An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review

Review (Published online: 08-11-2019)

7. An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review

Mohammad H. Gharaibeh and Shoroq Q. Shatnawi

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1735-1746

ABSTRACT

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antimicrobial agent that is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacilli, especially the Enterobacteriaceae family. Recently, the wide dissemination of colistin-resistance has brought strong attention to the scientific society because of its importance as the last resort for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections and its possible horizontal transmission. The mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene was identified as the gene responsible for unique colistin resistance. Indeed, despite many studies that have revealed a pan variation in the existence of this gene, not only for the mcr genes main group but also for its many subgroups, the problem is growing and worsening day after day. In this regard, this review paper is set to review the updated data that has been published up to the end of 2019 third quarter, especially when related to colistin resistance by the mcr genes. It will include the present status of colistin resistance worldwide, the mcr gene dissemination in different sectors, the discovery of the mcr variants, and the global plan to deal with the threat of antimicrobial resistance. In line with global awareness, and to stop antibiotic misuse and overuse, especially in agricultural animals, the study will further discuss in detail the latest alternatives to colistin use in animals, which may contribute to the elimination of inappropriate antibiotic use and to the help in preventing infections. This review will advance our understanding of colistin resistance, while supporting the efforts toward better stewardship, for the proper usage of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and in the environment.

Keywords: animals, colistin alternatives, colistin resistance, Enterobacteriaceae, humans, mobilized colistin resistance-genes, one-health.

Study on vector mosquito of zoonotic Brugia malayi in Musi Rawas, South Sumatera, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 07-11-2019)

6. Study on vector mosquito of zoonotic Brugia malayi in Musi Rawas, South Sumatera, Indonesia

Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Erwin Edyansyah

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1729-1734

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Studies to determine abundance, distribution, species composition, and mosquito interactions are very important in understanding the risk of disease transmission to implement appropriate mosquito management in endemic areas. Lymphatic filarial worms are one of the parasites that are contracted and/or transmitted by mosquitoes when sucking the blood of infected humans or animals and then biting others. This research was conducted to study the abundance, species composition, mosquito biting cycles, density and periodicity of mosquitoes caught in Lubuk Pauh Village, Bulang Tengah Suku Ulu, Musi Rawas, South Sumatera, Indonesia, which is an endemic area of zoonotic Brugia malayi.

Materials and Methods: The mosquito collection was done in July 2018 using the human landing collection method for 11 h from 18.00 pm to 5.00 am Western Indonesian Time. The catching of mosquitoes was done both indoors and outdoors, and mosquitoes were identified under a dissecting microscope using an identification key to confirm their species. Detection of B. malayi larvae in mosquitoes was confirmed by dissection and polymerase chain reaction methods.

Results: The caught mosquitoes consisted of four species: Armigeres subalbatus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishnui, and Mansonia uniformis. Based on the Shannon–Wiener index, Lubuk Pauh Village has low mosquito species diversity (0.210). Ar. subalbatus was the dominant mosquito in Lubuk Pauh Village with dominance number 95.08, and it had the most frequent activity in each of periods of indoor and outdoor collection, with the highest density (man-hour density) at 18.00-19.00 (51.750). B. malayi infective stage larvae were not found in all mosquito species caught.

Conclusion: Existence of Ar. subalbatus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ma. uniformis in Lubuk Pauh Village which is an endemic area of B. malayi shows that the area is at risk of lymphatic filariasis transmission.

Keywords: Armigeres subalbatus, Brugia malayi, lymphatic filariasis, Musi Rawas, South Sumatera.

Antioxidant influence on poultry liver morphology and hepatocyte ultrastructure

Research (Published online: 07-11-2019)

5. Antioxidant influence on poultry liver morphology and hepatocyte ultrastructure

Evgeny Skovorodin, Guzel Bronnikova, George Bazekin, Oleg Dyudbin and Roman Khokhlov

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1716-1728

Background and Aim: The poultry farming development is held back by necessity to use the concentrates with the increased number of crude protein, mycotoxicoses, and subclinical infections concentration. They make a significant impact on the liver, therefore affecting its morphofunctional condition. Antioxidants use can prevent the negative influence of these factors. This study aimed to examine the impact of feed supplements containing natural antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants.

Materials and Methods: The Muscovy ducks, Hungarian White geese, and quails were the study object. Birds after hatching from eggs were split into two groups: Control and two experimental. The control group (40 birds of each species) received a normal diet in accordance with the type and age. The young ducklings, goslings, and quails of the first experimental group (30 birds of each species) received water with diisopropylammonium dichloroacetate (Dironax). The young ducklings, goslings, and quails of the second experimental group (30 birds of each species) received liquid multivitamin preparation, containing organic selenium form (Solvimin Selen) from the 1st day of the postembryonic development to the age of 60 days. We performed the weighing of the young ducklings, goslings, and quails, determined the live weight, liver weight, using the electronic scales (measurement inaccuracy is 0.02 g). To conduct the morphometric, histological, and electron microscopic studies liver, we killed the birds at the age of 1 day, 15 days, a month and 2 months during the postembryonic ontogenesis.

Results: The performed overall studies allowed to determine the positive influence of the antioxidants on growth and development of the meat bird, whose body mass increased by 5-10% in comparison with the control parameters. The antioxidants use prevents the development of fatty, hydropic and parenchymal degeneration, hepatocyte and epithelial cells necrosis of the bile ducts, and connective tissue proliferation with its further fibrosis.

Conclusion: This study proved that it is more effective to use well-digestible, fast-acting natural polyvitaminic antioxidant complex with selenium, starting from the 1st day of the postembryonic ontogeny.

Keywords: antioxidants, diisopropylammonium dichloroacetate, Dironax, ducks, geese, hepatocytes, liver, morphology, quails, selenium, Solvimin Selen, ultrastructure.

Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective

Research (Published online: 04-11-2019)

4. Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective

Ahmed Mohammed Erfan and Sherif Marouf

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1707-1715

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Respiratory bacterial agents represent one of the most harmful factors that ordinarily threaten the poultry industry and usually lead to great economic losses. Meanwhile, there is a global demand to avoid the highly emerging antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in edible meat. Whereas, the use of alternatives became of great priority, especially for those substances extracted from natural plant origin. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil as a herbal extract on different respiratory bacterial agents.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty biological samples were collected through targeted surveillance for respiratory diseased poultry farms representing three governorates, from which bacterial isolation and identification, DNA sequencing of representative strains were performed. Furtherly, phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration, agar disk diffusion, and virulence genes expression real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Cinnamon oil gave rise to acceptable degrees of virulence genes downregulation of 0.15, 0.19, 0.37, 0.41, 0.77, and 0.85 for Staphylococcus aureus sed gene, Escherichia coli stx1 gene, Avibacterium paragallinarum HPG-2 gene, Pasteurella multocida ptfA gene, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mgc2 gene, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale adk gene, respectively. Phenotypically, using agar disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility, cinnamon oil showed also tolerable results as it stopped the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. multocida, and A. paragallinarum with varying zones of inhibition.

Conclusion: The encountered results declared the successful in vitro effect of cinnamon oil that recommends its application for living birds for future use as a safe antibacterial in the poultry industry.

Keywords: bacteria, cinnamon, expression, gene sequence, poultry, respiratory.

Comparing cytotoxicity of propoxur and Nepeta crispa (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) essential oil against invertebrate (Sf9) and vertebrate (L929) cell lines

Research (Published online: 04-11-2019)

3. Comparing cytotoxicity of propoxur and Nepeta crispa (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) essential oil against invertebrate (Sf9) and vertebrate (L929) cell lines

Amirhossein Zahirnia, Mitra Boroomand, Hassan Nasirian, Aref Salehzadeh and Sara Soleimani-Asl

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1698-1706

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Attempts to use the plant products are to be an appropriate option due to substantial concerns about human health and environmental problems of using synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of Nepeta crispa essential oil was compared with propoxur against invertebrate (Sf9) and vertebrate (L929) cell lines.

Materials and Methods: The cell lines of Sf9 and L929 which were derived from the ovary glands of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and mouse fibroblast cells, respectively, were obtained from the National Cell Bank of Pasteur Institute of Iran. About a number of 2 × 103 cells were placed into the wells of 96-well plate experiments. Then, appropriate concentrations of essential oil of N. crispa plant and propoxur added to the wells. The cells were allowed to grow for 3-5 days and estimated the numbers of cells. The cells of control experiment wells contained only cells with dimethyl sulfoxide. All control and treatment experiments repeated at least four replicates.

Results: Propoxur had negative effects on the viability of both invertebrate (Sf9) and vertebrate (L929) cell lines. The cytotoxicity of propoxur against invertebrate (Sf9) and vertebrate (L929) cell lines was gradually increased in accordance with propoxur concentrations. The cytotoxicity of N. crispa essential oil against vertebrate (L929) cell line was gradually decreased in accordance with plant concentrations, while the cytotoxicity of N. crispa essential oil against invertebrate (Sf9) cell line was strongly increased in accordance with plant concentrations.

Conclusion: Plant essential oil not only had no negative effects but also had boosting effects on vertebrate cell viability. Essential oil of N. crispa plant had negative effects on invertebrate cell viability with the differences that the products derived from plants possessing of biodegradable and environmentally friendly derivatives, hydrolyzing rapidly in nature, and nearly having no destructive effects on environment, humans, or the mammals.

Keywords: biodegradable derivative, invertebrate cell line, plant essential oil, plant natural products, vertebrate cell line.

Phytogenic compounds do not interfere physiological parameters and growth performances on two Indonesian local breeds of ducks

Research (Published online: 04-11-2019)

2. Phytogenic compounds do not interfere physiological parameters and growth performances on two Indonesian local breeds of ducks

Ismoyowati Ismoyowati, Diana Indrasanti, Sigit Mugiyono and Mulyoto Pangestu

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1689-1697

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck's breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 male day-old local breed ducks (Tegal and Muscovy ducks) were used in this experiment. The first factor was duck breed and the second factor was different phytogenic compounds supplementation in the diet: Garlic, turmeric, ginger, and kencur, at 3% each. The observed variables were the blood lipid profiles comprise high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol total, triglyceride, blood parameters, welfare (heterophil/ lymphocyte [H/L] ratio), and growth performances (feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass percentage).

Results: The interaction between breed of ducks and phytogenic compounds had a significant effect on blood triglyceride, but no significant effect on the blood lipid profile, hematological parameters, and growth performances. While, phytogenic compounds in the diet had significant effects on the blood lipid profile, heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), and H/L ratio of ducks. The breed factors affected HDL and growth performances. Muscovy duck had a higher HDL and growth performance compare to Tegal duck. Among those, garlic most effectively reduced triglyceride level in Tegal duck.

Conclusion: Phytogenic compounds 3% do not have a negative effect on the physiological parameters of ducks increase ducks welfare (H/L ratio), so it does not affect the growth performances of ducks. Muscovy duck had higher growth performances than Tegal ducks.

Keywords: blood lipid, growth performances, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, Indonesian ducks, phytogenic compounds.

Histopathological changes of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and subsequent liver regeneration in BALB/C and ICR mice

Research (Published online: 04-11-2019)

1. Histopathological changes of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and subsequent liver regeneration in BALB/C and ICR mice

Fazil Muhammad-Azam, Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila, Raslan Ain-Fatin, Mohamed Mustapha Noordin and Nurhusien Yimer

Veterinary World, 12(11): 1682-1688

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Laboratory mice are widely used as a research model to provide insights into toxicological studies of various xenobiotic. Acetaminophen (APAP) is an antipyretic and analgesic drug that is commonly known as paracetamol, an ideal hepatotoxicant to exhibit centrilobular necrosis in laboratory mice to resemble humans. However, assessment of histopathological changes between mouse strains is important to decide the optimal mouse model used in APAP toxicity study. Therefore, we aim to assess the histomorphological features of APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in BALB/C and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-five ICR mice and 20 BALB/C mice were used where five animals as control and the rest were randomly divided into four time points at 5, 10, 24 and 48 hours post-dosing (hpd). They were induced with 500 mg/kg APAP intraperitoneally. Liver sections were processed for hematoxylin-eosin staining and histopathological changes were scored based on grading methods.

Results: Intense centrilobular damage was observed as early as 5 hpd in BALB/C as compared to ICR mice, which was observed at 10 hpd. The difference of liver injury between ICR and BALB/C mice is due to dissimilarity in the genetic line-up that related to different elimination pathways of APAP toxicity. However, at 24 hpd, the damage was markedly subsided and liver regeneration had taken place for both ICR and BALB/C groups with evidence of mitotic figures. This study showed that normal liver architecture was restored after the clearance of toxic insult.

Conclusion: AILI was exhibited earlier in BALB/C than ICR mice but both underwent liver recovery at later time points.

Keywords: acetaminophen, BALB/C, histopathology, institute of cancer research, liver injury, liver regeneration.