Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Research (Published online: 15-03-2019)

8. Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Rinrada Chotigarpa, Kannika Na Lampang, Surachai Pikulkaew, Siriporn Okonogi, Pirote Silman and Raktham Mektrirat

Veterinary World, 12(3): 397-401

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the enumeration of total bacteria and coliform on teat skin from dairy cows and evaluate the efficacy of the natural rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid (NGL) against Escherichia colistandard and field strains isolated from bovine teat skin.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 bacterial teat skin samples (25 cows) were collected from dairy cows in smallholder farm. The cows were housed in freestall barns. The colonization of total bacteria and E. coli on teat skin was measured by 3M Petrifilm method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of lactic acid were evaluated for reference strain of E. coli ATCC 25922 and two field strains of E. coli. The natural teat sanitizer was formulated using 5% NGL with modified rice gel. In vitro antiseptic efficacy of 5% NGL was determined by time-kill kinetic assay. E. coli morphology after exposure with 5% NGL was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results: The total bacteria and coliform counts from bovine teat skin were 2.11×104 and 1.54×101 colony-forming units/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of lactic acid on the tested bacteria were 0.5% v/v. The natural teat dip was successfully prepared with minimum change in consistency after 1 year of storage at 4°C. The reduction rate of 5% NGL on E. coli ATCC 25922 and field strain showed 32.77% and 27.58%, respectively. An appearance under SEM of non-viable E. coli after being incubated with 5% NGL clearly showed atypical form and rough surface cell membrane.

Conclusion: The rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid is a promising preparation as a natural teat antiseptic for reducing bacteria on teat skin. It was shown to be effective against E. coli causing bovine mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords: antiseptic, Escherichia coli, lactic acid, teat skin.

Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Research (Published online: 14-03-2019)

7. Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Shola David Ola-Fadunsin, Patricia Isioma Uwabujo, Idiat Modupe Sanda, Isau Aremu Ganiyu, Karimat Hussain, Musa Rabiu, Nusirat Elelu and Musbau Olayinka Alayande

Veterinary World, 12(3): 389-396

ABSTRACT

Aim: Helminth infections inflict negatively on the production and well-being of animals including poultry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, species diversity, intensity, and risk factors associated with the gastrointestinal helminths of intensively raised poultry in Kwara Central senatorial district of Kwara State.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 502 poultry species from 15 farms. The samples were subjected to floatation and the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques of examination. The intensity of infections was determined using McMaster counting technique.

Results: Seven helminth species were detected with Heterakis gallinarum (10.2%) and Ascaridia galli (6.0%) been the most prevalent, while Capillaria species was the least prevalent (0.8%). Physiological status, bird type, production purpose, farm age (years), presence of other animals in the farm, flock size (birds), farm size (acres), housing type, farm type, frequency of anthelmintic use, distance to waste area (meters), level of biosecurity, and frequency of cleaning the pen were the risk factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with the presence of helminth infections.

Conclusion: This study shows that helminth infections are endemic in the study area, as 66.7% of the sampled farms were infected with one or more helminth species. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the poultry sector in Kwara State, Nigeria in general, for better production and profitability.

Keywords: epidemiology, gastrointestinal helminths, Kwara State, Nigeria, poultry.

Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Research (Published online: 13-03-2019)

2. Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Hanaa Mohamed Fadel and Amira Ahmed

International Journal of One Health, 5: 9-19

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Wild birds can carry a number of potential human and animal pathogens. These birds can intrude into human habitats giving the opportunity to transmission of such infection. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the role of crows and waterfowls as vectors of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and to compare cultivation methods with direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of infection.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 fecal dropping samples were collected. Salmonella was cultivated by three step method (Universal Pre-enrichment Broth [UPB], Rappaport-Vassiliadis Broth, and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar). The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping, serotyping, and PCR detection of enterotoxin (stn) gene. The antibiogram pattern of isolates against a panel of 8 antibiotics was recorded. L. monocytogenes was cultivated on UPB, then on Listeria Oxford Agar and Listeria CHROMagar. The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping and PCR detection of listeriolysin (hylA) gene.

Results: The percentages of Salmonella infection in crows and waterfowls were 10 and 20, respectively. The most frequently recovered serovars were Typhimurium, Potengi, Enteritidis, and Kentucky. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Salmonella isolates showed that the resistance rates for gentamicin were the highest (92%), followed by amoxicillin (88%) and cefixime (60%). Resistance to 8 antibiotics was recorded in 60% (15/25) of Salmonella isolates. The percentages of L. monocytogenes infection in crows and waterfowls were 1.3 and 2, respectively. Direct PCR applied to UPB revealed that 12% and 3% of samples were positive for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes, respectively, and there was no significant difference between direct PCR and cultivation method for the detection of infection.

Conclusion: The present findings indicate that wild birds can harbor zoonotic enteric pathogens and this necessitates monitoring the epidemiologic status of these pathogens among wild birds and humans and applying the appropriate intervention measures to prevent the spread of infection.

Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, crows, hylA and stn genes, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, waterfowl.

The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Research (Published online: 12-03-2019)

6. The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Ekaterina Sergeevna Krasnikova, Fayssal Bouchemla, Alexander Vladimirovich Krasnikov, Roman Vladimirovich Radionov and Anastasia Sergeevna Belyakova

Veterinary World, 12(3): 382-388

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to elucidate the ability of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to integrate into cells of heterologous organisms, in particular, Wistar rats, and examine the manifestations of the pathological process that could be seen in them.

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats - were divided into three groups. The first group (I) was fed milk of intact cows, the second (II) - milk of BLV-infected cows, and the third (III) - milk of cows, clinically BLV sick. Rats of all groups were divided into two subgroups: In the subgroup "a", there were adult rats, and in the subgroup "b", their offspring were included. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the start of the experiment, the animals' blood of each group was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of BLV provirus and specific anti-leukemia antibodies. A general and biochemical blood test was performed; pathological changes in the internal organs were recorded.

Results: Using the PCR, the BLV infection was established in all experimental rats, whose immune response was expressed in varying degrees. At the initial stage of the infection, offspring rats were born healthy. The rats of the control groups Ia and Ib were intact to the BLV throughout the experiment. The biochemical blood tests have shown several signs of intoxication, endocrine disorders, and development of malignant processes in the experimental animals. There are also signs of liver, kidney, and myocardial damages, regardless of whether milk is infected or the cows are clinically leukemic. By the time, the experimental rats developed persistent thrombocytosis with an increase in the average volume of the blood platelets, which may be evidence of the leukemia infection by the megakaryocytic type. The most pronounced character of the change was in the offspring generation.

Conclusion: Wistar rats can be considered as a suitable laboratory model to study the BLV pathogenesis. Rats are not BLV natural host, however, they developed the pathognomonic BLV infection symptoms when they were fed infected and leukemic cow's milk.

Keywords: cattle, danger to humans, hematobiochemical indicators, leukemia, Wistar rats.

Clinical investigation of back disorders in horses: A retrospective study (2002-2017)

Research (Published online: 12-03-2019)

5. Clinical investigation of back disorders in horses: A retrospective study (2002-2017)

Abubakar Musa Mayaki, Abdul Razak Intan-Shameha, Mohd Adzahan Noraniza, Mazlan Mazlina, Lawan Adamu and Rasedee Abdullah

Veterinary World, 12(3): 377-381

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Back disorder is an ailment that often affects athletic and riding horses. Despite the rapidly growing equine athletic and equestrian activities, there is no documentation on the nature of equine back disorder (EBD) in Malaysian horses. The purpose of this study was to characterize EBD cases presented to University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia, between 2002 and 2017.

Materials and Methods: The compilation of data was based on signalment, case history, duration of clinical signs, anatomical location of the pain, method of diagnosis, type of EBD, treatment, and outcome. The diagnosis of EBD was based on a history of poor performance, clinical examination findings, radiography, and, where applicable, necropsy.

Results: A total of 181 diagnosed cases of EBDs were identified. The age of horses ranged from 5 to 22 years. The EBD cases were more prevalent in male than female horses and predominantly in geldings (60.77%). Thoroughbred, Arab, Polo pony, and Warmblood also recorded the most EBD cases among breeds. The discipline of horses tended to influence the development of EBDs, with patrolling horses recording the highest frequency. Most EBD cases were of the primary type (92.27%), with the main causes being soft-tissue lesions (57.48%), vertebral lesions (18.56%), tack-associated problems (16.77%), and neurological lesions (7.19%). The common treatments employed were administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 1 to 3-month rest, warm and cold compression therapy, massage therapy, exercise adjustment, as well as correction of ill-saddle fit.

Conclusion: Most EBDs in this study were associated with soft-tissue lesions. Among vertebral lesions, kissing spines were the most common cause of EBDs in horses in Malaysia.

Keywords: back disorder, diagnosis, horses, Malaysia, management.

The detection of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines

Research (Published online: 07-03-2019)

4. The detection of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines

Marysia Frances M. Urgel, Rochelle Haidee D. Ybañez and Adrian P. Ybañez

Veterinary World, 12(3): 372-376

ABSTRACT

Background: Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites affect the health of dogs and may also be zoonotic. The prevalence of these parasites has been well studied in several countries, but reports in the Philippines have been limited.

Aim: This study generally aimed to detect the presence of common GIT parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 fecal samples (130 from owned dogs and 70 from shelter dogs) were collected. Profiles of owned dogs and their owners were obtained. Fecalysis was performed using three methods: Direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation techniques.

Results: Majority of the sampled dogs were 5 years old and below that (79.2%), male (64.6%) and of pure breed (53.1%). Among the most common parasites detected were Ancylostoma, Trichuris and Toxocara spp. Statistical analyses revealed a significant association between the presence of parasites and the body score of the dogs (p=0.000), the deworming status (p=0.000), and the rearing practice (contact with other dogs, p=0.000, where it spends its time (p=0.000), plays in the grass (p=0.050), where it defecates (p=0.014), contact with other animals (p=0.000).

Conclusion: GIT parasites were detected in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines. The results of this study can serve as baseline information about the canine parasitic fauna in the Philippines.

Keywords: Cebu, dogs, gastrointestinal parasites.

Larvicidal, adulticidal, and oviposition-deterrent activity of Piper betle L. essential oil to Aedes aegypti

Research (Published online: 04-03-2019)

3. Larvicidal, adulticidal, and oviposition-deterrent activity of Piper betle L. essential oil to Aedes aegypti

Riesna Martianasari and Penny Humaidah Hamid

Veterinary World, 12(3): 367-371

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of many arthropod-borne diseases. One of the diseases, dengue fever, is an endemic disease in Indonesia causing high mortalities for decades. There are no preventive and specific treatments for dengue so far. Therefore, prevention of this disease largely depends on the mosquito control. Since resistance to chemical insecticides occurred worldwide, the study on alternate and new mosquito insecticides are mandatory. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of essential oil from P. betle L. in the larval and adult stages, as well as its influence on oviposition activity of A. aegyptimosquito.

Materials and Methods: P. betle efficacy was evaluated in various stages of A. aegypti development. For the larvicidal activity, larvae instar III stage was used. Adulticidal assay in this experiment was performed using newly emerged A. aegypti. For oviposition assay, mated A. aegypti was tested for their responses to P. betle-treated and non-treated ovitraps.

Results: P. betle L. - adulticide activity was effective with a concentration of 2.5 μl/ml, caused 100% mortality within 15-30 min. Larvicide activity was observed after 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-treatment with LC50183, 92.7, and 59.8 ppm and LC90> 637, 525, and 434.7 ppm, respectively. Oviposition activity index was −0.917 in 1000 ppm. In addition, the eggs number of A. aegypti oviposition with 100 ppm of essential oil P. betle L. was 5 times lower than the control.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated clearly that essential oil derived from P. betle L. potentially acts as alternate bioinsecticide to control A. aegypti population. The application can be varied or combined in different stages of mosquito development.

Keywords: adulticide, Aedes aegypti, larvicide, oviposition, Piper betle L.