Analysis of phenolic compounds and immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract from Aceh, Indonesia, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in Sprague-Dawley rats

Research (Published online: 18-01-2020)

20. Analysis of phenolic compounds and immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract from Aceh, Indonesia, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in Sprague-Dawley rats

Liza Meutia Sari, Rachmi Fanani Hakim, Zaki Mubarak and Andriyanto Andriyanto

Veterinary World, 13(1): 134-140

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract. The phytochemical content and phenolic composition of the extract were also determined.

Materials and Methods: An extract of areca nut was prepared using 96% ethanol and subsequently screened for phytochemical content using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The immunomodulatory activity of the extract was tested in 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into four groups: One control group and three experimental groups in which the rats received 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg of oral areca nut extract biweekly (BW). The extract was orally administered 14 days before the intraperitoneal challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (1×108 CFU/mL). On the 14th day of the experiment, rats in all the four groups were sacrificed. Measurement of the levels of red blood cells, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, and macrophages were recorded. The activities of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, urea, and creatinine were also determined.

Results: Areca nut was found to contain an alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of catechin as the major compound along with quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract in rats infected with S. aureus produced a significant increase in the concentration of WBC but did not affect Hct, Hb, and other cell types. Among the different doses tested, 1000 mg/kg BW was found to be most effective in cellular immunity models. No harmful effects on the liver and kidney functions were observed.

Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of areca nut might be attributed to the presence of catechin and quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract increased the number of WBCs and improved the activity and capacity of macrophages significantly in rats infected with S. aureus.

Keywords: areca nut extract, catechin, immunomodulatory activity, phytochemical content.

Effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene on growth traits of Kejobong goat and its growth analysis

Research (Published online: 18-01-2020)

19. Effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene on growth traits of Kejobong goat and its growth analysis

Dela Ayu Lestari, Takuro Oikawa, Sutopo Sutopo, Endang Purbowati, Asep Setiaji and Edy Kurnianto

Veterinary World, 13(1): 127-133

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to identify the effect of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene on growth, to uncover the genetic marker at the IGF1 gene, and to predict growth performance by analyzing growth models of Kejobong goats based on their genotype.

Materials and Methods: DNA and records of body weight (BW) and body measurements (BM) of Kejobong goats were collected, the IGF1 gene was amplified from the DNA template by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the PCR products were then sequenced to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to analyze the association between SNP and growth traits. Four non-linear growth models were analyzed using non-LMM to describe the growth model and to compare the growth within genotypes.

Results: An SNP at intron 4 (g5752G→C) genotyped into GG and CC was significantly associated with BW and BM. Goats of genotype GG had a significantly higher BW and BM (p<0.05) than those of genotype CC. Growth analysis showed that the von Bertalanffy model was the most fit for describing BW, the Brody model for chest width and hip height, the Gompertz and Logistic models for heart girth, and the von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models for hip width.

Conclusion: An SNP at intron 4 of the IGF1 gene was associated with the growth trait and was usable as a genetic marker candidate for improvement of growth traits of Kejobong goats while von Bertalanffy model provides proper and accurate estimates of parameters to describe the growth performance of Kejobong goats.

Keywords: genetic markers, goat, growth analysis, growth traits, insulin-like growth factor 1.

Nano zinc oxide – An alternate zinc supplement for livestock

Research (Published online: 16-01-2020)

18. Nano zinc oxide – An alternate zinc supplement for livestock

K. Geetha, M. Chellapandian, N. Arulnathan and A. Ramanathan

Veterinary World, 13(1): 121-126

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of nano ZnO in in vitro for the application of livestock feed supplement.

Materials and Methods: Nano ZnO was synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method using zinc acetate as a precursor and sodium hydroxide was used for reducing the precursor salt. The properties of synthesized powder were characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. In vitro antimicrobial activities were analyzed against the pathogenic bacteria in poultry Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus aeruginosa. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to analyze the cytotoxicity effect of nano ZnO.

Results: SEM showed a spherical ZnO particle in the range of 70-100 nm. The size of the particle and purity of the sample were confirmed by XRD. The nano-sized ZnO particles exhibited the UV absorption peak at 335 nm. In FTIR spectroscopy, pure ZnO nanoparticles showed stretching vibrations at 4000-5000 cm-1. ZnO nanoparticles exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and S. aeruginosa bacterial strains. Cell viability was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the cytotoxicity study.

Conclusion: From the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and the lower cytotoxicity observed at the prescribed dose, it is concluded that nano ZnO powder is a potential alternate zinc supplement for livestock.

Keywords: antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, nano zinc oxide, precipitation method, zinc supplementation.

Prevalence, distribution on host's body, and chemical control of camel ticks Hyalomma dromedarii in the United Arab Emirates

Research (Published online: 16-01-2020)

17. Prevalence, distribution on host's body, and chemical control of camel ticks Hyalomma dromedarii in the United Arab Emirates

Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb and Sabir Bin Muzaffar

Veterinary World, 13(1): 114-120

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Camel farming remains a part of the culture of the Arabian Peninsula although modern methods have greatly increased camel densities in the entire region. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), camel production is threatened by tick parasitism. However, no study has considered assessing the magnitude of the problem in the UAE. We conducted a study evaluating tick richness, abundance, and spatial distribution of ticks on camels in farms near Al Ain, UAE. In addition, we conducted a survey of farm owners to determine the control methods used to eliminate camel ticks.

Materials and Methods: Tick counts were made on 502 camels (Camelus dromedarius). For each examined animal, visual counts of ticks were made on the entire body segregating the counts by head, neck, forelegs, hump, abdomen, back legs, and tail area. In addition, a total of 70 camel owners from the study area were randomly selected and surveyed about the tick control methods.

Results: Hyalomma dromedarii was the only species found during the study. The prevalence of ticks was 98% among the sampled animals. The mean intensity (tick load) was 25.8±2.4 ticks/host and the maximum number of ticks per animal was 102. Ticks were found in five vicinities that are on the border with Oman. The highest number of ticks on the body of the camel occurred on the tail area followed by the abdomen. Cypermethrin was the most commonly used acaricide (46.9%).

Conclusion: The high abundance of ticks reported in this study calls for the establishment of a good management strategy. In addition, finding ticks in vicinities in the UAE that are on the border with Oman suggests a cross-border movement between the two countries. Therefore, studying this movement is important to understand its role in the global circulation of some H. dromedarii tick-borne diseases and the movement of acaricide resistance alleles among tick populations.

Keywords: acaricide, Hyalomma dromedarii, prevalence, tick load, tick-borne disease, United Arab Emirates.

Evaluation of adenosine deaminase activity in serum of cattle and buffaloes in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis

Research (Published online: 13-01-2020)

16. Evaluation of adenosine deaminase activity in serum of cattle and buffaloes in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis

Navdeep Kaur Dhaliwal, Deepti Narang, Mudit Chandra, Gursimran Filia and Sikh Tejinder Singh

Veterinary World, 13(1): 110-113

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis. bTB causes severe economic losses resulting from livestock deaths, chronic disease, and trade restrictions. Determination of serum levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme produced by monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, has been used in the diagnosis of human TB. This study aimed to evaluate the role of ADA enzyme activity in the diagnosis of bTB.

Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 100 animals (cattle and buffaloes) were screened for bTB by comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) test and in serum samples obtained from 100 screened animals, ADA seric activity was evaluated using ADA-MTB kit procured from Tulip Diagnostics.

Results: A total of 18 animals were positive TB reactors by CITT, 8 were positive by IFN-γ, and 4 animals were positive by both CITT and IFN-γ. The average ADA value of bTB-positive animals either by CITT, IFN-γ, or both CITT and IFN-γ was 12.55 U/L, 14.8 U/L, and 18.36 U/L, respectively, in CID negative, it was 10.57 U/L and in IFN-γ negative, it was 10.59 U/L.

Conclusion: The average ADA value of bTB-positive animals positive either by CITT, IFN-γ, or both CITT and IFN-γ was more than the average ADA value in animals negative for bTB by either of the tests.

Keywords: adenosine deaminase, comparative intradermal tuberculin test, interferon-γ, Mycobacterium bovis.

Molecular characteristic of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Sumba Island at East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 13-01-2020)

15. Molecular characteristic of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Sumba Island at East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

I. K. Narcana, I. W. Suardana and I. N. K. Besung

Veterinary World, 13(1): 104-109

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolates originated from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province.

Materials and Methods: The isolates of P. multocida stored in frozen storage were cultured in blood agar as a selective medium and identified conventionally. Molecular tests were initiated by DNA isolation and then followed by polymerase chain reaction tests with specific primers for the determination of P. multocida serotype A or B. Positive strain of serotype B was then confirmed molecularly using 16S rRNA gene primer and followed by the sequencing of nucleotides.

Results: The study showed that both P. multocida isolates from Sumba island, i.e. PM1 is isolated from East Sumba district, while PM2 isolated from West Sumba district have 99.6% homology. Both isolates also known have 99% similarities with P. multocida originated from India, Britain, and Japan, respectively. The isolates share the same clade in the phylogenetic tree.

Conclusion: The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a high similarity of P. multocida serotype B:2 isolated from Sumba island with the Indian isolates although the sample size is very small. Therefore, further molecular studies like multilocus sequence typing, VNTR need to be performed using a larger number of samples to establish the genetic relatedness observed in this study.

Keywords: genetic relatedness, molecular genetic, Pasteurella multocida, Septicemia Epizootica, Sumba island.

Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome B gene

Research (Published online: 13-01-2020)

14. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome B gene

Dorothea Vera Megarani, Herjuno Ari Nugroho, Zahrah Prawita Andarini, Yura Dwi Risa B. R. Surbakti and Rini Widayanti

Veterinary World, 13(1): 96-103

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the genetic characterization and phylogenetic structure of Indonesian indigenous catfish using cytochrome B (Cyt B) sequences.

Materials and Methods: The genomes of 26 catfishes caught from nine rivers from nine different geographical locations around Indonesia were analyzed. The tissue isolation method was used to isolate the total genome of the fishes. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction was done to amplify the mtDNA Cyt B using the CytBF and CytBR primers. Following sequencing, the analysis of genetic variation and the phylogenetic relationship was performed using MEGA version X software.

Results: Cyt B gene sequencing attained a total of 1139 nucleotides encrypting 379 amino acids for all samples. The ClustalW alignment program using MEGA X software revealed 395 substituted nucleotides, which then translated into 63 amino acid variation sites among all 26 samples. No amino acids in catfish BB were different compared to catfish PM, MP, and KR2,3. Catfish MS had one modified amino acid; KR1 and KS had two different amino acids; BF had 38 different amino acids; EM had 31 different amino acids; and BSBJ had 26 different amino acids compared to catfish BB. The most significant alteration of amino acids was between catfish EM and BF (49 amino acids).

Conclusion: Indonesian catfish were divided into five clades based on the Cyt B gene. Samples KR and MP (Sumatra); MS and BB (Kalimantan); and PM (Java) were clustered with Hemibagrus nemurus and Hemibagrus wyckioides (Bagridae family). Samples from Kalimantan (KS) and one sample of KR (KR1) from Sumatra were clustered with Sperata seenghala and Hemibagrus spilopterus (Bagridae family). Samples from Java (BSBJ) were clustered with Pseudolais pleurotaenia (Pangasiidae family). Samples EM (Java) were together with Mystus cavasius (Bagridae family). Samples from West Papua were clustered with Potamosilurus latirostris (Ariidae family).

Keywords: cytochrome B, Indonesian indigenous catfish, mitochondrial DNA, phylogenetic study, Siluriformes.