

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock farming in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of protozoan parasites, namely, trypanosomes. The present study aimed to identify the diversity of trypanosome species infecting sheep and goats from Mongo County and to determine the frequency of these parasites.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 286 trypanotolerant goats and sheep from Mongo regions located in South Gabon, using polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Analyses showed that the overall occurrence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants was 13.6% (39/286). Our results also showed that two factors, species and season, could affect the occurrence rate of Trypanosoma. A total of six Trypanosoma species were identified, two in sheep (Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma theileri) and five in goats (Trypanosoma vivax, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei), though Trypanosoma simiae was the most important species. Mixed infections were also found in goats (54.5%) and sheep (3.57%).

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that small ruminants could represent a reservoir of biodiversity for Trypanosoma parasites.

Keywords: diversity, Gabon, goat, polymerase chain reaction, Sheep, Trypanosoma.