Cloning and expression of Toxoplasma gondii GRA-4 recombinant protein as a toxoplasmosis diagnostic kit candidate

Research (Published online: 05-10-2020)

6. Cloning and expression of Toxoplasma gondii GRA-4 recombinant protein as a toxoplasmosis diagnostic kit candidate

Muhammad Hanafiah, Teuku Zahrial Helmi, Amalia Sutriana, Dwi Priyowidodo and Fihiruddin Fihiruddin

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2085-2091

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objective of this study was to produce recombinant protein GRA-4 (rGRA-4) of a local Toxoplasma gondii isolate as a candidate for a toxoplasmosis diagnosis kit in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells using pET SUMO plasmid.

Materials and Methods: Samples used were stock T. gondii tachyzoites DNA from the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Amplified GRA-4 polymerase chain reaction product of T. gondii tachyzoite DNA was cloned in the pET-SUMO TAR cloning vector. The GRA-4 gene from T. gondii local isolate was sequenced, followed by plasmid transformation, recombinant plasmid DNA isolation, and recombinant protein expression in DE3 competent cells.

Results: The amplification product of GRA-4 T. gondii gene was 1036 bp, with 48 kDa molecular weight after expression in DE3 competent cells. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of GRA-4 from the local isolate which was cloned with GRA-4 was obtained from NCBI database and showed 99.61% homology to the predicted GRA-4 from the T. gondii Izatnagar isolate. Amino acid sequence of the predicted GRA-4 protein from local isolate was different at positions 19 and 304.

Conclusion: This research cloned rGRA-4 in pET SUMO plasmid.

Keywords: cloning, expression, GRA-4, pET-SUMO, plasmid, recombinant.

Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview

Review (Published online: 03-10-2020)

5. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: A global overview

Rafael Enrique Castro-Vargas, María Paula Herrera-Sánchez, Roy Rodríguez-Hernández and Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2070-2084

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica is the most important foodborne pathogen, and it is often associated with the contamination of poultry products. Annually, Salmonella causes around 93 million cases of gastroenteritis and 155,000 deaths worldwide. Antimicrobial therapy is the first choice of treatment for this bacterial infection; however, antimicrobial resistance has become a problem due to the misuse of antibiotics both in human medicine and animal production. It has been predicted that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant pathogens will cause around 10 million deaths worldwide, and the WHO has suggested the need to usher in the post-antibiotic era. The purpose of this review is to discuss and update the status of Salmonella antibiotic resistance, in particular, its prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in response to critical antimicrobials used in human medicine and the poultry industry. Based on our review, the median prevalence values of Salmonella in broiler chickens, raw chicken meat, and in eggs and egg-laying hens were 40.5% ( interquartile range [IQR] 11.5-58.2%), 30% (IQR 20-43.5%), and 40% (IQR 14.2-51.5%), respectively. The most common serotype was Salmonella Enteritidis, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium. The highest antibiotic resistance levels within the poultry production chain were found for nalidixic acid and ampicillin. These findings highlight the need for government entities, poultry researchers, and producers to find ways to reduce the impact of antibiotic use in poultry, focusing especially on active surveillance and finding alternatives to antibiotics.

Keywords: antimicrobial, poultry, resistance, Salmonella.

Effect of feeding rice gluten meal with and without enzymes on hematobiochemical profile of broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 03-10-2020)

4. Effect of feeding rice gluten meal with and without enzymes on hematobiochemical profile of broiler chickens

Om Prakash Dinani, Pramod Kumar Tyagi, Jagbir Singh Tyagi, Subrat Kumar Bhanja and J. J. Rokade

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2062-2069

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Blood and serological parameters are indicators of the health status of the birds and influenced by the type of feed and their nutrient composition. Scanty researches are available in rice gluten meal (RGM) regarding its effect of feeding with and without enzymes on hematology and serum biochemistry. This study was conducted for in vitro and in vivo investigation regarding feeding RGM without or with different enzymes on hematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens. The in vitro study was done to determine chemical composition of RGM used in the biological trial.

Materials and Methods: A biological experiment with 384 broiler chicks was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding RGM as soybean replacement without or with different enzymes on carcass characteristics in broiler chicken for 42 days. Two levels of RGM were taken (15% and 17.5%). Protease, xylanase, and multienzymes supplementation under different treatments were done.

Results: The RGM feeding and enzyme supplementation or their interaction revealed no significant (p>0.05) effects on the hematological parameters and serological parameters of broiler chickens except the significant (p<0.05) effect of enzyme supplementation on serum albumin and triglyceride values. The higher albumin values were observed in xylanase and protease supplemented birds and lower triglyceride values were observed in xylanase supplemented birds.

Conclusion: Thus, it may be concluded that RGM feeding at 15% or 17.5% inclusion level with or without enzymes had no adverse effect on hematobiochemical profile of broiler chickens.

Keywords: broiler, enzyme, hematology, rice gluten meal, serology.

Antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli from food-producing animals in Russia

Research (Published online: 02-10-2020)

3. Antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli from food-producing animals in Russia

Dmitry A. Makarov, Olga E. Ivanova, Sergey Yu. Karabanov, Maria A. Gergel and Anastasia V. Pomazkova

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2053-2061

Background and Aim: Commensal Escherichia coli is an important indicator of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals and food of animal origin. Therefore, it was recommended by the World Health Organization and OIE for inclusion in resistance surveillance programs. At the same time, the data on E. coli isolates from animals in Russia are scarce. The aim of this work was to determine the current prevalence of resistance and genetic markers of non-pathogenic commensal E. coli collected from major food-producing animals (poultry, pigs, and cows) in different regions of Russia and to compare these data with data from other countries to prioritize antimicrobials for limiting their use according to the National Action Plan.

Materials and Methods: Samples (n=306) were collected from biomaterial of chicken, turkey, cows, and pigs raised on 11 farms in the European part of Russia, Siberia, and North Caucasus. Isolates (n=306) of E. coli were tested for resistance to 11 antimicrobials from ten classes using the broth microdilution method. MICs were interpreted against EUCAST microbiological and clinical breakpoints. For data analysis and statistical processing, the AMRcloud online platform was used. The data are presented in comparison with other countries.

Results: In Russia, higher levels of microbiological and clinical resistance of E. coli to critically important antimicrobials, including colistin, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin, were found compared to other countries, especially in poultry: About 30% of isolates from chicken were resistant to colistin, 8% to cefotaxime, and 88% to ciprofloxacin according to EUCAST ECOFFs. Only 10% of isolates from cows were resistant to cefotaxime. About 47% of isolates of E. coli from chicken had a moderate relative resistance for ampicillin and 56% for tetracycline. For most antimicrobials, isolates from cows demonstrated a lower resistance than isolates from poultry and pigs. All tested isolates from chicken, turkey, and pigs showed a simultaneous microbiological resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobials. No pan-resistant isolates were found.

Conclusion: High levels of AMR of commensal E. coli from poultry, especially for critically important drugs, are a matter of concern and should be taken into account when choosing antimicrobials to be restricted for use in animal husbandry according to the National Action Plan.

Keywords: animals, antimicrobial resistance, commensal bacteria, critically important antimicrobials, Escherichia coli, multidrug resistance.

Effect of the bovine TG5 gene polymorphism on milk- and meat-producing ability

Research (Published online: 02-10-2020)

2. Effect of the bovine TG5 gene polymorphism on milk- and meat-producing ability

I. Dolmatova, T. Sedykh, F. Valitov, R. Gizatullin, D. Khaziev and A. Kharlamov

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2046-2052

Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of thyroglobulin (TG5) gene polymorphism on milk and meat productivity in the various cattle breeds currently bred in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Materials and Methods: The test was performed on dairy cattle of Black-and-White, Bestuzhev, and Simmental breeds, and meat cattle of Hereford and limousine breeds. The purpose of the test was to search for associations between the polymorphic alleles of the thyroglobulin (TG5) gene and economically useful traits.

Results: All studied breeds showed a frequency predominance of the TG5C allele (from 0.56 to 0.71). A clear trend of an effect of the genotypes of the TG5 gene on milk-productivity indicators was revealed; cows with the TG5TT genotype have the highest milk yield and fat content in milk. The milk of cows of Bestuzhev and Simmental breeds that possessed this genotype was also characterized by higher protein content.

Conclusion: We identified an effect of the polymorphism of the TG5 gene in the Hereford and limousine breeds on fat metabolism intensity indicators, such as fat output and fat content, in the longissimus muscle and in the general sample of ground beef.

Keywords: alleles, dairy and meat productivity, genetic polymorphism, Hereford breed, limousine breed, thyroglobulin gene.

Cost-effective horse breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

Research (Published online: 01-10-2020)

1. Cost-effective horse breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

Almir Askarov, Alfiya Kuznetsova, Rasul Gusmanov, Aigul Askarova and Vitaliy Kovshov

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2039-2045

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: There is a lack of reliable data in agribusiness regarding the economic efficiency of horse breeding, and this limits its further development. The purpose of this study was to create rational parameters for the development of productive horse breeding as an effective agricultural business, in particular, in relation to farms.

Materials and Methods: The methods of investigation used were induction and deduction, as well as analytical, statistical, and economic-mathematical analysis. We also used the dynamics of time series, CVP analysis, direct costing, and microeconomic analysis. Data were taken from the Russian Federation's official statistics on animal husbandry as well as closed (commercial) data of agricultural enterprises from our study region.

Results: Horse ownership in the Republic of Bashkortostan is higher than in the rest of Russia with about 9% of the total number of horses in Russia. We found that landowners need one hectare of arable land to ensure profit and that the highest economic income occurs on farms specializing in kumis production. The production of kumis under intensive farming is less profitable than with free-range horses kept in pastures. Family farms need a large amount of arable land with natural foliage to balance space and profit.

Conclusion: Successful implementation of these parameters will make it possible to turn agriculture into successful horse breeding businesses. The expected volume of agricultural production may be approximately 9-11 thousand US dollars per employee.

Keywords: break-even volume, efficiency, marginal income, productive droving horse-breeding.

The frequency of virulent genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 01-10-2020)

9. The frequency of virulent genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Ebuka Elijah David, Muhammad Arfat Yameen, Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi, Arthur Chinedu Okafor, Uket Nta Obeten, Doris Olachi Obasi, Uchenna Regina Ezeilo and Chidinma Nnenne David

International Journal of One Health, 6(2): 147-152

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was aimed to determine the virulent genes and antibiotic resistance patterns among circulating diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes in a tertiary care health center in east of Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Diarrheal stool samples were obtained from 80 children under 5 years and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard biochemical and molecular methods. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect eight virulent genes of DEC. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of DEC.

Results: DEC infection was observed in 54 (68%) children among which ial gene for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (40% [n=22]) was commonly detected followed by eltA/eltB for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (30% [n=16]), pCVD for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (20% [n=11]), and eaeA/bfpA for typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (10% [n=5]). The DEC isolates phenotypically exhibited resistance for ampicillin (AMP) (44 [81%]), followed by ciprofloxacin (CIP)/ levofloxacin (LEV) (28 [52%]), cefoxitin (FOX) (11 [20%]), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (6 [11%]). About 60% isolates of stable toxins-ETEC were resistant to AMC, CIP, and LEV while all the labile toxin-ETEC exhibited resistance to AMP. About 60% (n=6) resistance were seen in EAEC against ampicillin, AMC, FOX, CIP, and LEV. In EIEC, all the isolates (n=22) were resistant to AMP while 50% (n=11) were resistant to both CIP and LEV. All EPEC (n=5) were resistant to AMP, FOX, CIP, and LEV.

Conclusion: High frequency of virulent ial and eltA/eltB genes for EIEC and ETEC, respectively, suggests that they are the primary etiological agents of diarrhea in children among DEC pathotypes. Resistance of DEC to more than two classes of antibiotics indicate possible emergence of multidrug resistance.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, diarrheal stool, multidrug resistance, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, polymerase chain reaction.