Protective effect of intranasal peste des petits ruminants virus and bacterin vaccinations: Clinical, hematological, serological, and serum oxidative stress changes in challenged goats

Research (Published online: 03-07-2019)

3. Protective effect of intranasal peste des petits ruminants virus and bacterin vaccinations: Clinical, hematological, serological, and serum oxidative stress changes in challenged goats

Theophilus Aghogho Jarikre, Jeremiah Olalekan Taiwo, Benjamin Obukowho Emikpe and Stephen Owarioro Akpavie

Veterinary World, 12(7): 945-950

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The current vaccination for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is stalled by myriad challenges and continuous endemicity of pneumonia due to fulminant bacterial complication in goats. The present study evaluated the protective effect of intranasal PPRV linage 1 and bacterine vaccinations.

Materials and Methods: Twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 6 months were randomly grouped and vaccinated within 2 weeks using a combination of PPRV lineage 1 vaccine (Nig/75), and bacterin from Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) or Pasteurella multocida intranasally. The goats were observed for 3 weeks post-vaccination before comingled with a known infected WAD goat with apparent clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants and further observed clinically for 5 weeks post-infection (PI). Blood samples were taken for hematology while sera were assayed for antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and superoxide dismutase) activities and pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde content, reduced glutathione, hydrogen peroxide generation, and myeloperoxidase) using spectrophotometric methods. Data were subjected to parametric statistics at α=0.05 using GraphPad Prism version 21.

Results: Clinically, there were pyrexia, oculonasal discharge, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, and increased pro-oxidants in the unvaccinated goats, while moderate neutrophilia and leukocytosis were observed in PPRV and bacterin vaccinated goats. Two unvaccinated goats were weak and euthanized at 13 and 28 days PI. The goats vaccinated with PPRV and Mh showed better response clinically and biochemically.

Conclusion: The mucosal vaccination of goats with PPRV vaccine and bacterine will protect against exposure and culminate in the development of protective mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses. This vaccination strategy will provide framework needed in the prevention and control of endemic caprine pneumonia in Nigeria.

Keywords: bacterines, goats, mucosal immunity, peste des petits ruminants virus.

Serological, clinical, and risk factors of the Newcastle disease on broilers flocks in Algeria

Research (Published online: 02-07-2019)

2. Serological, clinical, and risk factors of the Newcastle disease on broilers flocks in Algeria

Chafik Redha Messaï, Omar Salhi, Djamel khelef, Aziz Lounas, Abdellah Mohamed-Cherif, Rachid Kaidi and Khatima Aït-Oudhia

Veterinary World, 12(7): 938-944

ABSTRACT

Aim: The work aimed at studying the serological and clinical factors, as well as the risk factors of the Newcastle disease (ND) on broilers herds in Algeria.

Materials and Methods: A sample of 1248 birds was randomly selected from 52 broiler flocks. We took blood samples from each bird at the level of the wing vein area where an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was carried out through the use of an IDvet kit.

Results: The flocks showed 82.69% of seroprevalence. Clinically speaking, the most common symptoms were sneezing, rale, greenish diarrhea, torticollis, and motor discords. Most commonly observed postmortem lesions were the proventriculitis, tracheitis, and enteritis. Especially, the caeca are hemorrhagic. The scores show the effect of risk factors. There was a significant effect on the mortality, the hygiene and vaccination groups on antibody titers in time 2. The antibody titers were elevated in the herd that recorded a high mortality (more than 10%) compared with those which recorded a low mortality (<10%) (p=0.002). Therefore, the antibody titers were elevated in herds with bad hygiene, compared with the ones with good hygiene (p=0.04). At last, when broiler chicken were not boosted by ND vaccine, flocks appeared to be more seropositive (p=0.02).

Conclusion: The serological survey conducted in this study provided an important scope for ND as a dominant viral disease in broilers. Many factors are responsible for the onset of these diseases; correct biosecurity measures are needed to reduce the impact of this pathology in poultry farms.

Keywords: Algeria, biosecurity, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Newcastle disease, serological, vaccination.

Special aspects of systemic inflammation course in animals

Research (Published online: 02-07-2019)

1. Special aspects of systemic inflammation course in animals

Svetlana Vladimirovna Chernigova, Yury Vladimirovich Chernigov, Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov, Evgeny Vladimirovich Kulikov, Irina Anatolyevna Popova, Vyacheslav Ivanovich Shirmanov, Mariya Andreyevna Molchanova, Irina Fedorovna Likhacheva, Yuliya Yuryevna Voronina and Darya Mikhaylovna Lukina

Veterinary World, 12(7): 932-937

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, we identified characteristics of systemic inflammation associated with surgical sepsis in animals. We evaluated the role of purine metabolism, functionally associated lipoperoxidation processes of membrane structures, and the antioxidant system in the development of surgical sepsis in dogs.

Materials and Methods: Dogs with a provisional exclusion of sepsis were included in the study. The control group (Group 1) included clinically healthy dogs (n=5), and medium-breed dogs with systemic inflammation response syndrome (n=30) were categorized in the experimental group (Group 2). Along with hemogram and biochemical analysis, we determined the amount of malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on the 1st and 14th day of the study. Treatment included a thorough reorganization of the septic focus, followed by antibacterial therapy. Sick animals were injected with a drug (dexamethasone) that suppresses the synthesis and inhibits the action of inflammatory mediators. Decompensation of the functions of organs and systems was carried out using symptomatic therapy.

Results: We found that enhanced lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane structures stimulates the generalization of inflammatory process, as evidenced by the significant deviation from the physiologically normal values of lipid peroxidation, C-reactive protein, blood cell count, etc. The course of systemic inflammation associated with surgical sepsis in animals can be attributed to several consistently developing processes that function as a result of increased purine mononucleotide catabolism, peroxide compound formation, and their excessive breakdown in reactions associated with the consumption of glutathione due to the insufficient recovery of glutathione disulfide.

Conclusion: The amount of uric acid, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid in blood plasma, and the content of malondialdehyde, glutathione, and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes should be considered when assessing the severity of the systemic inflammatory process. The increased glutathione requirement in dogs with surgical sepsis requires intervention with pharmacological agents, and further research is needed in this aspect.

Keywords: dogs, purine mononucleotides, surgical sepsis.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and ampicillin Class C beta lactamase-producing Escherichia colifrom food animals: A review

Review (Published online: 29-06-2019)

10. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and ampicillin Class C beta lactamase-producing Escherichia colifrom food animals: A review

Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Peter Anjili Mshelia, Iliya Dauda Kwoji, Mohammed Dauda Goni and Saleh Mohammed Jajere

International Journal of One Health, 5: 65-75

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance has gained global notoriety due to its public health concern, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria, and lack of new antimicrobials. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/ampicillin Class C (AmpC)- producing Escherichia coli and other zoonotic pathogens can be transmitted to humans from animals either through the food chain, direct contact or contamination of shared environments. There is a surge in the rate of resistance to medically important antibiotics such as carbapenem, ESBL, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones among bacteria of zoonotic importance. Factors that may facilitate the occurrence, persistence and dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-Producing E. coli in humans and animal includes; 1). oral administration of antimicrobials to humans primarily (by physician and health care providers) and secondarily to animals, 2). importation of parent stock and day-old chickens, 3). farm management practice and lack of water acidification in poultry, 4). contamination of feed, water and environment, 5). contamination of plants with feces of animals. Understanding these key factors will help reduce the level of resistance, thereby boosting the therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of animal and human infections. This review highlights the occurrence, risk factors, and public health importance of ESBL/AmpC-beta-lactamase producing E. coli isolated from livestock.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase/ampicillin Class C.

Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets

Research (Published online: 29-06-2019)

30. Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets

Hesham T. Naas, Ramadan A. Edarhoby, Aboubaker M. Garbaj, Salah M. Azwai, Said K. Abolghait, Fatim T. Gammoudi, Ashraf A. Moawad, Ilaria Barbieri and Ibrahim M. Eldaghayes

Veterinary World, 12(6): 925-931

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the current investigation was to screen the presence of Staphylococci spp., especially S. aureus in meat, meat products of different animal species, and some seafood sold in some retail markets in Libya using cultural and molecular techniques, and to study their antibiotics resistance profiles.

Materials and Methods: A total of 139 samples from red meat, meat products, and seafood were collected from many areas in Libya. Enumeration and isolation of Staphylococci spp. and S. aureus by normal cultural methods followed by molecular identification using molecular techniques by bacterial DNA extraction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA.

Results: Out of 139 samples, 112 (80.6%) were contaminated with different species of Staphylococci based on cultural characteristics of Staphylococci on Baird-Parker medium, for which S. aureus was detected in only 32 samples (23%). However, only six out of 18 (33.3%) isolates sent for sequencing were confirmed to be S. aureus using the molecular technique. The six identified isolates of S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial resistance against 24 most commonly used antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to only two antibiotics (cefotaxime and clindamycin). Among these six isolates, only one confirmed to be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that food of animal origin could be a source of S. aureus with antimicrobial resistance characteristics that can be spread through the food chain, and raise the importance of these results for public health.

Keywords: 16S rDNA, antibiogram, meat products, meat, seafood, Staphylococcus aureus.

Comparison of biotechnological culture of hypoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells with conventional in vitro culture of normoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells for testicular failure therapy with low libido in rats

Research (Published online: 28-06-2019)

29. Comparison of biotechnological culture of hypoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells with conventional in vitro culture of normoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells for testicular failure therapy with low libido in rats

Erma Safitri and Mas'ud Hariadi

Veterinary World, 12(6): 916-924

ABSTRACT

Aim: Biotechnological culture of hypoxia-conditioned (CH) rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC-CH) for testicular failure therapy with low libido improves the functional outcome of the testicle for producing spermatogenic cells and repairs Leydig cells in rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and Methods: In the first group (T1), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with normoxia-conditioned (CN) rMSCs (21% oxygen); in the second group (T2), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with rMSC-CH (1% oxygen); in the negative control group (T–), rats with normal testis were injected with 0.1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); and in the sham group (TS), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with 0.1 mL of PBS.

Results: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression, as the homing signal, in the groups T2, T–, T1, and TS was 2.00±0.5%, 2.95±0.4%, 0.33±0.48%, and 0±0%, respectively. The number of cluster of differentiation (CD)34+ and CD45+ cells in the groups T– and TS was <20%, whereas that in T1 and T2 groups was >30% and >80%, respectively, showing the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The number of spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatid) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in TS compared with that in T–, T1, and T2, whereas that in T2 did not show a significant (p>0.05) decrease compared to that in T–. The improvement in libido, based on the number of Leydig cells producing the hormone testosterone for libido expression, did not increase in T1, whereas T2 was able to maintain the number of Leydig cells significantly compared to that between TS and T1.

Conclusion: rMSC-CH culture for testicular failure with low libido showed improvement in the functional outcome of the testicle and in repairing Leydig cells.

Keywords: hypoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells, low libido, normoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells, rat, testicular failure.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 28-06-2019)

28. Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh

Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan, Md. Zulfekar Ali, Mohammad Moktader Moula, Md. Giasuddin and Zahed Uddin Mahmood Khan

Veterinary World, 12(6): 909-915

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as well as virus isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of various strains circulating in Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A total of 371 swabs and organ samples were collected from four types of chicken including layer, Sonali (local), broiler, and broiler breeder under eight districts (Rangpur, Bogura, Tangail, Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Cumilla) during 2014-2016 in Bangladesh.

Results: Out of 371 samples, 65 samples were positive in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular identification of IBV. The overall prevalence was 17.52% recorded and among the selected types of chicken, the highest prevalence of IBV was found in layer that was 42.22% followed by 17.24% in Sonali, 14.93% in broiler breeder, and lowest prevalence was 11.94% in broiler chicken, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of IBV was recorded highest in aged chicken at 41-60 weeks, which was 54.55% in layer, 27.27% in Sonali, and, afterward, 14.68% was found in broiler breeder, respectively. Frequency of IBV more frequently in winter (22.67%) followed by rainy (15.87%) and summer season (11.58%). The highest prevalence of IBV was found Tangail district (41.67%) followed by Mymensingh (24.42%), Gazipur (19.32%), Dhaka (15.38%), Jamalpur (16.67%), Bogura (13.68%), Cumilla (5.88%), and Rangpur (9.26%), respectively. Samples that were found high positive in IBV RT-PCR (Ct value below 30) were subjected to inoculation into chicken egg embryo to observe characteristic changes in chicken embryo. Swabs and organ samples were processed and passaged in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. IBV virus suspected samples inoculated into chicken egg embryos after 3-5 passages showed dwarfing and curling of the embryos which are characteristic lesions of IBV. Allantoic fluid was collected from all inoculated eggs and performed partial sequencing of S1 gene for three isolates. After sequencing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolates. Two of the isolates are 4/91 IBV and another one matched with QX-like IBV.

Conclusion: The results revealed that the three isolates from different places in Bangladesh were identified for the 1st time as which will help for IBV control strategy.

Keywords: chicken, infectious bronchitis virus, isolation, molecular, prevalence.