Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Research (Published online: 22-04-2020)

21. Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Fayssal Bouchemla, Valery Alexandrovich Agoltsov, Stepan Yuryevich Veselovsky, Sergey Vasilyevich Larionov, Olga Mikhaylovna Popova and Dmitry Valentinovich Krivenko

Veterinary World, 13(4): 758-763

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to obtain a vaccine against animal brucellosis having high immunogenic properties by carrying an evaluation of the effectiveness of split-conjugated animal brucellosis vaccine combined with fosprenil and polypeptide C as a molecular immunomodulatory adjuvant according to the results of serological studies of the blood of animals: Agglutination reaction, complement fixation, and rose Bengal sample.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen calves of Holstein Friesians breed, aged 5 months, with a living weight of 100-150 kg, were divided into three groups of six animals each. All animals were healthy and they received a prophylactic vaccination against brucellosis. The dry split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals was dissolved in saline and for this purpose, 10 ml of saline was poured into the vaccine vial. Then the content was mixed, and afterward 1 ml was used per animal. Fosprenil was used at the rate of 1 kg of animal weight: 100 kg (calf weight) was multiplied by 0.05 (dose/1 kg of animal weight); 5 ml of fosprenil was obtained, which was collected into disposable syringes and intramuscularly sterilely injected into the croup area.

Calves in the first group (control) were intramuscularly injected with the vaccine at a dose of 1.0 ml, and fosprenil at a dose of 5.0 ml was administered intramuscularly once to the croup area. Animals from the second group were subcutaneously immunized by the vaccine with polypeptide C at a dose of 1.0 ml. Polypeptide C is a solution that was poured into a vial with a vaccine at a dose of 10.0 ml, the content was mixed, and then calves were injected subcutaneously into the middle third of the neck in 1 ml (10 doses in a vial).

Immunization of calves in the third group was carried out with a vaccine, diluted with an isotonic sodium chloride solution of 0.9%, at a dose of 1.0 ml subcutaneously once. At the 14th, 30th, and 90th days after vaccination, a blood sampling was taken for serological tests: Agglutination test, complement fixation test, and rose Bengal test.

Results: After conducting serological studies, it was noted that split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis using fosprenil forms antibodies in large titers and they persist for a longer time in the body of animals compared to the other tested vaccine: The first combination with the immunomodulatory polypeptide C and the vaccine only on the physiological solution.

Conclusion: The developed complex of split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals enhances the humoral immune response of the organism against brucellosis and improves the protection of animals against the disease when it is used with the immunomodulatory fosprenil. In the future, we want to expand the use of the resulting complex in the fight against brucellosis on a larger population and to study the change in cellular immunity after the introduction of the resulting complex on an animal organism.

Keywords: brucellosis, fosprenil, polypeptide C, split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis.

Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract

Research (Published online: 22-04-2020)

20. Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract

Gina Saptiani, A. Syafei Sidik, Fikri Ardhani and Esti Handayani Hardi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 751-757

Aim: The present study investigated hemocytes profile of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) induced with Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract to protect against Vibrio harveyi infection.

Materials and Methods: X. granatum leaves were chopped into small size, air-dried, and extracted with one of the following solvents: Ethanol, distilled water, and seawater, whereas each solvent was given in three different concentrations (750 ppm, 1.000 ppm, and 1.250 ppm, respectively). Extracts were induced to 60 post-larvae shrimp in each treatment (three replicates, 20 shrimp for each) by immersing method and subsequently challenged with V. harveyi.

Results: This study demonstrated different effectiveness among solvents used to extract X. granatum leaves, in which distilled water showed the most effective solvent as can be seen from the lowest percentage on anorexia, lethargic, and weakened reflex of shrimp compared with another solvent, positive and negative controls. Pathological symptoms for shrimp induced by X. granatum leaves extract were minimum with the highest survival rate compared with those of positive and negative control. Total hemocyte cells and its cell constituents such as semi-granular, granular, and hyaline cells on treatment group at 1.250 ppm were higher than controls.

Conclusion: Leaves extract of X. granatum extract effectively inhibited V. harveyi infection, increased survival rate, and hemocytes cell of the experimental shrimp. Distilled water extract of X. granatum at 1.250 ppm demonstrated the highest protective effect toward V. harveyi infection on P. monodon.

Keywords: hemocytes profile, mangrove plant extract, Penaeus monodon, Vibrio harveyi, Xylocarpus granatum.

Recombinant bovine somatotropin in the synchronization of ovulation in crossbred dairy cows (Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus)

Research (Published online: 21-04-2020)

19. Recombinant bovine somatotropin in the synchronization of ovulation in crossbred dairy cows (Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus)

Fabrício Albani Oliveira, Ítalo Câmara de Almeida, Larissa Marchiori Sena, Jurandy Mauro Penitente-Filho and Ciro Alexandre Alves Torres

Veterinary World, 13(4): 746-750

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) at the moment of implementation of the timed artificial insemination protocol, on follicular dynamics and pregnancy rate in crossbred cows.

Materials and Methods: A total of 346 cows were used in two experiments with a factorial 2×2 design. The cycling cows (Tcycling) and the anestrous cows (Tanestrous) were considered as factor 1 and the administration of rbST (TrbST) or not (Tcontrol) as factor 2. The experimental protocol: (1) Tcontrol – day 0 (D0), insertion of a progesterone-release intravaginal device (PRID) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB); D8, PRID removal, plus 0.150 mg of prostaglandin F2α, and 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin; D9, 1 mg of EB; and with artificial insemination at day 10; (2) TrbST – similar to Tcontrol plus 500 mg of rbST on D0. In experiment I, ultrasound examinations were performed in all treatments. In experiment II, the cows' pregnancy rate was evaluated. Data were analyzed with 5% probability.

Results: There was no effect of the protocols on cows cyclicity or follicular growth rate (p>0.05). There was no interaction of the effects, administration of rbST, and the cyclicity of cows on the pregnancy rate. The total pregnancy rate observed was 49.0%. The pregnancy rate in cows receiving rbST was lower for anestrous compared with cycling cows (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The administration of rbST did not alter the patterns of follicular dynamics nor the ovulation rate. However, cows in anestrous that received rbST had lower pregnancy rates than cycling cows.

Keywords: biotechnology, dairy cows, fertility, follicle, reproduction.

Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran

Research (Published online: 20-04-2020)

18. Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran

Alireza Keyhani, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Asma Askari, Mohammad Ebrahimipour and Majid Fasihi Harandi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 739-745

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a major zoonotic helminth infection, imposes remarkable socioeconomic burden on many endemic countries across the world, including Iran. Due to the high importance of free-roaming dogs in the transmission of CE, epidemiological and molecular studies in this type of hosts are required in the endemic regions. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from stray dogs in Kerman, Southeast Iran.

Materials and Methods: Eighty-four samples were isolated from stray dogs in the city and suburbs of Kerman in coordination with the health authorities and the municipality office for rabies control and dog population management. Dog demographic data, including age and sex were collected. The worm was isolated by necropsy and genomic DNA was extracted and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was amplified using specific primers. Phylogenetic and Templeton-Crandall-Sing (TCS) network analyses were carried out on the sequence data.

Results: The overall prevalence of CE in the surveyed dogs was 10.7% (9/84 cases). Out of 84 stray dogs, 33 (39.3%) and 51 (60.7%) cases were male and female, respectively. There was not a statistically significant difference between the infection and gender of dogs. However, infection is shown more in dogs under one year of age with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results of molecular studies indicated E. granulosus G1 genotype for all isolates. The high presence of free-roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban areas and high frequency of parasite in this animal is a risk factor for humans in the region. Haplotype sequence analysis on the dog isolates revealed a close relationship with other E. granulosus isolates in Kerman.

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence-based data about the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of CE in dog definitive hosts of Southeast Iran. Further studies are required to understand the prevalence and parasite genotypes in dogs in Iran.

Keywords: echinococcosis, free-roaming dogs, genotype, haplotype network, hydatid cyst, Iran.

Left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis

Research (Published online: 20-04-2020)

17. Left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis

Yury A. Vatnikov, Andrey A. Rudenko, Boris V. Usha, Evgeny V. Kulikov, Elena A. Notina, Irina A. Bykova, Nadiya I. Khairova, Irina V. Bondareva, Victor N. Grishin and Andrey N. Zharov

Veterinary World, 13(4): 731-738

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Left ventricular myocardial remodeling could play an important role in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF) syndrome in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis and to study the dependence of the incidence of this pathological phenomenon on the functional class (FC) of progression of the CHF syndrome.

Materials and Methods: A total of 108 afflicted dogs and 36 clinically healthy dogs were examined using transthoracic echocardiography. The following structural and geometric parameters of the left ventricular remodeling were evaluated: Myocardial mass and its index, sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, end-systolic and end-diastolic relative wall thickness, and integral remodeling index.

Results: In all clinically healthy dogs, a normal type of the left ventricular chamber geometry was revealed, whereas, in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis, the normal geometry of the left ventricle occurred in 56.4%, eccentric hypertrophy in 24.1%, concentric remodeling in 10.2%, and concentric hypertrophy in 9.3% of the cases. In patients with endocardiosis, there was no dilatation type of cardiac remodeling observed.

Conclusion: When compared to the clinically healthy animals, the dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis presented with indicators of structural and geometric remodeling, such as increased myocardial mass, myocardial mass index, and sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, as well as relatively reduced integral systolic index of remodeling and systolic relative thickness of the walls of the heart. The parameters of the left ventricular myocardial remodeling correlated significantly with the FC of CHF syndrome.

Keywords: dogs, endocardiosis, heart failure, mitral regurgitation, myocardial remodeling.

In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Research (Published online: 19-04-2020)

16. In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Okereke Henry Nnamdi, Udegbunam Rita Ijeoma, Nwobi Lotanna Gilbert, Ezeobialu Henry Toochukwu and Udegbunam Sunday Ositadinma

Veterinary World, 13(4): 726-730

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. Erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. Blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. However, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. The aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduced glutathione (glutathione reductase [GSH-Rd]), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in stored donkey blood.

Materials and Methods: Blood (250 ml) was drawn from four clinically healthy donkeys into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 blood bags and preserved at 4°C. MDA, GSH-Rd, CAT, and SOD activities were assayed by colorimetric methods, over a period of 42 days.

Results: The result showed that SOD enzyme activities significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 7 post-storage (PS) while MDA levels significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 21 PS. However, activities of GSH-Rd and CAT enzymes decreased (p<0.05) by day 21 PS. Pearson's product-moment correlation showed a negative correlation between the levels of MDA and enzymatic antioxidant markers (CAT and GSH-Rd).

Conclusion: The findings revealed that GSH-Rd and CAT are the primary antioxidant defense markers in donkey red blood cells. The observed alterations in these principal antioxidants suggest a 14 days optimum keeping time of donkey blood for blood banking purposes.

Keywords: blood, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1, donkey, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase.

Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review

Review (Published online: 17-04-2020)

15. Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review

D. A. Laksemi, L. T. Suwanti, M. Mufasirin, K. Suastika and M. Sudarmaja

Veterinary World, 13(4): 716-725

ABSTRACT

The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases increases annually, and Indonesia has become the country with the fastest HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic spread among the five Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia entered the critical phase of HIV/AIDS infections after 5 out of the 33 provinces, namely, Papua, Jakarta, Bali, West Java, and East Java, reported HIV/AIDS epidemic since 2004. In AIDS pathophysiology and immune-suppression are severe, thus, opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections that cause diarrhea in HIV infection may be fatal. Several studies have suggested that Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Blastocystis hominis are the most common intestinal protozoan parasites categorized as AIDS associated illness. Diarrhea caused by parasites is considerably suspected in the cases of chronic and persistent diarrhea in adults, in an era of increasing HIV/AIDS cases nowadays. The present review highlights the current advances in etiologic agents of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections among countries, epidemiology and prevalence, lifecycle, risk factors, examination methods, and treatment.

Keywords: epidemic, immune suppression, opportunistic infection, protozoa.