Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Review (Published online: 06-07-2019)

8. Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Nur Azhar Amira, Kamarulrizal Mat Isa, Arsalan Maqbool, Naveed Mohamad Ali, Eric Lim Teik Chung and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila

Veterinary World, 12(7): 978-983

ABSTRACT

Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. M. haemolytica serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between M. haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with M. haemolyticainfection among small ruminants.

Keywords: Mannheimia haemolytica, performance, physiology, pneumonic pasteurellosis, reproductive, small ruminants.

Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

7. Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni, Dhasia Ramandani, Vinsa Cantya Prakasita and Sitarina Widyarini

Veterinary World, 12(7): 972-977

ABSTRACT

Aim: Infectious coryza is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. In Indonesia, this infection results in a 10%-40% decrease in egg production by laying hens. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tetravalent coryza vaccine contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko in layers based on antibody titer and clinical signs using a post-challenge test.

Materials and Methods: Forty four-week-old Lohmanns strain chickens were used in this study. Forty chickens were divided into four groups for serological and challenge test: Group 1 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), Group 2 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B), Group 3 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), and Group 4 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B). Vaccination was done using the tetravalent vaccine in oil-emulsion adjuvant contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko. Vaccination was performed at day 1 and booster was done at day 14. Blood serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 for the hemagglutination-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The challenge test was given at day 29 through intranasal administration using A. paragallinarum serovars A-L2447 and B-L1710 approximately 6×108 CFU/mL. Clinical signs were observed for 14 days post-infection. At the end of the study, chickens were euthanized, and pathological features of the infraorbital sinus, facial skin, and trachea were recorded.

Results: Data analysis of antibody titers and pathological changes was performed descriptively, while clinical symptom scores were analyzed non-parametrically with the Mann–Whitney U-test using SPSS version 21. At days 14 and 28 post-vaccination, the antibody titer in Group 3 was 5 HI and 20 HI, respectively. However, the antibody titers in Group 4 at 28 days post-vaccination were 0 HI. Clinical observations, the vaccinated groups that were challenged with A. paragallinarum serovars A and B showed clinical symptoms on days 4 and 6 post-infection, namely mild unilateral facial edema and severe bilateral facial edema, respectively. Clinical signs in Groups 3 and 4 were less severe than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Pathological examination findings supported clinical observations and serological testing.

Conclusion: Tetravalent coryza vaccine in chickens has efficacy to protect against the challenge test of A. paragallinarum serovars A and B isolated from Indonesia.

Keywords: Avibacterium paragallinarum, challenge test, clinical signs, serological test, vaccine.

Forecasting delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis to human animal bite injuries in Central Iran: A decision tree analysis

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

6. Forecasting delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis to human animal bite injuries in Central Iran: A decision tree analysis

Amir Hamta, Abedin Saghafipour, Seyed Abbas Hosseinalipour and Fatemeh Rezaei

Veterinary World, 12(7): 965-971

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Data mining in medical sciences provides countless opportunities for demonstrating hidden patterns of a data set. These patterns can help general physicians and health workers in preventing diseases. This study aimed to forecast delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to human animal bite injuries in central Iran using a decision tree analysis.

Materials and Methods: The data of 2072 human animal bite cases were collected from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention unit of Qom Provincial Health Center, Iran from January 2017 to December 2018. The information related to animal bite incidents, including the biting animal characteristics and data on the bitten humans, was obtained by investigating the epidemiological survey forms of human animal bites. The decision tree model was applied to forecast the delay time of receiving PEP.

Results: A delay of more than 48 h in the initiation of PEP was estimated among 12.73% of animal bite victims. The most important variables to predict delay time of receiving PEP were the species of biting animal, time and cause of animal bite occurrences in 24 h a day, respectively. Hence, the model showed a delay in the initiation of PEP if the biting animal was a cattle or, a carnivore, and the time of being bitten was from 7 am to 1 pm, or if the animal was carnivore and the time of being bitten was between 1 and 7 pm, and the cause of animal bite was playing with the animal.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study on different variables affecting the initiation of PEP, the concepts related to animal bite and rabies, including the timely injection of anti-rabies vaccine to prevent rabies, it is a must to educate and train, all the people, especially housewives and students.

Keywords: decision tree analysis, human animal bite injuries, Iran, post-exposure prophylaxis.

Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from goats and rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

5. Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from goats and rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti, Ali Rohman, Didik Handiyatno, Dony Chrismanto and Kurnia Desiandura

Veterinary World, 12(7): 959-964

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to sequence the Cytochrome c oxidase (COX-1) gene sequence from mitochondrial DNA of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits, align it with DNA isolated from Zi'gong rabbit (GenBank accession No. EU256389.1), and produce a phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei COX-1 gene.

Materials and Methods: S. scabiei mites were obtained from goats and rabbits, and DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The forward and reverse primer sequences were designed based on the DNA sequence of an S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from the Zi'gong rabbit (5'-TCTTAGGGGCTGGATTTAGTATG-3' and 5'-AGTTCCTCTACCAGTTCCAC-3', respectively). To confirm sequencing output, the sequence resulting from the reverse primer was inverted and aligned to the sequence from the forward primer using Clone Manager Professional Version 9 for Windows (Scientific & Educational Software; http://www.scied.com). This alignment was subsequently used to build a phylogenetic tree, using the Neighbor- Joining method, in the MEGA6 program (https://www.megasoftware.net/).

Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from S. scabiei isolates from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits produced bands of around 290 bp with 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Comparing the DNA sequences of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene with those isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits showed 99% homology.

Conclusion: PCR products of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were around 290 bp long. The sequences had more than 99% homology. The sequences of the COX-1 gene of S. scabiei from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were relatively close to the sequence of the gene in S. scabiei obtained from various hosts according to National Center for Biotechnology Information data.

Keywords: cytochrome c oxidase-1, East Java, goat, Indonesia, rabbit, Sarcoptes scabiei.

Seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia

Research (Published online: 04-07-2019)

4. Seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia

Juan Carlos Pinilla León, Wilson Diaz, María Cristina Vasquez, Julio Cesar Tobón, Alfredo Sánchez and Diego Ortiz

Veterinary World, 12(7): 951-958

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia.

Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence study was done from the random sampling (n=1000) of blood collected from 29 dual-purpose herds, located in three municipalities (Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria) of Cesar department. The presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI-3V) in the samples was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Epidemiological data were obtained using a questionnaire administered to the owner or manager of each herd.

Results: The overall highest seroprevalence was observed for BHV-1 (94.7%), followed by BRSV (98.6%), BVDV (35.2%), and BPI-3V (47.1%). Regarding the seroprevalence by municipalities, there was a statistical association (p<0.05) for BVDV; however, for BRSV, BHV-1, and BPI-3V, no statistical association was found (p>0.05) between seropositive values and the municipalities, indicating that animal was seropositive in similar proportions in the three municipalities. Female sex and older animals (>24 months) were a significant risk factor for BHV-1 and BPI-3V infection. Regarding the clinical signs, there was a statistical association (p<0.05) between the seropositive values of BVDV and most of clinical signs observed, except for abortion.

Conclusion: This research confirms the high seroprevalence of the respiratory viral pathogens in nonvaccinated cattle within the study areas. Therefore, appropriate sanitary management practices and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the seroprevalence of these infectious agents.

Keywords: bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, seroprevalence, viral diseases.

Protective effect of intranasal peste des petits ruminants virus and bacterin vaccinations: Clinical, hematological, serological, and serum oxidative stress changes in challenged goats

Research (Published online: 03-07-2019)

3. Protective effect of intranasal peste des petits ruminants virus and bacterin vaccinations: Clinical, hematological, serological, and serum oxidative stress changes in challenged goats

Theophilus Aghogho Jarikre, Jeremiah Olalekan Taiwo, Benjamin Obukowho Emikpe and Stephen Owarioro Akpavie

Veterinary World, 12(7): 945-950

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The current vaccination for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is stalled by myriad challenges and continuous endemicity of pneumonia due to fulminant bacterial complication in goats. The present study evaluated the protective effect of intranasal PPRV linage 1 and bacterine vaccinations.

Materials and Methods: Twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 6 months were randomly grouped and vaccinated within 2 weeks using a combination of PPRV lineage 1 vaccine (Nig/75), and bacterin from Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) or Pasteurella multocida intranasally. The goats were observed for 3 weeks post-vaccination before comingled with a known infected WAD goat with apparent clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants and further observed clinically for 5 weeks post-infection (PI). Blood samples were taken for hematology while sera were assayed for antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and superoxide dismutase) activities and pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde content, reduced glutathione, hydrogen peroxide generation, and myeloperoxidase) using spectrophotometric methods. Data were subjected to parametric statistics at α=0.05 using GraphPad Prism version 21.

Results: Clinically, there were pyrexia, oculonasal discharge, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, and increased pro-oxidants in the unvaccinated goats, while moderate neutrophilia and leukocytosis were observed in PPRV and bacterin vaccinated goats. Two unvaccinated goats were weak and euthanized at 13 and 28 days PI. The goats vaccinated with PPRV and Mh showed better response clinically and biochemically.

Conclusion: The mucosal vaccination of goats with PPRV vaccine and bacterine will protect against exposure and culminate in the development of protective mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses. This vaccination strategy will provide framework needed in the prevention and control of endemic caprine pneumonia in Nigeria.

Keywords: bacterines, goats, mucosal immunity, peste des petits ruminants virus.

Serological, clinical, and risk factors of the Newcastle disease on broilers flocks in Algeria

Research (Published online: 02-07-2019)

2. Serological, clinical, and risk factors of the Newcastle disease on broilers flocks in Algeria

Chafik Redha Messaï, Omar Salhi, Djamel khelef, Aziz Lounas, Abdellah Mohamed-Cherif, Rachid Kaidi and Khatima Aït-Oudhia

Veterinary World, 12(7): 938-944

ABSTRACT

Aim: The work aimed at studying the serological and clinical factors, as well as the risk factors of the Newcastle disease (ND) on broilers herds in Algeria.

Materials and Methods: A sample of 1248 birds was randomly selected from 52 broiler flocks. We took blood samples from each bird at the level of the wing vein area where an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was carried out through the use of an IDvet kit.

Results: The flocks showed 82.69% of seroprevalence. Clinically speaking, the most common symptoms were sneezing, rale, greenish diarrhea, torticollis, and motor discords. Most commonly observed postmortem lesions were the proventriculitis, tracheitis, and enteritis. Especially, the caeca are hemorrhagic. The scores show the effect of risk factors. There was a significant effect on the mortality, the hygiene and vaccination groups on antibody titers in time 2. The antibody titers were elevated in the herd that recorded a high mortality (more than 10%) compared with those which recorded a low mortality (<10%) (p=0.002). Therefore, the antibody titers were elevated in herds with bad hygiene, compared with the ones with good hygiene (p=0.04). At last, when broiler chicken were not boosted by ND vaccine, flocks appeared to be more seropositive (p=0.02).

Conclusion: The serological survey conducted in this study provided an important scope for ND as a dominant viral disease in broilers. Many factors are responsible for the onset of these diseases; correct biosecurity measures are needed to reduce the impact of this pathology in poultry farms.

Keywords: Algeria, biosecurity, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Newcastle disease, serological, vaccination.