Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Research (Published online: 17-02-2020)

12. Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Shi-Ruo Tong, Ting-Hun Lee, Soon-Keng Cheong and Yang-Mooi Lim

Veterinary World, 13(2): 304-316

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Edible bird's nest (EBN) is the nutrient-rich salivary bioproduct produced by swiftlets in Southeast Asia. Currently, researchers are exploring the therapeutic effects of EBN, such as cell growth promotion, antioxidant content, antiviral effects, bone strengthening, eyes care, and neuroprotection bioactivities. The therapeutic effects of EBN have been studied through different extraction methods but the metabolites profile of the EBN in each extract has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to profile the water-soluble metabolites of EBN prepared in different extraction methods. Subsequently, an extraction method will be selected as an ideal extraction method for untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites in EBN.

Materials and Methods: In this study, water-soluble metabolites of EBN extracted by the four extraction methods were subjected to metabolite profiling through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extraction methods were acid extraction(ABN), pancreatic extraction (EzBN), eHMG extraction, and spray drying of HMG extraction (pHMG). The metabolite profiles, such as the number of metabolites and their identities in each extraction method, were evaluated through LC-MS analysis.

Results: The identity of metabolites present in the four extraction methods is inconsistent. Based on LC-MS analysis, only one and six metabolites were extracted differently through EzBN and ABN, respectively, in the first pre-screening. Through the second LC-MS screening on pHMG and eHMG extraction methods, eHMG was selected as an ideal extraction method due to the highest numbers of water-soluble metabolites with an amount of 193 was detected. Besides, eHMG extraction method was able to extract sialic acid and a high percentage of secondary metabolites.

Conclusion: This study suggests that eHMG is the ideal extraction method for extracting higher number of water-soluble metabolites from EBN and could be further developed as an extraction method for industry application. In addition, this study also has identified the types of primary and secondary metabolites present in EBN.

Keywords: edible bird's nest, extraction method, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, untargeted metabolite profiling.

Presence probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 using maximum entropy approach in the western areas of Zagros Mountains, Iran

Research (Published online: 17-02-2020)

11. Presence probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 using maximum entropy approach in the western areas of Zagros Mountains, Iran

Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Mona Sharififard, Elham Jahanifard, Shahrokh Navidpour and Babak Vazirianzadeh

Veterinary World, 13(2): 296-303

ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of this research was to use environmental variables for predicting the probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus existence in the provinces where situated in the west of the Zagros Mountains.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 64 occurrence records of the H. lepturus were extracted from the published documents available in electronic databases. MaxEnt model was used for predicting the ecological niches of this species. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and 19 climatic variables were used as the environmental variables affecting the distribution of this scorpion. The Jackknife test in the model was used to indicate the importance of variables to predict the probability of the presence of the studied species. The logistic threshold that was evaluated using a logistic regression algorithm showed the converting of the probability model into a binary model. The model was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC). The probability presence map of this scorpion was then prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 Software.

Results: The results of the analysis showed that the most important environmental factor on the distribution of H. lepturus was the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) with a contribution rate of 43% and permutation importance of 8%. The Jackknife test revealed that NDVI did not gain any value when it used independently in the model. The logistic threshold was reported 0.255 for the maximum test sensitivity plus specificity. The AUC of the model was 0.7698, shows an acceptable value for model validity. Overall the hot spots for this toxic scorpion seem to be in Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Ilam Provinces of the studied area.

Conclusion: Regarding our findings, MaxEnt algorithm, in combination with geographic information system contributed to revealing the effects of environmental variables on the probability of H. lepturus presence in the west of Zagros Mountains. These visualized maps as a warning alarm can be helpful to policymakers for managing, controlling, and monitoring the scorpionism in high-risk areas.

Keywords: ecological niches, Hemiscorpius lepturus, Iran, MaxEnt, Zagros mountains.

Monthly dynamics and biting behavior of principal onchocerciasis vector (Simulium damnosum s.l.) in endemic area of Southwest Ethiopia

Research (Published online: 16-02-2020)

5. Monthly dynamics and biting behavior of principal onchocerciasis vector (Simulium damnosum s.l.) in endemic area of Southwest Ethiopia

Alemayehu Dagne Mose, Behailu Taye Mamo and Solomon Yeshanew Alamirew

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 23-27

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Vector-borne diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in several regions, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to compare the relative abundance, diversity, monthly biting rates, and parity rate of onchocerciasis vector collected from three small rivers in Southwest Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods: Adult Simulium were collected using human landing catch with protected by the Mosq Tent for 4 consecutive days per month from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. from January 2018 to December 2018 at three communities: Dizi, Agalo Uka, and Haro Magela. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between study site villages and abundances of the Simulium diversity.

Results: During the study period, a total of 15,264 Simulium belong to two species Simulium damnosum sensu lato and Simulium neavei were collected. The monthly dynamics of S. damnosum sensu lato shows that the highest density of flies was observed in August, followed by July, whereas the lowest was observed in April. On the other hand, the highest peak biting hour was observed between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m., while the lowest hourly activity of the fly was recorded from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. Furthermore, the highest parity rate was observed 82.2% in July followed by 80.9% in August while the lowest rate was observed 43.7% in January.

Conclusion: This information on onchocerciasis vectors seasonal variation, diversity, parity, and biting time are important factors that to be considered for noticeable suggestions in monitoring transmission levels to guide the regional and national onchocerciasis elimination programs in Ethiopia.

Keywords: onchocerciasis, parity, Simulium damnosum s.l., Simulium neavei, vector.

Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria

Research (Published online: 15-02-2020)

10. Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria

Meki Boutaiba Benklaouz, Hebib Aggad and Qada Benameur

Veterinary World, 13(2): 290-295

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli can cause a number of serious infections both in human and veterinary medicine. Their management is increasingly complicated by the emergence and dissemination of multiresistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance level to the commonly used antibiotics, with a focus on the first-line antimicrobial agents, in E. coli strains isolated from poultry in Western Algeria.

Materials and Methods: E. coli culture was done on MacConkey agar and their identification was determined by AP20E system. For susceptibility testing, disk diffusion method to 14 antimicrobials, including first-line antibiotics, was used according to Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton agar and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. E. coli isolates were considered as multidrug resistance (MDR) when found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent of three different families of antibiotics. Double-disk synergy and combination disk tests were used for initial screening and confirmation for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production, respectively.

Results: A total of 145 E. coli strains were isolated in this study. High resistance levels to various antibiotics, including commonly used first-line antimicrobial agents, were recorded in this study. The highest resistance level was observed against nalidixic acid (90.34%, n=131), followed by tetracycline (86.89%, n=126), ampicillin (82.75%, n=120), enrofloxacin (80.68%, n=117) and neomycin (80.68%, n=117), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (73.79%, n=107), norfloxacin (72.41%, n=105) and cephalothin (72.41%, n=105), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (51.72%, n=75), chloramphenicol (22.75%, n=33), nitrofurantoin (17.24%, n=25), gentamicin (13.10%, n=19), and ceftiofur (3.44%, n=5). Moreover, resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics was also demonstrated in the present study. Overall, 139 out of 145 isolates (95.86%) demonstrated MDR (resistant to at least three antibiotics). In addition, five E. coli isolates (3.44%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers.

Conclusion: The alarming rate of E. coli resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics in poultry demands intensified surveillance. These results call for taking drastic measures to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and reduce the emergence risks of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant E. coli isolates.

Keywords: Algeria, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, first-line antibiotics, multidrug resistance, poultry.

A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 15-02-2020)

9. A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, I. Made Damriyasa, I. Gede Mahardika, Kadek Swastika, Luh Putu Hartiningsih and Kadek Karang Agustina

Veterinary World, 13(2): 284-289

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Taenia saginata hazardously affects human and animal health. The distribution of this disease is found almost all over the world. The study aimed to obtain epidemiological information concerning prevalence and the distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 267 community-owned Bali cattle serum samples from the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara were examined. The study was conducted by examining the serum of Bali cattle using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Risk factors related to cysticercosis that analyzed were sex, breeding type, age, physical condition, source of drinking water, pen condition, and latrine availability.

Results: Seven of 91 Bali cattle sera from all regencies/cities in Bali showed a positive result. Those positive sera were originated from Buleleng (1), Gianyar (2), Denpasar (2), and Klungkung (2). Meanwhile, four of 92 Bali cattle sera from West Nusa Tenggara and seven of 84 from East Nusa Tenggara occurred antibodies against T. saginata. We identified that two risk factors that influence the incidence of T. saginata infection in Bali cattle in Bali were the sex and the cattle breeding type.

Conclusion: Through this research can be made a map of bovine cysticercosis in Bali cattle in Bali and Nusa Tenggara region. By mapping the disease, it is recommended that the animal health officers should be more accurate when conducting postmortem examination, especially on cattle from a positive region.

Keywords: Bali cattle, bovine cysticercosis, risk factor, Taenia saginata.

Identification and characterization of Salmonella spp. from samples of broiler farms in selected districts of Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 13-02-2020)

8. Identification and characterization of Salmonella spp. from samples of broiler farms in selected districts of Bangladesh

Debashish Mridha, Md. Nasir Uddin, Badrul Alam, A. H. M. Taslima Akhter, SK. Shaheenur Islam, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan and S. M. Lutful Kabir

Veterinary World, 13(2): 275-283

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are an important group of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify and characterize of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms of Gazipur, Tangail, and Dhaka districts of Bangladesh. This study also evaluated the difference of Salmonella positivity status between two groups of farms, good practices adapted in broiler rearing at the project intervened farms, and non-project intervened traditional farms.

Materials and Methods: A total of 352 samples including 128 cloacal swabs, 32 whole carcasses, 64 feed, 64 water, and 64 attendants' hand rinses were collected through convenient sampling technique from 16 poultry food safety project of Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations Bangladesh intervened farms and other 16 non-project intervened farms in the same location. Various cultural based techniques and biochemical methods were employed for the estimation of prevalence, isolation, and identification of Salmonella spp. which was further evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disk diffusion methods and serogrouping by slide agglutination test was accomplished for additional characterization.

Results: Among the samples, an overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 31.25% (110/352) (95% confidence interval [CI]=26.44-36.38%). However, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 24.43% (43/176) (95% CI=18.28-31.47) in project intervened farms and 38.07% (67/176) (95% CI=30.87-45.68%) in non-intervened farms. Among the 110 isolates, 31.82% (35/110) were fitted under serogroup B, and the rest of the isolates 75 (68.18%) under serogroup D. Of 110 isolates, 82.72%, 77.27%, 81.82%, and 79.09% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, norfloxacin, and streptomycin, respectively. In addition, 81.82% and 80% isolates were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. Isolated Salmonella spp. presented moderate resistance to both amoxicillin and azithromycin. Alarmingly, 80.91% (89/110) isolates were shown to be multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.

Conclusion: The study has presented a significant variation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. between project intervened and non-project intervened farms, and this indicates project intervened farms are comparatively safer than the non-intervened farms considering public health and food safety grounds. This research outcome also has highlighted a substantial proportion of poultry origin multidrug resistance Salmonella spp. is a potential source of public health hazards. In this regard, proper awareness creation and motivational activities on good agriculture practices in poultry rearing and maintaining good personal hygiene at the farmers' level are warranted through participatory training.

Keywords: good agriculture practices, hygienic practices, multidrug resistance, poultry, Salmonella spp.

Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

Research (Published online: 12-02-2020)

7. Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

Sharmin Akter, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Zobayda Farzana Haque, Md. Tanvir Rahman, Md. Abdul Kafi and Sukumar Saha

Veterinary World, 13(2): 266-274

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes.

Materials and Methods: A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6%), Salmonella spp., (66.4%), and Escherichia coli (51.4%). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3% of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37%, 20%, 20%, and 14% isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene.

Conclusion: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, houseflies.