Intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis among rabbits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 15-08-2019)

12. Intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis among rabbits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Penny Humaidah Hamid, Sigit Prastowo and Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1256-1260

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The attention to rabbit meat production in Indonesia is comparatively less to other farm animals such as cattle and poultry industries. However, future prospect of rabbit to be seriously industrialized seemed quite promising due to rabbit is highly productive and has short reproduction cycle as well as generation interval. One of the diseases infecting many rabbits is coccidiosis caused by protozoan parasite, Eimeria spp. The infectious stage of Eimeria spp. presents ubiquitously in the environment and increases the risk of parasite transmission. Preventive methods such as vaccination are not yet fully developed, while sporadic treatment is not efficiently reduce the cases. In this study, Eimeria spp. infecting rabbits in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, were investigated with the aim for precise diagnosis to determine targeted treatment and as a baseline epidemiological data from rabbit in Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Sample collection was performed randomly for 3 months, from March 2017 to May 2017 and covered areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 750 samples were collected. Eimeria species identification was determined morphologically from the samples after sporulation in 2.5% potassium dichromate by COCCIMORPH.

Results: Ten species of Eimeria spp. were identified in this study from the positive samples (527/750; 70.3%). Eimeria flavescens was present in 80% of the positive samples, Eimeria coeciola in 78%, Eimeria perforans in 61%, Eimeria exigua in 37%, Eimeria media in 33%, Eimeria stiedae in 31%, Eimeria irresidua in 12%, Eimeria magna in 11%, Eimeria intestinalis in 10%, and Eimeria piriformis in 10%. Coinfection as noted in 80% of the positive samples with 2-6 species in a specimen. E. flavescens and E. coeciola were the most prevalent among all Eimeria spp. (p=0.0001).

Conclusion: Eimeria spp. is detected in high prevalence among rabbit in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with commonly occurs in mixed infections. In this paper, we describe Eimeria spp. that are circulating in Indonesia and present it as updated information to farmers and veterinarians. To the best of our knowledge, we provided the first information about rabbit coccidiosis in Indonesia.

Keywords: coccidiosis, Indonesia, rabbit.

Studies on immune response to Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens fed with Lactobacillus reuteri PIA16 isolated from the gut of indigenous chicken of Assam, India

Research (Published online: 15-08-2019)

11. Studies on immune response to Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens fed with Lactobacillus reuteri PIA16 isolated from the gut of indigenous chicken of Assam, India

Gaichamdinliu Gonmei, Deben Sapcota, Girin Kumar Saikia, Pankaj Deka, Joga Dev Mahanta, Niranjan Kalita, Bibeka Nanda Saikia and Jitendra Kumar Talukdar

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1251-1255

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The chicken gut harbors microflora which impacts the health, production performance and immune response against pathogens. Assam local chickens reared under natural conditions are known to possess high immunocompetence which may be attributable to its gut microbiota make-up. This study aimed to investigate the individual effect of two strains of Lactobacillus reuteri PIA16 isolated separately from cecum and jejunum of Assam indigenous chicken on the immunity of broiler chickens against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) when fed singly and in combination with a prebiotic.

Materials and Methods: A total of 240 birds (48 per group) were vaccinated with Lasota strain of NDV on the 5th and 21st day of age. Blood samples were collected before and after immunization against ND for the detection of humoral antibody response by hemagglutination inhibition test. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was estimated through response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and expressed as web index.

Results: A significant influence on the immune response to NDV was observed in all the L. reuteri PIA16 as well as mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplemented groups revealing higher antibody titer than the control counterpart. The CMI response revealed a better cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response to PHA-P in the treated groups than the control.

Conclusion: Enhancement in immunity was perceived in the broilers fed with L. reuteri PIA16 and in combination with MOS due to the stimulation of the host's humoral and CMI response by the probiotics and prebiotics used.

Keywords: hemagglutination inhibition, Lactobacillus reuteri PIA16, mannan oligosaccharide, Newcastle disease, phytohemagglutinin-P, probiotics.

Epidemiological study of sausage in Algeria: Prevalence, quality assessment, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the risk factors associated with consumer habits affecting foodborne poisoning

Research (Published online: 15-08-2019)

10. Epidemiological study of sausage in Algeria: Prevalence, quality assessment, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the risk factors associated with consumer habits affecting foodborne poisoning

Amina Hachemi, Safia Zenia, Mohamed Fatih Denia, Meryem Guessoum, Mohamed Mehdi Hachemi and Khatima Ait-Oudhia

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1240-1250

ABSTRACT

Aim: The first aim was to assess the quality and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus contamination of raw sausage sold in ten municipalities in the Northeast of Algeria. Second, a consumer sausage purchasing survey was designed to investigate potential risk factors that have a significant association with the occurrence of foodborne poisoning among sausage consumers' behavior and its relationship with independent variables.

Materials and Methods: A total of 230 butcheries from ten departments (Daira) of Algiers with more than 40 municipalities were included randomly in these studies to collect raw sausage samples and to distribute 700 structured questionnaires to meat consumers. Our two studies were conducted at the same time, between June 2016 and April 2018. Sausage samples were taken once per butchery to estimate the prevalence of S. aureus contamination and therefore deduct the quality assessment of raw sausage (Merguez) sold in Algiers, Algeria. All isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, questionnaires were distributed and used to collect information on various aspects of sausage consumption and foodborne disease. The data collected were analyzed with different statistical approaches, such as the Chi-square test and the odds ratio (OR) univariable logistic model. All the risk factors were analyzed by studying their association with the occurrence of consumers who claimed to have food poisoning after consuming sausage.

Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus contamination from sausages was 25.22% (n=58/230). Over 83.33% of strains showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested. The most important was for tetracycline (58%) followed by fosfomycin (33%), penicillin G (25%), and oxacillin (36%). Moreover, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index include 20 profiles with MAR >0.2. Out of the 440 meat consumers, 22.16% revealed having food poisoning after sausage consumption. The risk factors recorded were: Consumption outside of home (24.30%, OR=1.769, p=0.040), during the summer season (24.30%, OR=1.159) and during lunch (26.50%, OR=1.421).

Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of S. aureus contamination in Merguez, especially in some departments of Algiers, and the high multidrug resistance of S. aureus isolates against tetracycline and oxacillin; thus, S. aureus contamination in sausage is considered a potential risk to public health. Therefore, to reduce and prevent the spread of resistant strains, robust management and monitoring of antibiotic use should be established. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sanitation conditions and education regarding personal hygiene and change certain consumption habits of Algerian consumers to ensure food safety. Finally, it can be concluded that the application of the HACCP system is essential either in butcheries producing sausage and/or slaughterhouses. From this perspective, studies might be performed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus to investigate their virulence factors.

Keywords: consumers, quality assessment, risk factors, sausages, Staphylococcus aureus.

Effects of Spirogyra jaoensis as a dietary supplement on growth, pectoralis muscle performance, and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 11-08-2019)

9. Effects of Spirogyra jaoensis as a dietary supplement on growth, pectoralis muscle performance, and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

H. T. Saragih, A. A. K. Muhamad, Alfianto Alfianto, F. Viniwidihastuti, L. F. Untari, I. Lesmana, H. Widyatmoko and Z. Rohmah

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1233-1239

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of dietary Spirogyra jaoensis in starter feed on growth performance, pectoralis muscle (PM) growth, and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty one-day-old Cobb-500 broilers (body weight 46±2.6 g) were divided into four equal groups with 3 replicates in each group and given basal feed supplemented with dried S. jaoensis at doses of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, or 2%. The treatment was carried out until the chickens were 18 days old to examine growth of broiler chicks at starter period (8-21 days old).

Results: Supplementation with S. jaoensis at doses of 0.5% and 1% resulted in increased weight and improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. At the end of treatment, chickens fed with 0.5% and 1% S. jaoensis weighed 428.3±47.8 g and 426.9±31.8 g, respectively, and were significantly heavier than the control group (373.1±44.1 g). Furthermore, parameters related to PM growth and small intestine morphology of chickens supplemented with 0.5% S. jaoensis in basal feed were improved compared to the control group.

Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that S. jaoensis at a dose of 0.5% improves growth performance, PM growth, and small intestine morphology in broiler chickens.

Keywords: broiler chicken, feed supplement, pectoralis muscle growth, small intestine, Spirogyra jaoensis.

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Enhanced antibacterial activity of capped zinc oxide nanoparticles: A step towards the control of clinical bovine mastitis

Research (Published online: 11-08-2019)

8. Enhanced antibacterial activity of capped zinc oxide nanoparticles: A step towards the control of clinical bovine mastitis

H. F. Hozyen, E. S. Ibrahim, E. A. Khairy and S. I. El-Dek

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1225-1232

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine mastitis is the costliest prevalent disease in the dairy sector due to the limitations of conventional treatments. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been regarded as safe and economical antibacterial candidates against several microorganisms, but the tendency of these particles to aggregate is a major barrier to their application. This study aimed to enhance the antibacterial efficiency of ZnO-NPs against some bacterial agents, causing bovine mastitis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 24 milk samples out of 300 cases from Nubaria farm, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, were collected from cows with clinical mastitis. ZnO-NPs were fabricated by a sonochemical method using starch as a capping agent and by an auto-combustion reaction using glycine as a fuel. The two preparations of synthesized ZnO-NPs at different concentrations were assessed for their antimicrobial activities in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from milk of affected cows.

Results: Sonochemically synthesized capped ZnO-NPs were dispersed and non-agglomerated in comparison with aggregated uncapped ZnO-NPs prepared by an auto-combustion reaction. Capped dispersed ZnO-NPs showed higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae than particles synthesized by the auto-combustion reaction at same concentrations. However, the zone of inhibition for dispersed and agglomerated ZnO-NPs was concentration-dependent. In addition, Gram-positive S. aureus exhibited higher resistance to ZnO-NPs synthesized by both methods than Gram-negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

Conclusion: Dispersed, non-agglomerated ZnO-NPs fabricated using starch as a capping agent under sonochemical irradiation could potentially be regarded as highly effective and inexpensive antimicrobial agents against S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae for the management of bovine mastitis.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, clinical mastitis, dairy cows, zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Chemical compositions, contaminants, and residues of organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 09-08-2019)

7. Chemical compositions, contaminants, and residues of organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, Indonesia

Veronica Wanniatie, Mirnawati B. Sudarwanto, Trioso Purnawarman and Anuraga Jayanegara

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1218-1224

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to compare chemical composition and contaminants (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and heavy metal residues) between organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Milk sampling was carried out from March to August 2018 at six goat farms. The chemical quality of milk was checked using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer device. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Pesticide residues in goat's milk were analyzed using a GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Antibiotic residues were analyzed using bioassay screening test method. The lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) residues were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).

Results: The content of fat, protein, and lactose showed that there was no difference in the composition of goat's milk between organic and conventional farms. Caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) of organic goat milk are higher than conventional goat milk. Stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) of conventional goat milk are higher than organic goat milk. The total fatty acid of organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in organic goat milk and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotic residues were found in one sample (5.56%) of organic goat milk, and macrolides residues were found in two samples (11.11%) of conventional goat milk. Pb residue in organic goat milk is 50 ppb while conventional goat milk is 80 ppb. Residue As in organic goat milk is 70 ppb while conventional goat milk is 110 ppb.

Conclusion: There was no chemical composition (fat, protein, and lactose) difference between organic and conventional goat milk. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) in organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Pesticide residues are not found in both organic and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotics were found in organic goat milk and macrolide antibiotic groups found in conventional goat milk. Pb and As residues were found in both organic goat milk and conventional goat milk.

Keywords: antibiotic, chemical composition, goat milk, heavy metal, pesticide.

Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India

Research (Published online: 08-08-2019)

6. Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India

Anusha Alamuri, Sushma R. A. Thirumalesh, S. Sowjanya Kumari, K. Vinod Kumar, Parimal Roy and V. Balamurugan

Veterinary World, 12(8): 1212-1217

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, the prevalence and the distribution status of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies among cattle and buffaloes in enzootic districts of Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian state was carried out.

Materials and Methods: A total of 426 serum samples were randomly sampled from various villages from Prakasam, Kurnool, Guntur, Chittoor, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh between 2016 and 2017. Serum samples from cattle (n=106) and buffaloes (n=320) having a history of pyrexia, and reproductive problems such as agalactia, infertility, abortions, and stillbirth. The serum samples were screened for Leptospira-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test using a reference panel of 18 live cultures of pathogenic Leptospira serovars.

Results: The overall seropositivity of 68.08% (290/426) was observed with 70.8% (75/106) in cattle and 67.18% (215/320) in buffaloes. The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies in the sampled areas was determined against the employed serovars as follows: Icterohaemorrhagiae - 21.38%, Hebdomadis - 18.97%, Australis - 18.62%, Pomona - 17.24%, Sejroe - 15.86%, Tarassovi - 15.86%, Autumnalis - 15.52%, Panama - 14.83%, Shermani - 12.07%, Javanica - 11.38%, Hurstbridge - 11.03%, and Pyrogenes - 10.69%.

Conclusion: It was evident that bovines had a role in maintaining several predominant Leptospira serovars with the change in the trend over a period. The results from this study would also help in strategizing and mitigating the disease burden in cattle and buffaloes of the enzootic area.

Keywords: buffaloes, cattle, distribution of serovars, leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test, seroprevalence.