Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16

Research (Published online: 07-01-2019)

5. Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16

Kalyani Putty, Abdul Muzeer Shaik, Shaik Jahangeer Peera, Y. Narasimha Reddy, P. P. Rao, Sunil R. Patil, M. Shreekanth Reddy, B. Susmitha, and J. Shiva Jyothi

Veterinary World, 12(1): 41-47

ABSTRACT

Aim: The current study was designed to understand the infection kinetics and antibody responses of major circulating serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in India, i.e., BTV-4 and BTV-16 through experimental infection and superinfection of Deccani sheep, a popular breed of sheep found in the southern states of India.

Materials and Methods: Experimental infection with 106 TCID50/ml BTV-4 was followed by superinfection with BTV-16 and vice versa. Along with observing for clinical signs and immunological responses in the experimentally infected sheep, the effect of infection of one specific serotype on the outcome of superinfection with a different serotype was also studied.

Results: Certain interesting findings have been made in the course of experimental infection, such as prominent signs of infection in BTV-4 infection, mild or no clinical signs in BTV-16-infected and superinfected animals, and non-seroconversion of one of the BTV-16-superinfected animals. In addition, BTV was isolated from infected sheep in all the experimental conditions except BTV-16 superinfection. Furthermore, it was observed that immune response in the form of type-specific antibodies was slower with BTV-16 superinfection.

Conclusion: Superinfection of a sheep with more than one serotype of BTV is a common phenomenon in BT endemic countries like India. Such situation was replicated in an experimental infection in the current study, and the findings to our knowledge are first of a kind and are likely to aid in unfolding the newer aspects of BTV pathogenesis and virulence.

Keywords: bluetongue, bluetongue virus-16, bluetongue virus-4, infection kinetics, superinfection.

Effects of four extenders on the quality of frozen semen in Arabian stallions

Research (Published online: 07-01-2019)

4. Effects of four extenders on the quality of frozen semen in Arabian stallions

Mohaammed Saad Alamaary, Abd Wahid Haron, Mohamed Ali, Mark Wen Han Hiew, Lawan Adamu and Innocent Damudu Peter

Veterinary World, 12(1): 34-40

ABSTRACT

Aim: Different types of extenders have a variety of components which show the tolerance effect on sperm protection during freezing procedures. In the present study, we have examined the impact of the extenders HF-20 and Tris, which were locally manufactured, and they are competing with commercial extenders INRA Freeze® (IMV Technologies, France) and EquiPlus Freeze® (Minitube, Germany) on the quality of horses frozen semen.

Materials and Methods: A total of 15 ejaculates from three healthy stallions were collected and cryopreserved in the same environment. Each semen sample collected was divided into four equal parts and processed. All samples were analyzed before and after freezing for motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. Furthermore, twenty mares were inseminated using post-thawed semen.

Results: There were no differences observed among all extenders in all the parameters before freezing. Sperm cryopreserved using HF-20 showed better motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity than Tris extender. The Tris extender showed the most inferior quality of post-thawed semen between all the extenders. HF-20, INRA Freeze®, and EquiPlus Freeze® extenders revealed the same capacity of semen preservation in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion: HF-20 extender has the same quality as INRA Freeze® and EquiPlus Freeze® that can be considered as one of the best extenders for the semen cryopreservation in horses. In contrast, Tris extender needs some degree of improvement.

Keywords: Arabian stallion, frozen semen, semen, extenders.

The antioxidant components of milk and their role in processing, ripening, and storage: Functional food

Review (Published online: 05-01-2019)

3. The antioxidant components of milk and their role in processing, ripening, and storage: Functional food

Imran Taj Khan, Mohammed Bule, Rahman Ullah, Muhammad Nadeem, Shafaq Asif and Kamal Niaz

Veterinary World, 12(1): 12-33

ABSTRACT

The current rate of population growth is so fast that, to feed this massive population, a 2-fold increase in land is required for the production of quality food. Improved dietary products such as milk and its products with antioxidant properties and functional foods of animal origin have been utilized to prevent chronic diseases. The designer milk contains low fat and less lactose, more protein, modified level of fatty acids, and desired amino acid profiles. The importance of milk and its products is due to the presence of protein, bioactive peptides, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acid, Vitamin D, selenium, and calcium. These constituents are present in milk product, play a key role in the physiological activities in human bodies, and act as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immune boosting, and antimicrobial activities. Consumer awareness regarding benefits of designer foods such as milk and its products is almost non-existent worldwide and needs to be established to reach the benefits of designer food technologies in the near future. The main objective of this review was to collect data on the antioxidant properties of milk and its constituents which keep milk-derived products safe and preserved.

Keywords: cholesterol, eggs, functional foods, milk, nutraceuticals, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Evaluation of the heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium) contamination of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fished in three Algerian coasts

Research (Published online: 02-01-2019)

2. Evaluation of the heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium) contamination of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fished in three Algerian coasts

Fetta Mehouel, Leila Bouayad, Abdel Hamid Hammoudi, Ouarda Ayadi and Fifi Regad

Veterinary World, 12(1): 7-11

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) levels in 70 samples of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and 30 samples of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fished in the Algerian coasts.

Materials and Methods: After the mineralization of the fish samples through the pressure digestion, the analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.

Results: Mean concentrations of Hg, Cd, and Pb in sardine were 0.62, 0.55, and 2.13 mg/kg wet weight, respectively, while in swordfish, the concentrations were 0.56, 0.57, and 3.9 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. These results exceeded the Algerian and European legislation threshold values, whereas Hg's concentration in swordfish remained close to and did not exceed the recommended thresholds (0.56 mg/kg wet weight).

Conclusion: This fish may represent a hazard for consumers in Algeria. Systematic and periodic controls of heavy metals in fish are recommended, and risk assessment is needed to protect the consumer.

Keywords: atomic emission spectroscopy, fish, hazard, heavy metal, sardine, swordfish.

Stability and virucidal efficacies using powder and liquid forms of fresh charcoal ash and slaked lime against Newcastle disease virus and Avian influenza virus

Research (Published online: 02-01-2019)

1. Stability and virucidal efficacies using powder and liquid forms of fresh charcoal ash and slaked lime against Newcastle disease virus and Avian influenza virus

Sakchai Ruenphet, Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya, Tippawan Jantafong and Kazuaki Takehara

Veterinary World, 12(1): 1-6

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was examined the virucidal activity comparison between fresh charcoal ash (FCA) and slaked lime (SL) against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), using powder and liquid forms, either in the absence or presence of organic materials. In addition, both FCA and SL were evaluated for the persistence of virucidal activity in wet and dry conditions and stability of the solution.

Materials and Methods: Two hundred milligrams of FCA or SL powders were mixed with 100 μl of AIV or NDV in the absence of organic material or 33% of organic materials. In the same time, 400 μl of 1%, 5%, or 10% solution samples were mixed with 100 μl of each virus and then incubated at room temperature for an indicated time. After that, the mixed solution was stop activity of sample using 500 μl of 1M Tris-HCl pH 7.2. Each treatment was titrated onto Madin-Darby canine kidney cells or chicken embryo fibroblasts for AIV or NDV, respectively, for determining the efficacy of viral inactivation. In addition, the stability of powder under the wet-dry condition and solution stability under room temperature was examined.

Results: The results demonstrated that the FCA and SL in powder form could inactivate AIV and NDV even in the absence or presence of organic materials. In the liquid form, 5% and 10% of FCA could inactivate AIV and NDV either in the absence or presence of organic materials. Alongside, 1%, 5%, and 10% of SL could inactivate both viruses. 10% of FCA solution could inactivate virus at a shortest time when compared with other concentrations. In addition, the efficacy of wet-dry conditions of FCA was limited when compared with SL. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that the FCA solution was more stable and kept at room temperature longer than SL.

Conclusion: The FCA may, hence, be used as an alternative virucide, while applying it to prevent spreading of poultry disease on commercial chicken farms and also backyard chickens, especially in developing countries, including in rural areas of Thailand.

Keywords: alkaline agent, fresh charcoal ash, slaked lime, virucidal activity.

Effect of insulin or insulin-like growth factor-I administration at mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle during superovulation on hormonal profile of Sahiwal cows

Research (Published online: 28-12-2018)

14. Effect of insulin or insulin-like growth factor-I administration at mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle during superovulation on hormonal profile of Sahiwal cows

S. K. Sheetal, Shiv Prasad and H. P. Gupta

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1736-1741

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was designed to study the effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) administration during luteal phase of the estrous cycle on the hormonal profile of Sahiwal embryo donor cows during superovulation.

Materials and Methods: Cows (n=18) were selected and divided into three groups; control (n=6, untreated), T-I (n=6, insulin-treated), and T-II (n=6, IGF-I treated). Insulin and IGF-I were given S/C on 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th days of estrous cycle. Superovulatory treatment was started on day 9th of the estrous cycle. With the sixth dose of follicle-stimulating hormone, prostaglandin was injected to induce superovulatory heat. The superovulated cows were bred, and superovulatory response of each animal was recorded. The embryos were collected non-surgically on the 7th day of superovulatory estrus. About 15 ml blood without anticoagulant was collected on days 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 or day of embryo recovery where day 0 of estrous cycle was taken as day of estrus. Serum was separated, centrifuged, and transferred into sterilized serum vials. All samples were stored at -20°C till analysis. Progesterone, insulin, and IGF-I were estimated in blood serum by radioimmunoassay using radioimmunoassay kits.

Results and discussion: The mean concentration of progesterone on days 7 and 11, insulin on days 7 and 9, and IGF-I on days 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15 was significantly higher in insulin-treated T-I groups as compared to untreated control.

Conclusions: It may be concluded that exogenous insulin administration during mid-luteal phase may be helpful in follicular and embryonic development through modulation of progesterone, insulin, and IGF-I in indigenous (Bos indicus) Sahiwal embryo donor cows.

Keywords: insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, progesterone, Sahiwal, superovulation.

A systematic review of analgesia practices in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Research (Published online: 25-12-2018)

13. A systematic review of analgesia practices in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Willy E. Mwangi, Eddy M. Mogoa, James N. Mwangi, Paul G. Mbuthia and Susan W. Mbugua

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1725-1735

ABSTRACT

Aim: This was a systematic review conducted to evaluate the analgesic drugs and techniques used in the management of pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Materials and Methods: Systematic searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were conducted for peer-reviewed articles written in English and published from 1995 to 2015. The key search words were dogs, ovariohysterectomy, pain, and analgesics. This was followed by a manual search of the references within the primary data sources. Inclusion and exclusion of studies and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. All randomized studies evaluating the effects of analgesics during ovariohysterectomy in dogs were included.

Results: A total of 31 trials met the criteria and were, therefore, included in the study. Data on the type of analgesic drugs used, the technique of administration, and the need for rescue analgesia were extracted from the papers. Individual analgesic protocols were used in 83.9% of the studies compared to multimodal drug therapy, which was used in 16.1% of the studies. Opioids were used in 39.0% of studies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in 19.4%, a combination of NSAIDs and opioids in 19.4%, local analgesics in 6.5%, and acupuncture in 3.2% of the studies. Drug administration was done using three approaches that included pre-operative (64.5%), post-operative (22.6%) as well as combined pre- and post-operative approach (12.9%). In 77.4% of the studies, administration of analgesics was done once, while in 12.9%, it was done as a 72-h post-operative course. 24-h and 48-h courses of post-operative pain therapy were done in 6.5% and 3.2% of the studies, respectively. About 57% of the dogs in the control groups required rescue analgesia as compared to 21.6% in the single and 11.3% in multimodal drug therapy groups. The requirement for rescue analgesics was highest in dogs treated using acupuncture (43.8%) and lowest in dogs treated using NSAID-opioid combination (8.6%). Fewer dogs among those that received pain medication preoperatively and postoperatively required rescue analgesia compared to those in groups given drugs before and after surgery only. More dogs (26.4%) among those given analgesics only once postoperatively required rescue analgesia as compared to those that received analgesics daily for 72 h (4.4%).

Conclusions: This study provides evidence that opioids are the mainstream analgesic drugs used in managing acute post-operative pain in dogs' post-ovariohysterectomy. In addition, multimodal drug therapy, particularly, NSAID-opioids combination is more effective for pain management than single drug administration. Administering analgesics both before and after surgery is associated with better outcomes and so is a protracted course of post-operative pain therapy. Although these practices should be encouraged, controlled studies should be conducted to conclusively determine the best practices for pain management in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Keywords: analgesia practices, dogs, outcomes, ovariohysterectomy, systematic review.