Prevalence and molecular detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant genes (qnrA and qnrS) in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 24-12-2018)

12. Prevalence and molecular detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant genes (qnrA and qnrS) in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy broiler chickens

Shahin Mahmud, K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir and Md. Tanvir Rahman

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1720-1724

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and molecular detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli carrying qnrA and qnrS genes in healthy broiler chickens in Mymensingh, Bangladesh, and also to identify the genes responsible for such resistance.

Materials and Methods: A total of 65 cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy chickens of 0-14 days (n=23) and 15-35 days (n=42) old. The samples were cultured onto Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and the isolation and identification of the E. coli were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting E. coli 16S rRNA genes. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against five commonly used antibiotics under fluoroquinolone (quinolone) group, namely gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin by disk diffusion method. Detection of qnrA and qnrS genes was performed by PCR.

Results: Among the 65 cloacal samples, 54 (83.08%) were found to be positive for E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that, of these 54 isolates, 18 (33.33%) were found to be resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against pefloxacin (61.11%). By PCR, of 18 E. coli resistant to fluoroquinolone, 13 (72.22%) were found to be positive for the presence of qnrS. None of the isolates were found positive for qnrA.

Conclusion: Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli harboring qnrS genes is highly prevalent in apparently healthy broiler chickens and possesses a potential threat to human health.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, healthy broiler chickens, polymerase chain reaction, qnrA, qnrS, quinolone resistance.

Effect of different smoking methods on the quality of pork sausages

Research (Published online: 20-12-2018)

11. Effect of different smoking methods on the quality of pork sausages

Debajit Bhuyan, Ankur Das, Saurabh Kumar Laskar, Durlav Prasad Bora, Shantanu Tamuli, and Mineswar Hazarika

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1712-1719

ABSTRACT

Aim: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes of pork sausages treated with conventional smoking (CS) and liquid smoke (LS).

Materials and Methods: Pork sausages were prepared by employing CS (T1) and by addition of LS at 3% (T2A), 5% (T2B), and 7% (T2C) while smoking was not done in control (C) sausages. The ready-to-eat pork sausages were evaluated in terms of proximate composition, emulsion stability (ES), cooking loss (CL), pH, water activity (aw), texture profile analysis (TPA), and shear force on the day of preparation and the shelf life of the sausages was evaluated on the basis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, organoleptic qualities, total viable plate count, total psychrophilic count, and yeast and mold counts at 5-day interval up to 15 days under refrigerated storage (6±1°C).

Results: The mean percentage moisture and percentage ether extract contents of the conventionally smoked sausages (T1) exhibited significant difference (p≤0.01) with the rest of the formulations. However, in terms of mean percentage crude protein and percentage total solids, no significant difference (p≥0.05) was recorded between the treatment groups. The mean ES (ml of oil/100 g emulsion) of the different sausage emulsions ranged from 1.88 to 3.20, while the mean aw values among the sausage formulations were found to be non-significant. In terms of mean percentage, CL and pH values, significantly lowest (p≤0.01) values were recorded by the T1 sausages. The mean TBARS values recorded at different periods of time in respect of all the treatment groups ranged from 0.10 to 0.33 mg malanoldehyde [MDA]/kg of sausages which are well within the permissible limit. The highest shear force values (KgF) were recorded by the sausages of T1 formulation (p≤0.01), while TPA of the sausages did not record any significant difference (p≥0.05) among the treatments. Organoleptic studies revealed acceptability of the sausages up to 10 days of refrigerated storage irrespective of treatments employed; however, the sausages of T1 formulation scored significantly (p≤0.01) higher panel ratings. Microbiologically, sausages with different formulations were found to be within the acceptable limit up to the 15th day of refrigerated storage.

Conclusion: The study revealed that traditional hot smoking has slightly higher edges over the LS-treated sausages in terms of lipid oxidation, microbiological safety, and sensory panel ratings. However, if not superior, the same was found to be well within the acceptable limit in case of LS-treated sausages proving the potentiality of the use of LS as a suitable replacement for the traditional hazardous hot smoking process.

Keywords: liquid smoke, pork sausage, quality attributes, smoking.

Histological changes of immediate skin expansion of the distal limb of rats

Research (Published online: 20-12-2018)

10. Histological changes of immediate skin expansion of the distal limb of rats

Ahmed Khalaf Ali, Adamu Abdul Abubakar, Ubedullah Kaka, Zamri Radzi, Nurul Hayah Khairuddin, Md Sabri Mohd Yusoff and Mohamad Yusof Loqman

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1706-1711

ABSTRACT

Aim: Tissue expansion is an applicable technique to reconstruct many surgical defects. The aim of this research was to evaluate the histological changes caused by immediate skin tissue expansion in rats as an animal model.

Materials and Methods: Immediate skin tissue expansion in 18 adult female rats was performed using three different sizes (small, medium, and big) of polymethylmethacrylate tissue expanders at the dorsal surface of the metatarsal area of the right limb. The contralateral limb was served as the control. The tissue expanders were surgically implanted and kept for 15 days.

Results: The immediate skin expansion resulted in histological changes such as the increased thickness of the epidermal layer, the reduction of the dermal layer, an elevated number of fibroblast as well as increased vascularity. Furthermore, skin adnexal structures such as hair follicles and sebaceous glands were farther apart.

Conclusion: The rat skin was able to rapidly adjust and compensate against a specific range of immediate mechanical expansion. The histological changes suggest that the tissues were prepared to withstand the increased external forces, in addition to create possibly additional skin in a relatively short-term period.

Keywords: histology, rats, skin expansion, tissue expander.

Virulence typing and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from poultry, animal, and human species

Research (Published online: 19-12-2018)

9. Virulence typing and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from poultry, animal, and human species

Neelam Rawat, Maansi, Deepak Kumar and A. K. Upadhyay

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1698-1705

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Campylobacteriosis finds its place among the four important global foodborne illnesses. The disease, though self-limiting, needs antibacterial therapy in extraintestinal complications. Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacters in poultry, animals, and humans of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.

Materials and Methods: A total of 609 samples comprising of poultry ceca (n=116), poultry droppings (n=203), and feces of pigs (n=71), cattle (n=61), sheep (n=19), goat (n=17), human beings (n=88), and laboratory animals (n=34) (rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs) were collected. The thermophilic Campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were confirmed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were also screened for the presence of virulence genes, and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was done against eight antibiotics.

Results: An overall prevalence of 6.24% was revealed with highest from poultry ceca (15.52%), followed by poultry droppings (5.91%), cattle feces (4.92%), human stools (3.40%), and pig feces (2.82%). The virulence genes, namely cadF, flaA, virB11, and pldA, were present in 38 (100%), 37 (97.37%), 7 (18.42%), and 14 (36.84%) isolates, respectively. All the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, while all were sensitive to erythromycin and co-trimoxazole.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the animals and humans in the region harbored the thermophilic Campylobacters which may contribute to the human illness. Resistance shown among the isolates may complicate the antimicrobial therapy.

Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, thermophilic Campylobacters, virulence.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran

Research (Published online: 17-12-2018)

8. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran

Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani and Arezoo Bozorgomid

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1692-1697

ABSTRACT

Aim: The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is growing in Iran, and new sources of the disease have been found in the country. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of CL in Qasr-e Shirin County, Kermanshah Province, West of Iran. Qasr-e Shirin is located near the Iran-Iraq border, and several million pilgrims pass through this area to Iraq every year.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for active case detection from April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2015. All individuals with suspicious lesions were identified through house-to-house visits in the aforementioned area. A questionnaire was filled out for everyone with clinical suspicion of CL. A diagnosis was made based on parasitological examination of the lesion exudate. The annual incidence and prevalence of CL were estimated.

Results: In total, 5277 individuals were randomly screened for the presence of active lesions or scars suspected of CL. The overall prevalence of CL in the County was 4.8% (60 cases had active lesions and 194 cases had scars). All age groups were affected, but the highest incidence of CL was seen in the age group 20-29 years (1.9%). The incidence and prevalence were higher in women than men (5.5% vs. 4%). Most cases (45.6%) had a single lesion or scar and 44 (17.4%) patients had five or more lesions or scars.

Conclusion: The incidence of CL in Qasr-e Shirin County is high. There is a need for further studies on reservoirs and vectors of leishmaniasis in this area. The results of such studies help to perform more efficient and timely spraying against phlebotomine sandfly or detect and decrease the animal reservoir population.

Keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, Iran, Kermanshah, prevalence.

Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants and bluetongue in goat population of Meghalaya, India

Research (Published online: 17-12-2018)

7. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants and bluetongue in goat population of Meghalaya, India

A. Karam, K. Puro, S. Das, I. Shakuntala, R. Sanjukta, A. A. P. Milton, S. Ghatak and A. Sen

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1689-1691

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and bluetongue (BT) in goats' population in the state of Meghalaya of Northeast India.

Materials and Methods: The serosurveillance study was done from the random sampling (n=598) of blood collected from five districts (Ri-Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and West Garo Hills) of Meghalaya. The presence of antibodies against PPR and BT in the samples was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for PPR and competitive ELISA for BT.

Results: The results showed the overall seropositivity of PPR and BT at 7.19% and 60.20%, respectively. West Garo Hills recorded the highest seroprevalence of both PPR (9.81%) and BT (68%) and 3.6% of the samples tested positive for both PPR and BT.

Conclusion: The random survey results indicating the presence of PPR and BT have specific implication in epidemiological perspectives since it highlights the prevalence under natural situations, where the subclinical, inapparent, or non-lethal or recovery of infection was suspected in unvaccinated animals. It also warrants further studies to suggest appropriate control measures to prevent the spread of infection.

Keywords: bluetongue, goat, peste des petits ruminants, seroprevalence, virus.

Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India

Research (Published online: 16-12-2018)

6. Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India

R. N. Waghamare, A. M. Paturkar, V. M. Vaidya, R. J. Zende, Z. N. Dubal, A. Dwivedi and R. V. Gaikwad

Veterinary World, 11(12): 1682-1688

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry has led to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a global problem. This study was performed to detect antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in poultry farming and processing environment.

Materials and Methods: A total of 956 various samples, comprising 432 farm origin, 324 poultry processing stage wise and environmental, and 154 product processing stages and environmental samples, were collected from poultry farms and processing units located in and around Mumbai city. Of a total of 71 recovered isolates, 42 randomly selected Salmonella isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method and serotyping. A total of 31 serotypically confirmed isolates were characterized for the presence of tetA, tetB, blaTEM, and CTX-M gene.

Results: Higher resistance was recorded against Doxycycline (100%), followed by Oxytetracycline (97.62%), Neomycin (88.10%), Erythromycin (83.33%), Tetracycline (78.57%), and Ceftizoxime (35.71%). Resistance from 0.00 to 26.19 percent was found to antimicrobials, namely Norfloxacin (26.19%), Ampicillin (21.43%), Azithromycin (21.43%), Ciprofloxacin (19.05%), Colistin (4.76%), Streptomycin (16.67%), Cefotaxime (14.19%), Enrofloxacin (14.29%), Amoxyclav (14.29%), Gentamicin (7.14%), Chloramphenicol (4.76%), Amikacin (4.76%), and Ceftazidime (0.0%). Results demonstrate that the Salmonella Virchow dominated and all serotypes were found to carry Tetracycline resistance gene tetA, 5 isolates were found to be positive for blaTEM, whereas none of the isolates were carrying tetB and CTX-M gene.

Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a significant rise of Tetracycline resistance with the presence of tetA gene in Salmonella spp. which indicates selective pressure for adopting resistance against tetracycline group of antibiotics.

Keywords: multidrug-resistant, poultry, Salmonella spp., tetracycline.