Pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues

Research (Published online: 21-10-2020)

23. Pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues

Ismael I. Hasan, Saad T. Rasheed, Nawar A. Jasim and Mohammed K. Shakor

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2203-2208

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the pathological effects of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on chicken trachea and kidney tissues and also desired to diagnose the virus genome using a molecular tool.

Materials and Methods: Twenty trachea and kidney samples collected from one broiler farm contain 10,000 chickens at Tikrit city. The chickens showed signs of gasping and mortality (20%) at early ages (20 days old), the presence of IBV investigated using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique with routine histopathological study to tracheal and renal tissue.

Results: Postmortem lesion showed severe respiratory inflammation with abscesses at tracheal bifurcation lead to airway blog. Molecular results showed two genotypes of IBV, one of them not included in primer designer research. The histological study showed different stages of inflammation, degeneration, and necrosis to the renal and tracheal tissues.

Conclusion: The respiratory and renal pathological effect of the virus responsible for the symptoms appeared on the affected chicks that caused mortality, with a high probability of presence of a new viral genotype added to the untranslated region.

Keywords: infections bronchitis virus, kidney, serotypes, trachea.

Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves

Research (Published online: 21-10-2020)

22. Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves

Mohammad Abed Alhussen, Hamdan Naef and Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2197-2202

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Respiratory diseases in young cattle are among the significant cattle pathologies that cause considerable economic damage globally. For the treatment of respiratory diseases, coformulated drugs that increase general nonspecific resistance, exhibit adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, and normalize metabolic processes in animals are currently being used. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug "gentaminoseleferon", used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in calves, especially in Mycoplasma dispar infection.

Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups. Calves with the first clinical signs of respiratory pathology were randomly divided into two groups. The first experimental group (n=5) was intramuscularly injected with sulfetrisan at a dose of 5-10 mL/animal once per day for 7 days. The second experimental group (n=5) was given gentaminoseleferon at a dose of 1 mL/10 kg of body weight once per day for 7 days. The drugs were not used in the control group, the "healthy animals (n=5)". Blood samples were taken 10 days before and after treatment and compared between the experimental and healthy calves. The changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum were evaluated.

Results: During the recovery process of animals in the experimental groups, a normalization of the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum was noted. Interestingly, in calves of the second experimental group, an increase in the total serum protein content by 2.2% (p<0.05) was recorded in comparison with the first group. The second group, furthermore, showed an increase in Vitamins A, E, and C concentrations by 13.5% (p<0.05), 11.9% (p<0.005), and 15.1% (p<0.0005), respectively, as well as in zinc and iron concentrations by 4.1% (p<0.05) and 9.3% (p<0.0001), respectively. These findings indicate a more pronounced decrease in the inflammatory process in the respiratory system and intensive restoration of metabolism, thereby establishing the high therapeutic efficacy of gentaminoseleferon.

Conclusion: Gentaminoseleferon was proven highly effective in the treatment of calves with respiratory illnesses and in restoring homeostasis in the organisms of animals after treatment, as indicated by the normalization of morphological and biochemical blood parameters with a reduction in the recovery time.

Keywords: blood parameters, calves, gentaminoseleferon, Mycoplasma dispar, respiratory diseases.

The optimal therapeutic irisin dose intervention in animal model: A systematic review

Research (Published online: 20-10-2020)

21. The optimal therapeutic irisin dose intervention in animal model: A systematic review

Foad Alzoughool, Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul, Saad Al-Nassan, Lo'ai Alanagreh, Dana Mufleh and Manar Atoum

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2191-2196

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Irisin, a novel myocyte-secreted hormone, was proposed to mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise such as browning of adipocytes, thermogenesis, and metabolic homeostasis. Recently, several animals' models' studies have been performed to investigate the therapeutic impact of irisin in several disorders. Several interventional trials used different doses. However, optimum dose was not determined. This systematic review aims to identify the optimal dose of interventional irisin in mice and rat animal models.

Materials and Methods: Online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Springer were systematically searched from 2012 to 2019. The words searched were irisin, irisin and animal model, physical activity, and irisin and irisin dosage. Non-irisin doses, in vitro studies, and factors influencing irisin levels were excluded.

Results: Eleven of the total 391 qualifying studies were included. A daily injection of 500 μg/kg irisin may be the optimum dose of effect in mice and rats.

Conclusion: More studies are required to determine the optimum dose of irisin to be used as a therapeutic intervention based on animal model.

Keywords: animal model, Irisin, systematic review, therapeutic dose.

Bacteriological and molecular study of Salmonella species associated with central nervous system manifestation in chicken flocks

Research (Published online: 20-10-2020)

20. Bacteriological and molecular study of Salmonella species associated with central nervous system manifestation in chicken flocks

Heba Badr, Mohamed A. Soliman and Soad A. Nasef

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2183-2190

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella species often cause systemic health problems in poultry flocks, sometimes including nervous systems manifestations. This impact of Salmonella has rarely been studied. This study aimed to define an alternative pathogenic pathway for Salmonella spp. invasion of brain tissue in chicken flocks. Brain infection produces neurological manifestations; Salmonella strains isolated from brain tissue showed the presences of two virulence genes. Confirmation of the pathway of isolates from intestinal mucosa through the blood–brain barrier was attained using experimental infections in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through two routes of inoculation.

Materials and Methods: Isolation of Salmonella spp. from five chicken flocks that showed signs of the central nervous system (CNS) effects were isolated. Isolates were characterized by serotyping, and antimicrobial assays. In addition, virulence profiles were described using detection of virulence plasmid spvC, and Salmonella plasmid sopB. A pathogenicity study of isolates in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through oral and intracerebral administration performed, and experimental infection in SPF embryonated chicken eggs through intra-yolk and intra-allantoic administration was investigated. Supporting histopathology and immunohistopathology against Salmonella antigen in brain tissue were performed for flock and experimental infections.

Results: Three serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from the brains of five flocks (two Salmonella Virchow, two Salmonella Kentucky, and one Salmonella Enteritidis isolates). Phage related gene sopB and plasmid-mediated operon spvC were identified in all isolated strains. The Salmonella strains were re-isolated and identified from the brain and internal organs of post-experimental infected chicks. Infected chicks showed nervous manifestations associated with Salmonella infection. The presence of positively stained Salmonella antigen in brain tissues indicates penetration of the blood–brain barrier by the Salmonella species.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that some virulent systemic strains of Salmonella spp. can induce CNS manifestations in chicken hosts.

Keywords: chicken, experimental study, CNS manifestations, polymerase chain reaction, Salmonella spp., virulence genes.

Antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of four Andean plant extracts from Colombia

Research (Published online: 19-10-2020)

19. Antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of four Andean plant extracts from Colombia

Wilson Cardona-G, Sara Robledo, Fernando Alzate, Andrés F. Yepes, Cristian Hernandez, Ivan Dario Velez, Juan Carlos Calderon and Isabel Vásquez Tabares

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2178-2182

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Licania salicifolia (L.S) Cuatrec., Persea ferruginea (P.F) Kunth, Oreopanax floribundus (O.F), and Psychotria buchtienii (P.B) belong to the families Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Araliaceae, and Rubiaceae, respectively, which have been used as medicines by communities in the Andes. This study evaluated the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of alcohol and non-alcohol extracts from four Andean plant extracts (L.S, O.F, P.F, and P.B).

Materials and Methods: Extracts were obtained by percolation with solvents of different polarities – hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Phytochemical screening was conducted based on reported methods. All products were evaluated in vitro to determine the leishmanicidal activity against amastigotes of Leishmania panamensis and cytotoxicity against U937 cells.

Results: Flavonoids, triterpenes, and tannins were the main secondary metabolites found. From the results, dichloromethane extracts from O.F and P.B, ethanol extract from P.B, and ethyl acetate extracts of all plants were active, with EC50 <30 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate was the most active extract, which showed EC50 values of 9.8, 14.1, 23.7, and 25.5 μg/mL, for L.S, P.B, O.F, and P.F, respectively. Hexane extracts from P.B and O.F exhibited moderate activity with EC50 values of 84.8 and 87.4 μg/mL, respectively. Hexane and ethanol extracts from O.F, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts from L.S, and all extracts from P.F were not toxic. Alternatively, hexane and dichloromethane extracts from L.S and P.B as well as dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts from O.F displayed high toxicity.

Conclusion: Based on the activity we observed, ethyl acetate extract can continue in its usage in the search for new antileishmanial drugs, mainly ethyl acetate extract from L.S showed activity comparable to meglumine antimoniate and was not cytotoxic.

Keywords: Araliaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Leishmaniasis, Licania salicifolia, Oreopanax floribundus, Persea ferruginea, Psychotria buchtienii.

Risk factors associated with stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions

Research (Published online: 17-10-2020)

18. Risk factors associated with stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions

Nguyen Hoai Nam and Peerapol Sukon

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2172-2177

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different risk factors on stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions.

Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a total of 1121 piglets born from 74 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred sows from a herd. Logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between stillbirth and different risk factors including parity (1, 2, 3-5, and 6-10), gestation length (GL) (112-113, 114-116, and 117-119 days), litter size, birth order (BO), sex, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration, birth weight (BW), crown rump length, BW deviation, body mass index, ponderal index (PI), and the use of oxytocin during expulsive stage of farrowing.

Results: The incidence of stillbirth at litter level and stillbirth rate was 59.5% (44/74) and 8.1% (89/1094), respectively. The final multivariate logistic regression selected BO, BI, PI, GL, and parity as the five most significant risk factors for stillbirth. Increased BO and BI, GL <114 and >116 days, parity 6-10, and low PI increased the stillbirth rate in piglets.

Conclusion: Several factors previously determined as risks for stillbirth in exogenous oxytocin-free parturitions also existed in exogenous oxytocin-assisted parturitions. One dose of oxytocin at fairly high BO did not increase stillbirth, whereas two doses of oxytocin were potentially associated with increased values.

Keywords: birth order, oxytocin, pig, ponderal index, stillbirth.

Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia

Research (Published online: 16-10-2020)

17. Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia

Nurfarahin Ahmad Pauzi, Nurliyana Mohamad, Mohamad Azzam-Sayuti, Ina Salwany Md. Yasin, Mohd Zamri Saad, Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin and Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2166-2171

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia.

Materials and Methods: A. hydrophila was biochemically identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. The isolate was then intraperitoneally injected into red hybrid tilapia, and the mortality, clinicopathological changes, and LD50 were determined up to 240 h post-infection (hpi).

Results: The isolate demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) toward amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and streptomycin, with a MAR index of 0.5. The experimental infection of A. hydrophila at 105 CFU/mL in the red hybrid tilapia resulted in 100% mortality at 240 hpi. The LD50 was determined at 1.1×104 CFU/mL. Infected fish demonstrated occasional erratic swimming patterns, localized hemorrhages and depigmentation on the body and operculum areas, fin erosion, enlargement of the gall bladder, and hemorrhage in internal organs. Microscopic observation of infected fish revealed brain congestion, tubular necrosis, and glomerular shrinkage in the kidneys, necrosis of hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels in the liver.

Conclusion: The high virulence of A. hydrophila to the red hybrid tilapia emphasizes the importance of active, on-going monitoring of its prevalence in Malaysian tilapia farming.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, antibiotic sensitivity, aquaculture, pathogenicity, tilapia.