Potential antimicrobial effect of plant essential oils and virulence genes expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Research (Published online: 13-04-2020)

9. Potential antimicrobial effect of plant essential oils and virulence genes expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Mohammad H. Gharaibeh, Mohammad S. Khalifeh, Esam M. Zattout and Luay F. Abu-Qatouseh

Veterinary World, 13(4): 669-675

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of eight commercially available essential oil (EO) blends and characterize the effect on the expression of some virulence genes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Materials and Methods: In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of oils against MRSA was performed using the disk diffusion method and by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The EOs (A-F) were contained (β-pinene, carvacrol, carvone, dimethyl trisulfide, linalool, limonene, menthol, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and thymol) in different amounts. In addition, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was also used to determine the gene expression of the virulence genes (intercellular adhesion cluster [ica]-9, ica-15, and RNA III) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) after treatment with selected oils.

Results: Among the eight EOs evaluated, EO (D), (E), and (A) showed, in general, the greatest antimicrobial activity against MRSA. EO at 1/3 MIC has effectively down-regulated ica-9 and ica-15 of MRSA by 17.83 and 4.94 folds, respectively. Meanwhile, EO (A) has effectively down-regulated RNAIII by 3.74 folds. Our results indicated that some of the EOs exhibit promising antimicrobial effects against MRSA isolates. Moreover, the results of the analyzed virulence genes related to the pathogenicity of MRSA were down-regulated at the sub-MIC concentrations of EOs, indicated that EOs could be successfully used to suppress the virulence factors and, consequently, decreased the pathogenicity of MRSA.

Conclusion: These encouraging results indicate that some of the EOs used in this study can be utilized as a natural antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA disease.

Keywords: accessory gene regulator locus, antibacterial activity, essential oils, intercellular adhesion cluster, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration, virulence factors.

In vitro rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in tropical grass-legume rations

Research (Published online: 12-04-2020)

8. In vitro rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in tropical grass-legume rations

Malik Makmur, Mardiati Zain, Fauzia Agustin, Riesi Sriagtula and Ezi Masdia Putri

Veterinary World, 13(4): 661-668

ABSTACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various combinations of tropical grass-legume species in rations on the biohydrogenation (BH) activity of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), C18:0 composition, and fermentation profile in an in vitro rumen system.

Materials and Methods: Samples of the following five fodder plants were used: One species of grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and four species of tree legumes (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Indigofera zollingeriana). The following eight experimental diets were evaluated: 50% P. purpureum + 50% L. leucocephala (LL I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% G. sepium (GS I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% C. calothyrsus (CC I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% I. zollingeriana (IZ I); 75% P. purpureum + 25% L. leucocephala (LL II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% G. sepium (GS II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% C. calothyrsus (CC II); and 75% P. purpureum + 25% I. zollingeriana (IZ II). Each ration was replicated 3 times. In vitro rumen incubation was performed for 48 h, according to the Tilley and Terry method. Determination of the FA profiles of the forage materials and rumen fluid samples was performed using gas chromatography.

Results: The percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the forage materials ranged from 34.18% (P. purpureum) to 74.51% (C. calothyrsus). The percentage of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) ranged from 5.06% (P. purpureum) to 8.71% (L. leucocephala). The percentage of saturated FA (SFA) was the lowest at 19.12% (C. calothyrsus) and highest at 60.76% (P. purpureum). In vitro BH of C18:3 n-3, C18:2 n-6, C18:1 n-9, and C18 PUFA in the experimental diets ranged from 72% to 100%. The BH of C18:1 n-9 in GS I (80%) and IZ I (72%) was significantly different (p<0.05). The percentage of C18:0 was 10-50% and significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments, with the highest (of 50%) in GS II. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the fermentation parameters (pH, total volatile FAs, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility) among the treatments, except in NH3 concentration (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The various combinations of tropical legumes do not have significant inhibitory effects on the BH of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, and C18 PUFA after in vitro incubation for 48 h. Furthermore, an increase in the tropical legume ratio in the ration tends to suppress C18:0 formation after the fermentation simulation process. IZ I has the potential to reduce C18:1 n-9 (MUFA) disappearance and yield an ideal rumen fermentation profile.

Keywords: biohydrogenation, in vitro rumen, tropical grass-legume rations, unsaturated fatty acid.

Comparison of the first Iranian native Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale vaccine with conventional vaccine: A challenge study

Research (Published online: 12-04-2020)

7. Comparison of the first Iranian native Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale vaccine with conventional vaccine: A challenge study

N. Ghasemipour, H. Goudarzi, M. Banani and K. Asasi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 655-660

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The best strategy to prevent or control an Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection is vaccination. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of the first Iranian inactivated ORT vaccine (Razi, Iran), which had been prepared from a native strain, with the Nobilis ORT Inac (Intervet, The Netherlands) through a challenge trial.

Materials and Methods: Seventy-two 1-day-old specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens were used in this study. The birds were divided randomly into four groups. Following the vaccination and challenge of the birds, the efficacy of the Razi and the Intervet ORT vaccines was evaluated by serological, bacteriological, and molecular methods.

Results: The antibody titer in vaccinated groups was determined to be significantly higher than unvaccinated birds. In addition, the difference in postmortem lesion scores between the vaccinated and unvaccinated birds was significant. The differences in the means of the antibody titers and postmortem lesion scores in birds that were vaccinated by the Razi and Intervet ORT vaccines were not significant.

Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Iranian native ORT vaccine was comparable to the Intervet vaccine. The Razi ORT vaccine has effectively decreased the duration of the ORT infection and can effectively protect the chickens against an ORT infection.

Keywords: challenge, chickens, efficacy, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, polymerase chain reaction, vaccine.

Butylated hydroxytoluene protects bull sperm surface protein-P25b in different extenders following cryopreservation

Research (Published online: 11-04-2020)

6. Butylated hydroxytoluene protects bull sperm surface protein-P25b in different extenders following cryopreservation

A. M. Khumran, N. Yimer, Y. Rosnina, H. Wahid, M. O. Ariff, H. Homayoun, K. Asmatullah and T. K. Bello

Veterinary World, 13(4): 649-654

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on sperm membrane surface protein "P25b" from cryopreserved bull semen in either lecithin based Bioxcell® (BX) or two egg-yolk based extenders, tris-egg yolk (TEY), and citrate-egg yolk (CEY).

Materials and Methods: Forty-five semen samples, 15 each were extended with either BX, TEY, or CEY extender which contained different concentrations (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mM/mL) of BHT. The extended semen samples were frozen at a concentration of 20×106/mL in 0.25 mL straws and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks. The frozen samples were thereafter thawed, proteins extracted and analyzed for quantities of protein P25b through direct sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel densitometry. Peptides were confirmed by Western blotting (WB).

Results: Results showed that supplementation of BHT improved (p<0.05) quantity of protein P25b at concentrations of 0.5 mM/mL for BX and at 1.0 mM/mL for TEY and CE when compared with the controls and other treatments.

Conclusion: BHT supplementation at 0.5 in BX and 1.0 mM/mL in TEY and CEY has protected bull sperm fertility marker protein P25b in frozen-thawed bull sperm.

Keywords: bull sperm, butylated hydroxytoluene, extender, P25b, Western blotting.

Coenzyme Q10 coadministration with diclofenac augmented impaired renal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Research (Published online: 10-04-2020)

5. Coenzyme Q10 coadministration with diclofenac augmented impaired renal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Yasser Albadrany and Ahmed Naser

Veterinary World, 13(4): 642-648

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) and diclofenac coadministration on the hepatorenal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Materials and Methods: Birds (21 days old) were divided into six groups of eight birds each. The 1st group was the control, the 2nd group was treated orally with COQ10 (30 mg/kg b.wt), the 3rd and 4th groups were treated intraperitoneally with diclofenac sodium at doses 1 and 2 mg/kg b.wt, respectively, and the 5th and 6th groups were treated with COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 1 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.) and COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 2 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.), respectively. The experiment lasted 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all the birds were sacrificed through cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected for serum biochemical analysis.

Results: COQ10 induced a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while diclofenac induced a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, when COQ10 and diclofenac were coadministered, we observed that COQ10 decreased the liver injury caused by diclofenac. However, COQ10 could not relieve the kidney injury caused by diclofenac, but worsened the impaired renal function.

Conclusion: COQ10 protects the liver against diclofenac-induced liver injury while augmenting diclofenac-induced kidney injury.

Keywords: broiler, coadministration, COQ10, diclofenac, kidney liver.

Consequences of twinning induction to Noemi ewes by a recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with pituitary-derived porcine follicle-stimulating hormone on follicular dynamics, maternal biochemical attributes, and neonatal traits

Research (Published online: 08-04-2020)

4. Consequences of twinning induction to Noemi ewes by a recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with pituitary-derived porcine follicle-stimulating hormone on follicular dynamics, maternal biochemical attributes, and neonatal traits

Moustafa Mohamed Zeitoun, Abdulrahman O. El-Dawas, Mohamed A. Ateah and Mohamed Ahmed Shehab El-Deen

Veterinary World, 13(4): 633-641

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared with pituitary-derived porcine FSH given as one dose or multiple doses on the neonatal traits, follicular dynamics, and maternal blood biochemical constituents in Noemi ewes.

Materials and Methods: A 3×2 factorial arrangement was designed utilizing 60 adults Noemi ewes to test the effects of using two sources of FSH (human vs. porcine) in addition to control, either given as a single total dose or six descending doses to provoke twinning. Six treatments (T) were tested (n=10 ewes/T). C1 and C6 served as control ewes given saline as one dose and six doses, respectively; H1 and H6 ewes were given human FSH as one and six doses; and P1 and P6 ewes were given porcine FSH similar to the above treatments. Saline and/or FSH administration were administered at days 8, 9, and 10 of the 10-day controlled internal drug release (CIDR) implant. At CIDR removal, fertile rams were used for natural mating. Blood samples for the assessment of serum metabolites were collected.

Results: Twinning increased in FSH-treated ewes than control. However, giving FSH of either source as a single dose resulted in a higher incidence of stillbirths. Pregnancy rates were 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% in C1, C6, P1, P6, H1, and H6, respectively. Respective percent of ewes delivering twins/multiple birth was 0, 0, 80, 66.7, 71.4, and 87.5%. FSH of human source was more efficient for folliculogenesis than porcine FSH. Administration of FSH increased blood cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein; however, low-density lipoprotein levels were not different than control. Moreover, an interaction (p<0.05) exists between source and type of FSH administration on blood glucose. Six doses of FSH elevated blood protein. Blood albumin decreased by porcine-FSH but not affected by human-FSH. Blood globulins were not different due to source of FSH, whereas giving FSH as six doses increased globulins than in single-dose protocol. Contrariwise, an interaction was found between source and type of FSH administration on elevating the activity of alanine aminotransferase and reducing the activity of aspartate aminotransferase.

Conclusion: Administration of human FSH at 180 IU in six descending doses resulted in the best neonatal outcomes and maternal health in Noemi ewes.

Keywords: blood metabolites, human follicle-stimulating hormone, porcine follicle-stimulating hormone, sheep, twinning.

Assessment of biosecurity measures in broiler's farms in the Suez Canal area – Egypt using a seasonal prevalence of Salmonellosis

Research (Published online: 08-04-2020)

3. Assessment of biosecurity measures in broiler's farms in the Suez Canal area – Egypt using a seasonal prevalence of Salmonellosis

Essam S. Soliman and Mona S. Abdallah

Veterinary World, 13(4): 622-632

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Biosecurity practices are a must in broiler farms to reduce the risk of infectious agents. This study aimed to evaluate biosecurity measures in nine broiler farms in the Suez Canal area – Egypt with measuring the seasonal prevalence of salmonellosis.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected nine broiler farms of different housing systems based on the ventilation methods from March 2018 to April 2019. A total of 12,600 samples (6480 environmental, 4320 non-environmental, 1080 sera, and 720 live birds) were collected during four successive seasons.

Results: Highly significant increases (p<0.01) were recorded in body weight gains in opened and closed-houses during summer; in food conversion ratios in opened-houses during winter and in closed-houses during winter and fall; in performance indices in opened-houses during summer and closed-houses during winter; and in live body weights, carcasses weights, liver, spleen, and bursa's weights in opened-houses during spring and in closed-houses during fall. Highly significant increases (p<0.01) were recorded in total bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella counts in opened-houses during spring and in closed-houses during summer, in Salmonella Typhi O and H, and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B sera titer in opened-houses during summer and closed-houses during fall. Biosecurity measures scored 34 out of 43 with an average salmonellosis prevalence of 6.0% in closed-house and 24 out of 43 with an average salmonellosis prevalence of 24.67% in opened-house broiler farms.

Conclusion: Weak biosecurity measures in broiler houses (opened and closed) were not sufficient to prevent the entrance and multiplication of Salmonella spp. Disciplines, commitment, and regulations of biosecurity need to be enforced in broiler houses to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases.

Keywords: biosecurity, broiler, Egypt, housing systems, Salmonella, seasons.