Identification and dietary exposure assessment of tetracycline and penicillin residues in fluid milk, yogurt, and labneh: A cross-sectional study in Lebanon

Research (Published online: 14-04-2019)

7. Identification and dietary exposure assessment of tetracycline and penicillin residues in fluid milk, yogurt, and labneh: A cross-sectional study in Lebanon

Suzanne Kabrite, Christelle Bou-Mitri, Jessy El Hayek Fares, Hussein F. Hassan and Jocelyne Matar Boumosleh

Veterinary World, 12(4): 527-534

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The safety and quality of dairy products are considered to be of significant importance to human health. Although antimicrobial drugs are essential for disease treatment in modern medicine, the use of these drugs can have undesired consequences for human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate the presence of tetracycline and penicillin residues in raw, pasteurized, and UHT cow's milk of different fat contents, as well as in the dairy products yogurt and labneh, a traditional Lebanese product.

Materials and Methods: A total of 44 samples, 4 raw, 9 UHT, 9 pasteurized milk, 10 yogurt, and 12 labneh samples from common local brands available in the Lebanese market were collected from Keserwan regions in May 2016. Tetracycline and penicillin residues were determined using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Results: The mean values for tetracycline and penicillin were all below the limit of detection (LOD) of the ELISA kit of a maximum standard concentration of 1.80 μg/kg and 4.00 μg/kg, respectively. All samples tested positive for antibiotic residues. The detection rate for tetracycline in milk (n=22) samples was 86.4% with a mean residues value of 1.16±0.70 μg/kg. The detection rate of tetracycline in labneh (n=12) and yogurt (n=10) samples was 50% for each with a mean value of 1.76±0.40 μg/kg and 0.63±0.12 μg/kg, respectively. As for penicillin residues, 90.9% of the milk (n=22) samples tested positive with a mean value of 0.52±0.25 μg/kg. The detection rate in labneh (n=12) and yogurt (n=10) samples was 0% for penicillin residues, where mean values were all below the LOD (<1.25 μg/kg) for these dairy products. None of the samples exceeded the maximum residue levels. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) for tetracycline and penicillin residues for all dairy products is 2.09 ng/kg body weight (BW)/day resulting in 0.007% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 1.83 ng/kg BW/day resulting in 0.006% of the ADI, respectively.

Conclusion: All EDI values were below the ADI set for each antibiotic residue and do not exceed relevant toxicological reference values. However, concerns might still be present from consumption of other animal food products containing residues. Moreover, the long-term exposure to such residues is still unknown as a result of bioaccumulation; it is a challenging process to determine the actual dietary consumption of foods containing antibiotic residues; hence, the human health risk cannot be easily predicted.

Keywords: antibiotic residues, dairy products, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, estimated dietary intake, penicillin, tetracycline.

Oestrus ovis in Ecuador: Importance in the Andean sheep farming

Research (Published online: 14-04-2019)

6. Oestrus ovis in Ecuador: Importance in the Andean sheep farming

Gabriela Ortega-Munoz, Nivia Luzuriaga-Neira, Richard Salazar-Silva and Richar Rodriguez-Hidalgo

Veterinary World, 12(4): 522-526

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Oestrus ovis in sheep meant for meat commercialization in the main slaughterhouse of the country.

Materials and Methods: Between October 2015 and December 2015, we assessed the occurrence of Oestrus myiasis in the main slaughterhouse localized in Quito. In total, 80 sheep heads were randomly inspected and necropsied. Larvae were removed from nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses and cleaned. ANOVA (generalized linear model) was used to estimate the relationship between sex, age, and place of origin and presence or absence of parasite larvae.

Results: Morphological identification confirmed that 19% (15/80) of the examined animals were positive for Oestrus ovis; from the positive cases, 21% were young animals <12 months old. We found that statistical differences by animal sex, males, were most infested 93% (14/15) than females 7% (1/15). Larvae's L2 were more abundant than other stages (62 of the total 149). 14 of the infested animals were from the Andean places at > 2500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), and only one case from the coastal region at 250 m.a.s.l. with tropical environmental conditions.

Conclusion: Our results showed evidence of the presence of myiasis caused by O. ovis in Andean and coastal places in Ecuador and its adaptation to different environmental conditions from that reported previously in temperate regions from Europe and Africa.

Keywords: Ecuador, Ecuadorian highlands, oestrosis, Oestrus ovis, sheep.

A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and adaptation and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance

Review (Published online: 06-04-2019)

5. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and adaptation and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance

Saleh Mohammed Jajere

Veterinary World, 12(4): 504-521

Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that are responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes >2500 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonellaserovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI- 2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including Multidrug resistance and its surveillance.

Keywords: Enteritidis, foodborne pathogens, Heidelberg, multidrug-resistant, pathogenicity and virulence factors, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium.

Recombinant horse interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 induced a mixed inflammatory cytokine response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Research (Published online: 03-04-2019)

4. Recombinant horse interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 induced a mixed inflammatory cytokine response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Sheetal Saini, Harisankar Singha, Priyanka Siwach and B. N. Tripathi

Veterinary World, 12(4): 496-503

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 activate plethora of immune cells and induce the humoral immune response. However, recombinant version of horse IL-4 and IL-10 has not been investigated to understand their immunomodulating activities. This study aimed to produce recombinant horse mature IL-4 and IL-10 in Escherichia coli. Immune-modulating activities of recombinant horse IL-4 and IL-10 were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Materials and Methods: Equine PBMCs were stimulated with recombinant IL-4 and IL-10. A proliferation of PBMCs was measured by XTT assay and cytokines induction was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis displayed a molecular weight of 15 kDa for IL-4 and 19 kDa for IL-10. Recombinant IL-4 and IL-10 significantly induced cell proliferation at 250 ng/ml. The results demonstrated that IL-4 enhanced expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10, while recombinant horse IL-10 induced expression of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that biologically active horse IL-4 and IL-10 could be produced in E. coli.

Keywords: cell proliferation, cytokines, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Disease prevalence among young dogs in Grand Tunis, Tunisia: A retrospective study

Research (Published online: 02-04-2019)

3. Disease prevalence among young dogs in Grand Tunis, Tunisia: A retrospective study

Ghada Tagorti

Veterinary World, 12(4): 489-495

ABSTRACT

Aim: A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the occurrence, and the distribution of the most common clinical conditions of young dogs encountered at the National School of Veterinary Medicine clinic, Tunisia, from September 2012 to July 2013, based on sex, age, breeds, and season variation.

Materials and Methods: A total of 515 cases were examined, and 11 clinical conditions were recorded. Clinical examination was performed. X-ray examination and necropsy were carried out only when needed.

Results: Of the 515, 298 cases (57.86%) were male, while 217 (42.14%) were female. The breed-wise difference in the occurrence of various health problems was statistically significant. Nevertheless, no significant association was found between the occurrence of a disease and age. The commonly found clinical conditions were traumatic injuries (22.72%), ectoparasitic infections (20.58%), and gastroenteritis (13.40%). The occurrence of diseases was the highest (60.19%) in the wet season (September-February) followed by 39.81% in the dry season (March-July).

Conclusion: The current study presents the first recorded data about the major clinical conditions of young dogs in Tunisia. These findings can be used to develop more effective disease management and control strategies.

Keywords: disease, dog, epidemiology, juvenile, prevalence, Tunisia.

Effect of citrus waste on blood parameters of broiler birds with and without cocktail of enzymes

Research (Published online: 02-04-2019)

2. Effect of citrus waste on blood parameters of broiler birds with and without cocktail of enzymes

Devi Prasad Behera, Amrit Pal Singh Sethi, Chanchal Singh, Udeybir Singh and Manju Wadhwa

Veterinary World, 12(4): 483-488

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of different levels of citrus waste (CW) with or without enzyme cocktail on blood profile of broilers.

Materials and Methods: CW was sun-dried and grounded to powder CW. 256-day-old birds were distributed into eight groups; control (C), CW-supplemented diets (2.5% CW, 5.0% CW, and 7.5% CW), enzyme (E) cocktail supplemented diets (CE, 2.5% CWE, 5.0% CWE, and 7.5% CWE). The diets were fed during starter (0-14 days), grower (15-21 days), and finisher (22-42 days) phases. Blood was collected from the wing vein from four birds per treatment. Serum was separated out after centrifugation and stored at −20°C until further analysis. The samples were analyzed for liver function test (glucose, total protein [TP], albumin [ALB], and globulin), lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), kidney function test (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and creatinine), and antioxidant levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid peroxidation [LPx], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione [GSH], and Vitamins E and C).

Results: Blood profile data revealed that supplementation of CW showed no effect on TP, ALB, globulin, and BUN levels. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels decreased linearly with an increase in the levels of CW in the diet. Catalase and SOD activity increased non-significantly with an increase in inclusion level of CW in the diets. LPx, GPx, and GSH activities decreased (p≤0.05) up to 5% CW-fed groups. Vitamin E and C activity were found to be highest (p≤0.05) in birds fed with diet supplemented with 5% CW. GPx and GSH activities and serum Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5%)-based diet supplemented with enzymes.

Conclusion: The blood profile showed that supplementation of CW up to 5% decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST levels and improved the antioxidant status. Vitamin C levels were observed to be highest (p<0.05) in birds fed CW (at 5%)- based diet supplemented with enzymes.

Keywords: antioxidant levels, citrus waste, cocktail of enzymes, lipid profile, liver and kidney function test.

Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate

Research (Published online: 01-04-2019)

1. Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate

Melani Wahyu Adiningsih, Retno Damajanti Soejoedono, Rahmat Setya Adji, Dwi Desmiyeni Putri, Trioso Purnawarman, Hadri Latif and Okti Nadia Poetri

Veterinary World, 12(4): 477-482

ABSTRACT

Aim: Meat authentication gives significance values in view of religious, food safety, public health, quality assurance, and legal concern. Most of the meat authentication is based on molecular assay; a simpler method to authenticate meat is needed to develop. An immunoassays technique may offer a solution for simpler test. The aim of our current study was to develop a polyclonal antibody of Sus scrofa vittatus (Sumateran wild boar) as an immunodiagnostic reagent candidate.

Materials and Methods: Three male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study for antibody production. Antigen used was meat extract of Sumateran wild boar, each rabbit was immunized with meat extract antigen (0.5 mg/ml) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio as much as 1 ml at subcutaneous route. Booster was carried out 3 times with interval time of 14 days, using meat extract antigen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Serum samples were taken every week, start from 1 week after the first immunization up to 1 week after the third booster. Antibody purification was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Protein A. The presence of specific antibody was determined using agar gel precipitation test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while purified specific IgG was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method.

Results: Specific antibody was detected at 14 days after the first immunization and still detected until 2 weeks after the third booster. Highest absorbance of specific antibody was detected 1 week after the third booster.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that specific antibody of Sumateran wild boar is favorable to be produced in rabbit and showed that antibody produced is applicable to detect Sumateran wild boar meat antigen in immunodiffusion assay, indicating that it is promising as a reagent candidate in immunodiagnostic assay/kit.

Keywords: antibody, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, rabbit, reagent, Sumateran wild boar.